Using the Web Monetization API for fun and profit

blogccasion
blog.tomayac.com
2025-11-07 22:10:50
I recently spoke at JSConf Mexico, where spent a lot of time with the Interledger Foundation folks in the hallway track and at the after party events, namely with Ioana (Eningeering Manager) and Marian (DevRel) to talk about Web Monetization. Web Monetization gives publishers more revenue options a...
Original Article

I recently spoke at JSConf Mexico , where spent a lot of time with the Interledger Foundation folks in the hallway track and at the after party events, namely with Ioana (Eningeering Manager) and Marian (DevRel) to talk about Web Monetization .

Web Monetization gives publishers more revenue options and audiences more ways to sustain the content they love. Support can take many forms: from a one-time contribution to a continuous, pay-as-you-browse model. It all flows seamlessly while people engage with the content they love. Publishers earn the moment someone engages, while audiences contribute in real time, using a balance they control.

I encourage you all to give it a try! Install the extension that polyfills the proposed Web standard, get a wallet (I went with GateHub , which works in US Dollars and Euros), and then connect it to the extension.

You need to have funds in EUR (€) or USD ($). If you have crypto, it won't work, which I've found out by trial and error, as I was part of Coil , the Web Monetization predecessor, which paid out in XRP.

Just to clarify, while you need a wallet—that typically is used for crypto—the actual transactions are all in real fiat money, Euro in my case.

As an extension user

Connect your wallet, and browse to a page that supports Web Monetization. You will notice whether a page is monetized when the extension has a green checkmark. My blog happens to be monetized.

The Web Monetization extensions's popup window.

You can adjust how much you want to pay the site per hour and also send one-time payments. The money is "streamed" every minute, which you can observe in DevTools.

Chrome DevTools Network tab showing a POST request for a payment.

We actually have code in Chromium to make native Web Monetization happen, implemented by Igalia and funded by the Interledger Foundation. I hope they can share the experiment results soon.

As a publisher

On your page, add a payment link . You get the personalized payment pointer from your wallet. The following snippet shows mine.

<link rel="monetization" href="https://ilp.gatehub.net/348218105/eur" />

Then you're ready to receive payments. Here's me browsing my blog and seeing payments go out from and come in to my GateHub wallet. This is of course effectively a zero sum game, me paying myself. The 0.01 cent are the streamed payments that go out and then come in again. I tested a one-time payment as well. The 0.50 cents (not shown) was a successful one-time payment.

The GateHub wallet showing incoming and outgoing transactions.

There's also a JavaScript API , so you can adjust the content of your page when your page notices that the user is paying.

window.addEventListener('monetization', (event) => {
  const { value, currency } = event.amountSent;
  console.log(`Browser sent ${currency} ${value}.`);
  const linkElem = event.target;
  console.log('for link element:', linkElem, linkElem.href);
});

For testing purposes, you can observe these monetization events in Chrome DevTools by pasting in the snippet above in the Console.

Chrome DevTools Console showing a  event.

This way you could, for example, remove ads, or unlock an article when you notice a one-time payment. On my blog, I just show a "thank you" message for now.

Thank you message in the footer of my blog showing how much the user has paid.

I'm really bulli$h on this proposed standard. Hopefully someone else will try it and let me know how it goes. I truly and honestly believe that this could be the future for making the Web of tomorrow financially sustainable for publishers, big and small.

Protecting Kids Without Breaking the Internet

Internet Exchange
internet.exchangepoint.tech
2025-11-06 16:10:43
Mallory Knodel discusses an output from the IAB and W3C workshop, now open for feedback, outlining a neutral framework for age verification that maps where checks could occur while weighing privacy, security, and human rights impacts....
Original Article
internet governance

Mallory Knodel discusses an output from the IAB and W3C workshop, now open for feedback, outlining a neutral framework for age verification that maps where checks could occur while weighing privacy, security, and human rights impacts.

Protecting Kids Without Breaking the Internet
Photo by Inna Skosyreva / Unsplash

By Mallory Knodel

Last month, a closed-door workshop on Age-Based Restrictions on Content Access was convened by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Technical Architecture Group. It brought together engineers, standards developers, civil society advocates, academics, and industry representatives to examine the growing wave of laws that require age verification or age assurance online. For example, the UK’s Online Safety Act which IX’s Editor-in-Chief Audrey analyzed and Heather Burns also critiqued . The goal of the workshop was not to pick a single solution but to build a shared understanding of the properties and trade-offs of different approaches.

The workshop was a grand opportunity to build consensus between major technology companies, telecom operators, browser vendors, academics, child safety advocates, and civil society groups focused on privacy and digital rights. Across sessions, there was broad agreement that this is a complex, global problem with no single technical or regulatory solution. At the same time, discussions were wide-ranging and reflected both the breadth of the topic and some genuine disagreements over scope and approach. So what should the global standards setters for the web and internet say about age verification?

A collection of papers submitted in advance of the workshop has been published, offering a glimpse into the breadth of perspectives represented. Other related background documents that have been circulated include the Knight Georgetown Institute submission to the EU , and a comprehensive deep dive by the Open Technology Institute on age verification approaches and their implications.

These contributions span legal and policy analyses, critiques of existing age-verification mandates, and technical proposals for different forms of age gating. Some explore privacy-preserving filtering at the network layer; others warn of the security, privacy, and human rights risks of large-scale age verification systems. What they share is a recognition that policymakers are moving quickly to impose age-gating obligations, often without fully understanding how the internet’s architecture works or the practical consequences of different technical choices.

Much of this amounts to several ways to hold up the problem and admire it from different angles. Conversations about network censorship have a similar pattern: Good to understand the technical means already deployed for protocol standards engineers who want to correct for it, adversarially, but also offer advice for how to do it in such a way so that you don’t break the internet.

To that end an outcome of the workshop was the need for an elaboration of neutral, solution-agnostic architectural specification that could help ground future debates. Rather than endorsing any single method of age verification or assurance, such a document could map out where in the internet stack age gating might occur, for example at the network, device, or service layer, and examine trade-offs around effectiveness, feasibility, privacy, and human rights.

From the draft, “Our goal is to describe the technical difficulties in any age-gating mechanism such that it is effective and does not introduce security and privacy risks as well as contravene human rights. We also hope to show that age verification mechanisms are wholly technical solutions that are separate from, albeit often motivated by, the means of protecting young people online.”

Titled Age Verification Architecture , the document will outline a technology-neutral schema for how different intermediaries could restrict or permit access to content and services based on age, alongside analysis of security, privacy, and human rights considerations. While the draft won’t prescribe a single “solution” to the problem, it aims to offer a clear, structured framework to inform future technical, policy, and regulatory discussions. The document is open for feedback through issue creation or pull requests on GitHub .


Find us at MozFest

https://luma.com/9tyqx0sz
Friday 7 November, 14:45 CET
We have only six places left for the MozFest Fringe gathering and lunch we are hosting with the Social Web Foundation. It's for folks working on the social web in order to gather actions that can help us strategize and plan for the coming year.

Encryption and Feminism: Reimagining Child Safety Without Surveillance

https://mzf.st/160
Saturday 8 November,13:30 CET
Our session about how encryption can safeguard vulnerable communities while upholding privacy and human rights with Chayn’s Hera Hussain, Superbloom’s Georgia Bullen, APC’s Diana Bichanga, Courage Everywhere’s Lucy Purdon, UNICEF’s Gerda Binder, and IX’s Mallory Knodel, Ramma Shahid Cheema and Audrey Hingle.


Unlearning Systems


https://mzf.st/74
Sunday 9 November, 4:00 CET
Seyi Akiwowo's mainstage session about unlearning dominant ways of knowing and organizing, specifically through the lens of Indigenous knowledge and alternative economic systems with Keoni Mahelona and Luísa Franco Machado.

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From The Feminist Communications Co-op


Internet Governance

Digital Rights

  • Keep Android Open is organizing to oppose Google’s new developer registration and verification policy, announced in August 2025, which will require all Android developers to register centrally with Google before creating or distributing apps. https://keepandroidopen.org
  • Researchers from Cloudflare, University of Michigan, EPFL and University of Maryland find internet middleboxes are being weaponised for censorship and surveillance worldwide, mapping a hidden layer of interference across the global web. https://www.cs.umd.edu/~dml/papers/tampering_sigcomm23.pdf

Technology for Society

Privacy and Security

Upcoming Events

Careers and Funding Opportunities

Opportunities to Get Involved

  • FOSDEM 2026 – Social Web Devroom – Call For Participation. FOSDEM is an exciting free and open source software event in Brussels, Belgium that brings together thousands of enthusiasts from around the world. The event spans the weekend of January 31 to February 1, 2026 and features discussion tracks (“devrooms”) for scores of different technology topics. Submission Deadline : December 1. https://socialwebfoundation.org/2025/10/31/fosdem-2026-social-web-devroom-call-for-participation

What did we miss? Please send us a reply or write to editor@exchangepoint.tech .

Electric cars: could leasing a used EV help you afford one?

Guardian
www.theguardian.com
2025-11-08 07:00:02
With more secondhand cars available and salary sacrifice schemes offering extra savings, the lease option is taking off When Anthony Santos was looking for a car to replace his Audi Q3, a diesel SUV, he felt reluctant about making the switch to an electric car. “I was considering it, but I probably ...
Original Article

When Anthony Santos was looking for a car to replace his Audi Q3, a diesel SUV, he felt reluctant about making the switch to an electric car.

“I was considering it, but I probably wouldn’t have,” says Santos, a sales manager at RWinvest, a property investment company in Liverpool. But when he started looking at his options the ability to lease a used electric vehicle (EV) caught his eye.

A couple of years ago someone looking for their next car would have been hard pushed to find a used EV – let alone lease one – but that is changing fast.

Anthony Santos with his Mercedes-Benz EQA
Anthony Santos with his Mercedes EQA, which he leases for £360 a month instead of the usual £570 via a salary sacrifice scheme.

There are now 1m EVs on British roads , and the cars bought by early adopters are hitting the secondhand market.

Generally speaking EVs have lost value more quickly than petrol or diesel cars, which is a big problem for the owners of leasing companies, rental businesses or corporate fleets. But the flipside for consumers is that it is possible to find a cheap leasing deal.

In the second quarter of 2025, the number of used car leases in the UK rose by 166%, compared with the same period a year ago, with electric cars driving the growth, according to the latest data available from the British Vehicle Rental and Leasing Association (BVRLA), a lobby group.

“Three years ago used EV leasing was very small because there were very few used EVs on the market,” says Thom Groot, the chief executive of the Electric Car Scheme, a broker. From about 15% of sales in 2024, used EVs now make up nearly half its business.

At Octopus EV, which is part of the UK’s largest energy supplier , the number of used EV leases has doubled in the last year.

The picture is helped by fact that big players in the leasing market, including Lloyds Banking Group’s Lex Autolease, BNP Paribas’s Arval, and the independent group Zenith, have started now offer leases on used EVs.

With the average price tag of a new electric vehicle sitting at £50,000, putting them out of reach of many Britons, in the summer the government launched a subsidy scheme . But buying secondhand makes going electric even more affordable.

Santos discovered that he could lease a lightly used Mercedes-Benz EQA without paying anything upfront. His company offered a salary sacrifice option (more on that later) via the Electric Car Scheme, which meant he could pay £360 a month for a car that would usually cost £570.

“There was no deposit – the tax benefits really made sense,” Santos says. “That’s what made me move forward with it.”

How leasing works

People who lease their cars pay a monthly fee, typically for two or three years, avoiding the need to stump up tens of thousands of pounds upfront. As well as the car, costs such as road tax, breakdown assistance, service and maintenance are often included – but typically not things such as insurance.

Leasing a used EV is a lot cheaper than buying a new one, even for vehicles in good condition that are only two or three years old. That means more expensive models can be more affordable, making it easier for people on lower incomes to cut their carbon emissions .

Škoda Enyaq
On a standard lease a new Škoda Enyaq costs about £567 a month, but that falls to £292 for a used model on salary sacrifice. Photograph: Arnd Wiegmann/Reuters

The Electric Car Scheme gives the example of the Škoda Enyaq, an SUV. On a standard lease a new model costs about £567 a month, but that falls to £292 for a used model on salary sacrifice. Volkswagen’s ID.4 SUV similarly falls from £506 to £296 a month, a decrease of 42%.

However, not every cost will be picked up by the owner. Lessees will still have to pay damage outside fair wear and tear, and some also add an excess mileage charge. While 10p a mile may not sound like much, high-mileage drivers will have to consider whether they will face a big extra bill when they hand the car back.

Salary sacrifice

The best deals will almost certainly be limited to those whose employers have signed up for a salary sacrifice scheme . The key thing about salary sacrifice is that the cost is deducted from your pay before tax – lowering your tax bill. How much you save depends on your tax bracket: so lower-rate taxpayers save 20%, higher-rate taxpayers (salaries of £50,271 to £125,140) save 40%, and 45% above that.

Ian Hughes, the chief executive of the corporate and consumer business of Zenith Group, says salary sacrifice has been “a major foundation stone of the transition” to electric cars due to the tax advantages.

Many employers offer salary sacrifice – ranging from very small companies to household names such as HSBC, BT and Jet2, as well as a number of NHS trusts. There are usually no fees for the employee, but employers pay the scheme provider the equivalent of the tax saved from lower national insurance contributions.

Often the companies offering salary sacrifice impose conditions, such as a minimum contract length, or a gross basic salary above a certain threshold. People leasing will also have to go through a mandatory credit check, as well as affordability checks to make sure they can handle the monthly payments.

Mini Cooper S Electric Level 2
An electric 2022 Mini Cooper S with 17,400 miles on the clock would cost £256 a month via salary sacrifice. Photograph: Malcolm Haines/Alamy

There are still options for someone whose employer does not offer a salary sacrifice scheme. Carwow’s “Leasey” leasing service, for example, offers used EVs. An electric 2022 Mini Cooper S with 17,400 miles on the clock would cost £256 a month. That is still significantly more than the £209 offer for those able to use an employer’s scheme, but well below the £310 a month (on top of a £3,000 upfront payment) for the equivalent new model bought from Mini directly.

Gary Comerford, a consultant who runs the EV Musings podcast for electric car drivers, says his experience of leasing a used EV is “very smooth” but adds that he would not say it is flawless. He could not do a test drive before committing via Car360, although he had the option to return with no questions asked within the week. He paid a deposit of £1,200 and pays £310 a month for a 2021 Polestar 2.

“As long as you can work within your budget it’s quite easy to get a lease,” Comerford says – although he adds that limiting tax benefits to salary sacrifice is unfair to self-employed people like him.

2022 Polestar 2 being charged at a car park
After paying a £1,200 deposit, a 2021 Polestar 2 costs £310 a month. Photograph: ZarkePix/Alamy

Some optional extras can be included with the car (and can benefit from salary sacrifice tax savings), such as car insurance, home chargers, and even electricity.

At the end of the term the choice is generally to either extend your lease or hand the car back, although some companies also offer the ability to buy the car outright. Note though: early returners will probably end up paying an early termination fee (although fees for salary sacrificers are usually waived if they leave they employer through resignation, redundancy or dismissal).

If it works for you, and you meet the conditions, used leases make it much easier to drive an EV, says Zenith’s Hughes. “The very, very exciting opportunity is it lowers the price of entry from an affordability perspective,” he says. Zenith’s newly launched used EV salary sacrifice scheme has had “a nice balance of 20% and 40% taxpayers”, he says.

Beating depreciation

Leasing companies are not offering deals out of the goodness of their hearts. Offering used EVs helps them cope with their least favourite word: depreciation. They bought a load of electric cars a couple of years ago, only for secondhand, or “residual” prices, to drop more than expected amid slower overall demand for EVs .

Leasing companies have a large supply of rapidly depreciating vehicles, says Toby Poston, the BVRLA chief executive. They do not want to sell at a steep loss, so leasing helps solve a problem.

2020 MG ZS
A 2020 MG ZS. The number of EVs leased in the UK in the second quarter of 2025 is up by 166% on the same period last year, taking the total to 40,600. Photograph: ZarkePix/Alamy

Holding on to electric cars means leasing companies can continue to make money from them. The industry’s experience with thousands of electric cars is that there are far fewer breakdowns, compared with equivalent petrol or diesel cars, meaning they are less likely to face huge repair bills as the vehicles age.

Hughes expects Zenith’s cars to go through two or even three drivers over eight years before they sell it on – potentially meaning no residual loss whatsoever. (Contrary to one persistent anti-EV claim, meaningful battery degradation is “just not a thing” for the average car, he says. And most EVs come with eight-year manufacturer warranties on batteries, which means leased cars would be covered.)

Without costly breakdowns to worry about there is “less potential risk” so it easier to offer leases, Poston says. At the same time, there is “overproduction of cars across the world”, he adds. “The deals you can get now are stupendous.”

Oddest ChatGPT leaks yet: Cringey chat logs found in Google Analytics tool

Hacker News
arstechnica.com
2025-11-08 03:54:30
Comments...
Original Article

ChatGPT leaks seem to confirm OpenAI scrapes Google, expert says.

Credit: Aurich Lawson | Getty Images

For months, extremely personal and sensitive ChatGPT conversations have been leaking into an unexpected destination: Google Search Console (GSC), a tool that developers typically use to monitor search traffic, not lurk private chats.

Normally, when site managers access GSC performance reports, they see queries based on keywords or short phrases that Internet users type into Google to find relevant content. But starting this September, odd queries, sometimes more than 300 characters long, could also be found in GSC. Showing only user inputs, the chats appeared to be from unwitting people prompting a chatbot to help solve relationship or business problems, who likely expected those conversations would remain private.

Jason Packer, owner of an analytics consulting firm called Quantable, was among the first to flag the issue in a detailed blog last month.

Determined to figure out what exactly was causing the leaks, he teamed up with “Internet sleuth” and web optimization consultant Slobodan Manić. Together, they conducted testing that they believe may have surfaced “the first definitive proof that OpenAI directly scrapes Google Search with actual user prompts.” Their investigation seemed to confirm the AI giant was compromising user privacy, in some cases in order to maintain engagement by seizing search data that Google otherwise wouldn’t share.

OpenAI declined Ars’ request to confirm if Packer and Manić’s theory posed in their blog was correct or answer any of their remaining questions that could help users determine the scope of the problem.

However, an OpenAI spokesperson confirmed that the company was “aware” of the issue and has since “resolved” a glitch “that temporarily affected how a small number of search queries were routed.”

Packer told Ars that he’s “very pleased that OpenAI was able to resolve the issue quickly.” But he suggested that OpenAI’s response failed to confirm whether or not OpenAI was scraping Google, and that leaves room for doubt that the issue was completely resolved.

Google declined to comment.

“Weirder” than prior ChatGPT leaks

The first odd ChatGPT query to appear in GSC that Packer reviewed was a wacky stream-of-consciousness from a likely female user asking ChatGPT to assess certain behaviors to help her figure out if a boy who teases her had feelings for her. Another odd query seemed to come from an office manager sharing business information while plotting a return-to-office announcement.

These were just two of 200 odd queries—including “some pretty crazy ones,” Packer told Ars—that he reviewed on one site alone. In his blog, Packer concluded that the queries should serve as “a reminder that prompts aren’t as private as you think they are!”

Packer suspected that these queries were connected to reporting from The Information in August that cited sources claiming OpenAI was scraping Google search results to power ChatGPT responses. Sources claimed that OpenAI was leaning on Google to answer prompts to ChatGPT seeking information about current events, like news or sports.

OpenAI has not confirmed that it’s scraping Google search engine results pages (SERPs). However, Packer thinks his testing of ChatGPT leaks may be evidence that OpenAI not only scrapes “SERPs in general to acquire data,” but also sends user prompts to Google Search.

Manić helped Packer solve a big part of the riddle. He found that the odd queries were turning up in one site’s GSC because it ranked highly in Google Search for “https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/”—a ChatGPT URL that was appended at the start of every strange query turning up in GSC.

It seemed that Google had tokenized the URL, breaking it up into a search for keywords “openai + index + chatgpt.” Sites using GSC that ranked highly for those keywords were therefore likely to encounter ChatGPT leaks, Parker and Manić proposed, including sites that covered prior ChatGPT leaks where chats were being indexed in Google search results . Using their recommendations to seek out queries in GSC, Ars was able to verify similar strings.

“Don’t get confused though, this is a new and completely different ChatGPT screw-up than having Google index stuff we don’t want them to,” Packer wrote. “Weirder, if not as serious.”

It’s unclear what exactly OpenAI fixed, but Packer and Manić have a theory about one possible path for leaking chats. Visiting the URL that starts every strange query found in GSC, ChatGPT users encounter a prompt box that seemed buggy, causing “the URL of that page to be added to the prompt.” The issue, they explained, seemed to be that:

Normally ChatGPT 5 will choose to do a web search whenever it thinks it needs to, and is more likely to do that with an esoteric or recency-requiring search. But this bugged prompt box also contains the query parameter ‘hints=search’ to cause it to basically always do a search: https://chatgpt.com/?hints=search&openaicom_referred=true&model=gpt-5

Clearly some of those searches relied on Google, Packer’s blog said, mistakenly sending to GSC “whatever” the user says in the prompt box, with “https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/” text added to the front of it.” As Packer explained, “we know it must have scraped those rather than using an API or some kind of private connection—because those other options don’t show inside GSC.”

This means “that OpenAI is sharing any prompt that requires a Google Search with both Google and whoever is doing their scraping,” Packer alleged. “And then also with whoever’s site shows up in the search results! Yikes.”

To Packer, it appeared that “ALL ChatGPT prompts” that used Google Search risked being leaked during the past two months.

OpenAI claimed only a small number of queries were leaked but declined to provide a more precise estimate. So, it remains unclear how many of the 700 million people who use ChatGPT each week had prompts routed to GSC.

OpenAI’s response leaves users with “lingering questions”

After ChatGPT prompts were found surfacing in Google’s search index in August, OpenAI clarified that users had clicked a box making those prompts public, which OpenAI defended as “sufficiently clear.” The AI firm later scrambled to remove the chats from Google’s SERPs after it became obvious that users felt misled into sharing private chats publicly.

Packer told Ars that a major difference between those leaks and the GSC leaks is that users harmed by the prior scandal, at least on some level, “had to actively share” their leaked chats. In the more recent case, “nobody clicked share” or had a reasonable way to prevent their chats from being exposed.

“Did OpenAI go so fast that they didn’t consider the privacy implications of this, or did they just not care?” Packer posited in his blog.

Perhaps most troubling to some users—whose identities are not linked in chats unless their prompts perhaps share identifying information—there does not seem to be any way to remove the leaked chats from GSC, unlike the prior scandal.

Packer and Manić are left with “lingering questions” about how far OpenAI’s fix will go to stop the issue.

Manić was hoping OpenAI might confirm if prompts entered on https://chatgpt.com that trigger Google Search were also affected. But OpenAI did not follow up on that question, or a broader question about how big the leak was. To Manić, a major concern was that OpenAI’s scraping may be “contributing to ‘crocodile mouth’ in Google Search Console,” a troubling trend SEO researchers have flagged that causes impressions to spike but clicks to dip.

OpenAI also declined to clarify Packer’s biggest question. He’s left wondering if the company’s “fix” simply ended OpenAI’s “routing of search queries, such that raw prompts are no longer being sent to Google Search, or are they no longer scraping Google Search at all for data?

“We still don’t know if it’s that one particular page that has this bug or whether this is really widespread,” Packer told Ars. “In either case, it’s serious and just sort of shows how little regard OpenAI has for moving carefully when it comes to privacy.”

Ashley is a senior policy reporter for Ars Technica, dedicated to tracking social impacts of emerging policies and new technologies. She is a Chicago-based journalist with 20 years of experience.

31 Comments

Local First Htmx

Hacker News
elijahm.com
2025-11-08 02:27:48
Comments...
Original Article

Overview

Part 2 is now ready

There is a common refrain on the internet that things have gotten worse and are continuing to get worse. There is a proliferation of horrible jumpy loading ads on every website, every search engine throws a crappy AI summary in front of your search result, every site/webapp seems to have gotten slower and slower. I cannot provide a solution for all of that, but I can point to a better paradigm for web site and web app design. That paradigm is local first .

Local first is a design principle for web apps where the UI and data are co-located and changes to the data are synced with the remote server. Local first apps feel snappy and highly performant because they do not require a network RTT between a users action and rendering the result of the action. I recommend playing around with linear.app to experiene what a first class local first app feels like. I won’t spend much time trying to convince about bad web apps - because if you are ignorant and happy I don’t want to ruin that bliss.

If you are familiar with Jira or Github issues you should be able to immediately tell how stark of a difference a local first app can be. Jira is slow because as far as I can tell it is just slow and it loads a lot of data slowly and if you click away and then go back you have to reload all of that same data again. Github is a SSR webapp meaning that the html is generated on the server and then sent to you. This means any interaction usually requires a complete round trip betwen your broswer and the server which is usually very noticeable. Ironically Github’s slow SSR performs much better than Jira in my experience - they do different things but gosh I hate using Jira. I can only hope that some day I’ll be able to use Linear at work and it will be just as fast as it is today.

I will pause here and just clarify that almost any app architecture can end up being painfully slow if implemented poorly. I would strongly argue that most websites, webapps, etc. that we visit daily are implemented poorly. There a variety of techniques that can be employed in all these different architectures (traditional SPA, SSR, etc) but local first provides the most upside as an architecture when it relates to performance.

Meme Driven Development

That was more serious than I intended it to be so lets dive into some Meme Driven Development (MDD). Let’s get into the main course of this post and talk about Local First HTMX .

mr htmx laser horse thumbs up

HTMX is… well a meme and also possibly serious, I am not sure if anyone really knows. HTMX is an anti-javascript javascript front end framework/library (idk frontend people use those terms very loosely). More importantly it is a really good meme and that is key to MDD. So I thought I should combine HTMX and local first to create something truly awful yet beautiful. I am not necessarily recommending this approach, but I am excited to share what I’ve done to create the first Local First HTMX Todo app.

HTMX isn’t the right framework but maybe it is

HTMX’s goal to simplify frontend development while still maintaining a good level of interactivity. The geneal idea of HTMX is that your HTML will be rendered by the backend — à la Server Side Rendering. The technical term is hypermedia as the engine of state of HATEOS . If you recall that SSR (needing a RTT to the server for every interaction) has performance issues and can cause websites to feel sluggish (it is hard to fight the speed of light). If you are just sprinkling in interactivity it can work. But and this is the key idea of Local First HTMX - you don’t have to render the HTML on the backend. You can build a “server” and compile it to WASM and run it in the browser. This would give you all the snappiness of a first class Javascript Local First SPA with none of the JS — well less of the JS. The goal is not to avoid JS but to have a simpler app.

Architecture Overview

To recap we are building a Local First HTMX app by compiling our SSR code to WASM and then running that in a service worker. Briefly and possibly incorrectly let me explain a few things about browsers. There is a main thread, this is where your JS and HTML stuff normally happens. The main thread is what has access to the DOM and can actually render content. Browsers have added many features, but I want to mention two. The first is web workers, which lets your run code in a different thread that has limited permissions (no access to the DOM). The second is a service worker - which is like a web worker but has an important disctinction. A service worker can be configured to intercept all fetch requests.

Overview of architecture showing browser main thread, service worker and remote server

The service worker can do what it wants with them from proxying them, looking at cache, or handling the request itself. This is what I want to take advantage of - I want to proxy all fetch requests and optionally choose to render HTML and send it back.

A basic HTMX request looks something like this

<button hx-post="/clicked"
    hx-trigger="click"
    hx-target="#parent-div"
    hx-swap="outerHTML"
>
    Click Me!
</button>

Normally this would send an HTTP request to the sever, but we want to intercept this request in the service worker, handle the request and return HTML. Then in the background the service worker can sync data with the server while maintaining its local data store. In a follow up post I’ll go over the implementation details of how I did this, some issues I encountered, and then talk about some further ideas.

diagram showing /clicked post being handled by service worker

Stay tuned.

Friday Nite Videos | November 7, 2025

Portside
portside.org
2025-11-08 02:18:29
Friday Nite Videos | November 7, 2025 barry Fri, 11/07/2025 - 21:18 ...
Original Article

Friday Nite Videos | November 7, 2025

Stephen Miller and Pam Bondi Are the New Ghouls on South Park. Republicans Panic as TX Redistricting Backfires. Trump Plays Dead Fish and Dr. Oz's Crazy Ozempic Math. "Rovina's Choice": How USAID Shutdown Has Killed 100s of Thousands.

Portside

Mastodon 4.5

Simon Willison
simonwillison.net
2025-11-08 01:52:14
Mastodon 4.5 This new release of Mastodon adds two of my most desired features! The first is support for quote posts. This had already become an unofficial feature in the client apps I was using (phanpy.social on the web and Ivory on iOS) but now it's officially part of Mastadon's core platform. Muc...
Original Article

Mastodon 4.5 ( via ) This new release of Mastodon adds two of my most desired features!

The first is support for quote posts. This had already become an unofficial feature in the client apps I was using ( phanpy.social on the web and Ivory on iOS) but now it's officially part of Mastadon's core platform.

Much more notably though:

Fetch All Replies: Completing the Conversation Flow

Users on servers running 4.4 and earlier versions have likely experienced the confusion of seeing replies appearing on other servers but not their own. Mastodon 4.5 automatically checks for missing replies upon page load and again every 15 minutes, enhancing continuity of conversations across the Fediverse.

The absolute worst thing about Mastodon - especially if you run on your own independent server - is that the nature of the platform means you can't be guaranteed to see every reply to a post your are viewing that originated on another instance ( previously ).

This leads to an unpleasant reply-guy effect where you find yourself replying to a post saying the exact same thing that everyone else said... because you didn't see any of the other replies before you posted!

Mastodon 4.5 finally solves this problem!

I went looking for the GitHub issue about this and found this one that quoted my complaint about this from December 2022, which is marked as a duplicate of this Fetch whole conversation threads issue from 2018.

So happy to see this finally resolved.

Bootc for workstation use

Lobsters
lwn.net
2025-11-08 01:40:45
Comments...
Original Article

Welcome to LWN.net

The following subscription-only content has been made available to you by an LWN subscriber. Thousands of subscribers depend on LWN for the best news from the Linux and free software communities. If you enjoy this article, please consider subscribing to LWN . Thank you for visiting LWN.net!

The bootc project allows users to create a bootable Linux system image using the container tooling that many developers are already familiar with. It is an evolution of OSTree (now called libostree), which is used to create Fedora Silverblue and other image-based distributions. While creating custom images is still a job for experts, the container technology simplifies delivering heavily customized images to non-technical users.

Image-based desktop operating systems, such as Fedora Silverblue or the Universal Blue project's Bluefin and Bazzite , have been around for a while now. LWN covered Bluefin in 2023. I started installing Fedora Silverblue on my relatives' computers after a package-based update on my niece's laptop went awry. It shut down unexpectedly during a DNF transaction, which caused a corruption in a systemd binary, rendering the system dead. The image-based systems (also called " atomic " systems) effectively prevent this kind of problem by managing updates as a single transaction that can be rolled back if needed.

Fedora's image-based operating systems use OSTree and rpm-ostree to create images. However, there has been interest in using container tooling to create bootable images for Fedora and CentOS instead. LWN covered the bootc project in June 2024, and it has since become a CNCF Sandbox project .

When I finally decided to switch to atomic desktops on my computers, I stumbled upon Valentin Rothberg's presentation ( YouTube video ) on bootable containers and decided that this is the technology I want to use.

Benefits of bootable containers

A bootc image is basically an Open Container Initative (OCI) image that also includes a kernel and other bits needed to boot a system. The running system has /usr mounted as read-only; updated images are downloaded in the background, but updates are performed atomically when the system reboots—the system boots into the new image, and the old image is preserved for rollbacks. Internally, bootc still depends on libostree , the heart of Fedora's atomic and immutable operating systems. It is built using steps defined in a Containerfile (or Dockerfile ), just like a regular Linux container. Unlike a normal container, it can be easily deployed as a virtual machine or installed on bare metal.

Since bootable containers are built as regular containers, the final images can be pushed to a container registry; from there, the image can be deployed to all bootc-enabled systems by running " bootc upgrade " on the host that is being updated (this is usually done automatically by a systemd timer). This brings several key benefits.

Since bootc uses existing container tooling, users familiar with creating container images using Docker or Podman will be able to start creating custom operating system images without learning new tools or workflows. Users are also fully in control over the image contents; therefore, they can essentially create their own heavily customized Linux distribution by installing custom packages, enabling kernel modules, providing kernel arguments , and configuring other parts of the system.

Using containers also allows local image testing before deployment and the ability to integrate it inside continuous-integration/continuous-deployment (CI/CD) pipelines. After the container builds, it can be started and tested as a regular container, which shares the kernel with the host system. This should be sufficient for testing most of the time, but it does not make use of the kernel (or its configuration) in the container image. It is also possible to easily start the image as a virtual machine with podman-bootc or its successor, the bootc virtualization kit ( bcvk ), to test the bootc container's kernel as well. When all tests pass, it can be pushed to a container registry that it can be deployed from.

Preparing an image with a desktop environment

Even though bootable containers are built more or less the same way as any other containers, they require a special base image that is prepared for this particular use case containing a kernel, bootloader, and OSTree. There are bootc base images available for AlmaLinux , CentOS Stream , Fedora , and Red Hat Enterprise Linux at the moment. The Bluefin distribution, which is based on Fedora, uses bootc images as well.

There are also unofficial base images for several other distributions like Debian , Gentoo , Ubuntu , and others ( this bootc ticket contains some tips and discussion on creating the base images). The official images usually do not come with a graphical environment, so they require a bit of customization to make them ready for desktop use cases such as installing desktop environments and favorite applications. Rothberg has a Containerfile for Fedora Workstation that can be used as an example for creating one's own.

There is one catch that needs to be remembered when building the bootc container image: the build process is the same as for other containers. The kernel that is running on the host where " podman build " is run is not necessarily the kernel that will be installed in the bootc image. This poses difficulties when installing additional kernel modules (or other code that depends on the running kernel).

Each kernel module is built against the kernel that is supposed to load the module. Normally, this is the kernel that is currently booted, however when building a container image, we need to build the module against the kernel that is installed inside the image which is often different. Today kernel modules are often packaged by distributions in dynamic formats like akmods (for Fedora-derived distributions) or DKMS (other distributions). The akmods tooling automatically rebuilds the installed kernel modules against the currently running kernel (they essentially look at " uname -a ") and simplifies packaging and kernel updates.

This requires some additional work when installing kernel modules—akmods must be built manually with akmodsbuild , and other modules may need to be compiled directly from source. While this adds more complexity to the container definition file, it can be beneficial once the base bootc image switches to a new kernel that is not yet supported by one of the modules. A great example is the OpenZFS filesystem module that occasionally fails to build on newer kernels. No new images will be created until the modules build correctly, which means users aren't served broken images that would cause them problems.

Deploying bootc images

When the bootable container image is available, it needs to be deployed to bare metal or a virtual machine. There are several ways to do that. One way is the " bootc install " command that can be run from the container image to install the image into a block device or an existing filesystem. The best way to install for the first time using " bootc install " is to boot into a live system, such as a Fedora Workstation live image.

A higher-level tool, " bootc-image-builder ", can output multiple image types , including an Anaconda unattended-installation ISO, and virtual-machine formats such as vmdk or qcow2, that can be deployed on other computers. However, for systems that support Anaconda and kickstart installations, I found the easiest way to deploy the image for the first time is kickstart's ostreecontainer command. This can be used to prepare an installation flash disk including the kickstart file included to deploy the image on the target computers.

Once the image is installed, we have a bootc-enabled system that is managed and updated by the bootc tool.

Adopting bootc

Adopting bootc systems may require some getting used to, unless one has previous experience with atomic systems, as there are several differences, especially with regards to filesystem permissions . On the other hand, for those already used to atomic systems, it will feel like home.

The system is booted with a read-only /usr (which means it is not possible to install new packages at will). The expectation is that all packages are already installed within the bootc image. If additional packages are needed, they should be installed as a container, as a Flatpak application. Another alternative is using Toolbx or Distrobox , which are tools that let users run applications from containers that are fully integrated with the rest of the user's system.

While /usr is read-only and most of the applications should be preinstalled, installed as Flatpaks, or inside a Toolbx/Distrobox container, it is possible to create a transient writable file system ( OverlayFS ) over the read-only /usr by calling " bootc usr-overlay ". Once the overlay is created, it is possible to install additional packages or make other changes to /usr ; however, all changes are discarded after reboot. To make the change permanent, it is necessary to update the Containerfile to include the new package, rebuild the image, run " bootc upgrade " to deploy it, and then reboot the updated host to apply the new image. The overlay can be used to test the package functionality before updating the Containerfile and rebuilding the image.

If, by any chance, the image gets through pre-deployment testing and introduces a breaking change to the environment, it is always possible to roll back to the previous version. If the terminal can be accessed, it is possible to call " bootc rollback --apply " or if the system fails to boot, it is possible to choose the older version from the GRUB boot menu.

Keeping /etc in sync

One of the challenges for standard Linux systems is that configuration in /etc is modified over time, and tracking those changes is hard. This is especially true if users tend to work on multiple computers or laptops. Bootc, by default, sets up a persistent /etc , which means that every configuration change is kept after reboot, and there is a /etc merge process on each image upgrade; new configuration files are added, files that were not modified locally are updated, and files that were modified are kept. Note that bootc does not attempt to merge changes between a new configuration file supplied by an update and an existing configuration file.

However, it is possible to set up a transient /etc that will keep /etc writable so it is possible to experiment with configuration changes, but all changes are discarded after reboot as /etc contents from the image are reloaded. This makes it possible to write the desired configuration into the container image and deploy it on the computers through the image updates and thus keep all deployments completely in sync.

The command " ostree admin config-diff " can be handy when relying on the transient /etc feature, as it shows the difference between the current contents of /etc and the image version. It will quickly identify files that have been added, modified, or deleted. This makes it simple to experiment with configuration changes and then commit these changes to the container image without losing track of them.

Encrypting the image

While the bootable container images can be saved on the computer's local storage, it is expected that they will be published to a public or private container registry; this will make it easier to share and to deliver updates for multiple machines. When doing so, it is desirable to encrypt the image's contents to avoid leaking secrets to any third-party provider. The bootc project does not currently integrate encryption into its tooling, unfortunately. The project does have an open ticket to track this feature.

However, container images can be encrypted with OCIcrypt , which is integrated into Podman. It is possible to use Podman to pull the images into a local store and then point bootc to fetch updates from it. This solution keeps the encrypted image inside a remote container registry but stores it unencrypted in a local storage, from which it is read by bootc.

    $ sudo podman pull --decryption-key private.pem quay.io/path/to/image:encrypted
    $ sudo bootc switch --transport containers-storage quay.io/path/to/image:encrypted

Conclusion

Modifications to the OSTree/rpm-ostree-based systems, such as Fedora Silverblue, are possible: but using bootc makes it much more straightforward. However, building an image requires technical expertise and is not as simple as it might be. With the popularity of containers, though, it is quite likely that many users are already familiar with the technology. Once created, a bootc system can be used safely by non-technical users, and should make it less likely that an update will cause problems.

What I like about bootable containers most is the ease with which I manage all of the fifteen computers for my family. I no longer have to be on-site to fix things or include additional software; I do not even require a direct network connection to the machine. I can easily get access to an identical environment when needed. Furthermore, I have full control over the contents and base configuration of those systems, while my family can still install user-facing applications without worrying about doing any damage to the underlying operating system.


Index entries for this article
GuestArticles Březina, Pavel



Sam Altman's pants are on fire

Hacker News
garymarcus.substack.com
2025-11-08 01:39:18
Comments...
Original Article

The fact that Sam Altman is a liar is no longer news. As I argued here in late 2023 , Altman truly was fired for being “not completely candid” — just like the board said. Recent books by Karen Hao and Keach Hagey pretty much confirm this. I dissected his 2023 Senate testimony here .

But just in case any one was seriously still in doubt a just-released 62-page deposition from Ilya Sutskever ought to seal the deal:

A recent lawsuit furthers that sense that employees no longer trust Altman:

But it is no longer about lying to employees. It is about directly lying to the American public. Events of the last couple days surrounding Wednesday OpenAI’s CFO Sarah Friar’s call for loan guarantees have brought things to a new level.

The very idea – of having the US government bail out OpenAI from their reckless spending — is outrageous , as I explained here:

And I was far, far from alone in my fury. To fully understand what I am about to reveal, you need to understand that anger rapidly ricocheted across Washington and the entire nation. Here are two examples, one from a prominent Republican governor,

And here is another, from the White House AI Czar:

Altman, sensing that he had massively blundered, wrote a meandering fifteen-paragraph reply on X that started like this, written in full, capitalized paragraphs (unlike his usual style of short, cryptic remarks written in lowercase).

Nobody believed it. There were dozens of hostile, skeptical replies like this:

Even ChatGPT wasn’t buying it.

But that’s not the kicker.

§

The kicker is this: Sam was, once again, lying his ass off. What he meant by “we do not have or want government guarantees for OpenAI data centers” was actually that … OpenAI explicitly asked the White House office of science and technology (OSTP) to consider Federal loan guarantees, just a week earlier :

In a podcast that was probably recorded in last several days , Altman also appears to have been laying the groundwork for loan guarantees:

In short, Altman was—likely in conjunction with Nvidia, which also just seemed to be laying groundwork for a bailout —launching a full court press for loan guarantees when he got caught with hands in the cookie jar.

And then Altman lied about the whole thing to the entire world. Even David Sacks at the White House may have been conned.

Nobody should ever trust this man. Ever.

That’s what Ilya saw.

Gary Marcus was blocked on X by Kara Swisher in November 2022 for saying that the board did not trust Sam Altman. Marcus remains blocked by Ms. Swisher to this day.

Discussion about this post

Mamdani’s Plan for NYC Could Be a Model for How To Transform Child Care

Portside
portside.org
2025-11-08 01:38:40
Mamdani’s Plan for NYC Could Be a Model for How To Transform Child Care barry Fri, 11/07/2025 - 20:38 ...
Original Article

Assembly member Zohran Mamdani attends a news conference on universal child care at Columbus Park Playground on Nov. 19, 2024, in New York City | Michael M. Santiago/Getty Images

Zohran Mamdani, the 34-year-old New York State Assembly member and democratic socialist, was elected New York City’s mayor on Nov. 4, 2025, after pledging to make the city more affordable through policies that include freezing rents, providing free public buses and a network of city-owned grocery stores.

During his campaign, Mamdani’s promises clearly resonated with New Yorkers struggling with the high cost of living .

Of all of Mamdani’s campaign commitments, free high-quality child care for every New Yorker from 6 weeks to 5 years old – while boosting child care workers’ wages to match that of the city’s public school teachers – could be the most transformative.

The cost of child care in New York City is expensive. More than 80% of families with young children cannot afford the average annual cost of US$26,000 for center-based care. A recent study found that families with young children are twice as likely to leave the city as those without children. The study identified housing and child care costs as key drivers of migration out of the city.

New York’s child care problem mirrors a nationwide system that is seen by many experts as broken. U.S. families spend between 8.9% and 16% of their median income on full-day care for one child. And prices have been rising : Between 1990 and 2024, the cost of day care and preschool rose 263% , much faster than overall inflation.

Despite high prices, child care workers are poorly paid : In 2024, the median pay for child care workers, who are mostly women and often women of color, was $15.41 an hour, or $32,050 a year. That’s nearly at the bottom of all occupations when ranked by annual pay. Additionally, child care programs face high turnover , and it’s difficult for them to recruit and retain qualified staff. Program quality suffers as a result.

As a feminist scholar who has written extensively about child care , I believe Mamdani’s promise of free universal child care, with decent pay for child care staff, could transform the politics and the reality of child care in New York and beyond.

An example to the nation

During the Great Depression, the Works Projects Administration , a New Deal agency created to combat unemployment, established 14 emergency nursery schools in New York. Opened between 1933 and 1934, these schools were primarily intended to offer employment opportunities to unemployed teachers, but they also became a form of de facto child care for parents employed on various work-relief projects.

With the onset of World War II, rising numbers of women took up jobs in the city’s war industries .

In 1941, the lack of adequate child care prompted the administration of Mayor Fiorello La Guardia to fund a handful of already existing nursery schools, including the New Deal nurseries whose federal funding had dried up. New York became the only U.S. city to provide publicly subsidized child care services .

New York provided an example to the nation, and between 1943 and 1945, wartime child care centers were established in hundreds of cities under the federal government’s Lanham Act of 1941 . It’s the closest the U.S. has come to establishing a universal child care system.

While most wartime child care centers were shuttered at war’s end, in New York a citywide grassroots mobilization of parents forced the city to keep its centers operating. It marked the first peacetime allocation of municipal tax dollars for child care programs.

People hold signs at a news conference.

People hold signs as they attend a news conference at Columbus Park Playground, Nov. 19, 2024, in New York City. Michael M. Santiago/Getty Images

Building blocks

In the 1960s, under the liberal administration of Mayor John Lindsay, public child care in New York City was expanded, and in 1967 child care workers organized a union , AFSCME Local 205 Day Care Employees.

After a bitter three-week strike in 1969 to protest low wages and poor working conditions, child care workers won a contract that included a wage scale comparable to that of elementary school teachers in the city’s public school system. The contract also included a training program that allowed them to upgrade their skills and get credit for it.

When President Richard Nixon vetoed federal child care legislation in 1971 that would have provided federal funding for child care programs across the nation, New York’s child care movement took to the streets to demand universal child care , even if the federal government refused to fund it. Groups like the Day Care Forum and the Committee for Community Controlled Child Care staged demonstrations on the city’s Triborough Bridge – since renamed the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge – and set up a one-day “model day care center” on the lawn of City Hall.

Public child care services survived the city’s fiscal crisis of 1975 , largely due to the activism of working-class communities who fought against day care closures .

Though far from universal, the child care system in New York today boasts the largest publicly supported system in the country, and can serve as the building blocks for Mamdani’s plan.

Transformative beyond New York

Mamdani’s campaign estimated that his universal child care plan would cost $6 billion annually . To fund his policies, Mamdani has proposed an increase of the state’s corporate tax rate and raising the city’s income tax by 2 percentage points on New Yorkers earning more than $1 million a year. While Mamdani will need the assistance of Gov. Kathy Hochul to raise taxes, Hochul supports universal child care , even if she disagrees on how to pay for it.

Universal child care has positive economic impacts , including more women in the workforce and more money in the pockets of parents to spend in the economy. Research from the liberal Center for American Progress concluded that the availability of affordable high-quality child care would lead 51% of stay-at-home parents to find work, and about a third of employed parents to work more hours.

In New York, the disposable income of families could increase by up to $1.9 billion due to the avoidance of child care costs.

One year from the U.S. midterms, Americans remain worried about the cost of basic needs . And majorities of both Democrat and Republican voters say the cost of child care is a major problem, and they want government to prioritize helping families pay for it.

If he can find the money to pay for it, with universal child care, Mamdani could blaze a trail that other policymakers follow. The Conversation

is Associate Professor of Labour Studies, Brock University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article .

The Multipolarism of Fools

Portside
portside.org
2025-11-08 01:23:32
The Multipolarism of Fools barry Fri, 11/07/2025 - 20:23 ...
Original Article

Donald Trump hates Antifa. He hates late-night TV hosts, Democratic-controlled cities, and anyone who has ever challenged him in court. As of October, he officially hates the Nobel committee for not giving him a peace prize, despite his efforts to strong-arm its members into voting for him.

The president has gone after everyone he thinks has ever done him wrong. But there is a Venn diagram to his vendettas, an overlap in his circle of obsessions.

Map out his attacks, subtracting the purely personal and the primarily partisan, and you’ll see that they converge on a profound disgust for the liberal international order. That Trump has personally profited from that very global order — his portfolio of international real estate, his business’s reliance on global supply chains, the unacknowledged benefits he’s accrued from the international rule of law — makes no difference.

“Globalists” like Barack Obama , George Soros , and Emmanuel Macron have made fun of him, not fully accepting him into their ranks and refusing to acknowledge his brilliance with medals and awards. In the president’s skewed accounting ledger, the gatekeepers at the global country club who don’t want him as a member must be made to pay.

Trump has attacked the liberal international order in seemingly every conceivable way. He’s initiated a global trade war. He’s dismantled U.S. humanitarian assistance to impoverished lands and put pressure on allies to spend more money on war preparations, not welfare programs or foreign aid. He’s destroyed relationships with liberal allies like Canada and the non-Hungarian members of the European Union. He’s levied sanctions against the International Criminal Court (ICC) in an effort to shut it down . He’s gleefully ignored international law by embracing ICC scofflaws like Vladimir Putin and Benjamin Netanyahu. And he’s committed his own crimes, like the extrajudicial murder of the crews of nine boats near the Venezuelan coast and five in the Pacific Ocean.

The United States had long been a pillar of the liberal international order. So, when Trump takes a sledgehammer to its base, he causes potentially irreparable damage to the reputation, power, and global position of the United States. Many Americans, particularly those in the political center, are aghast at the self-inflicted wounds this country is now suffering.

In other quarters, however, there’s celebration.

America’s right wing has long hated everything that shimmers in the distance beyond the territorial waters of this country. The U.N. gives it indigestion. Ditto the European Union, the Third World, and anything connected to universal human rights. The most reactionary elements of the Republican Party have blocked Washington’s ratification of international treaties, undermined global efforts to address threats like climate change, and claimed to spot Communist (or Islamist or terrorist) conspiracies behind every international institution and many nationalist movements. Such right-wingers have pushed to eliminate all forms of soft power in favor of beefed-up hard power. The ascendancy of Trump has provided them with an opportunity to force conventional conservatives from their party, while consolidating an America First position.

Elements of the left, too, have rejoiced in Trump’s globalism-bashing. The most predictable support has come from unions that believe the president’s tariffs will protect American jobs. But some leftists have also been hesitant to support the work of the now largely shuttered U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) — even its distribution of AIDS medicines and climate funds — because of its legacy as a “ destructive arm of American imperialism .” Some have even joined hands with Trump to deride NATO and echo Kremlin talking points on Ukraine. In the lead-up to the 2024 election, the odd progressive even mistook Trump for an anti-imperialist.

Once upon a time, adventurous theorists imagined that communism and capitalism might both end up adopting some version of democratic socialism, as a reformed Soviet Union and an increasingly welfare-state-oriented United States seemed to be converging on the Swedish model. In the early 1980s, however, the leaders of the two superpowers of that time, Leonid Brezhnev and Ronald Reagan, teamed up to drive a knife through that particular fantasy.

Today, a different convergence is in process and the two poles are not meeting in the middle. Rather, the dalliance between left and right is taking place at the margins where a mutual disgust for liberalism fuels the romance. This courtship has developed its own love language. Both sides love to hate “globalism” — and, of course, the globalists who globalized it.

Trump stands astride that consensus like an angry god, urging his followers to tear down the temples and wreak vengeance on those who worship foreign deities. Meanwhile, some Marxists mutter approvingly of “sharpening the contradictions” — the notion that Trump will make things so bad that the masses will rise up in reaction. Meanwhile, MAGA followers love the spectacle of destruction that clears the way for White people, rich people, or just plain mean people to take over.

The left and the right still maintain very different visions of the future: maximum justice versus maximum injustice. But their odd convergence against the international liberal elite helps to explain MAGA’s success in certain Democratic strongholds. “Throw the globalist bums out” is a tagline that can appeal to both ends of the political spectrum.

As the poet William Butler Yeats observed after the end of the First World War, the center is not holding, while the best lack all conviction. During this second coming of Donald Trump, however, you better believe that it won’t be mere anarchy that is loosed upon the world.

Globalism, No. Multipolarism, Yes?

Multipolarism has lately become all the rage . The notion that the world could have multiple centers of power in contrast to the bipolarism of the Cold War or the aspirational unipolarism of the United States after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 is anything but new. Still, with the “ rise of the rest ” and the ascent of China in particular, the world has begun to look ever less U.S.-centric.

For many, however, multipolarism isn’t just a description, it’s a prescription, too.

On the right, philosophers like Alexander Dugin in Russia and Olavo de Carvalho in Brazil have used the concept as part of their ultra-nationalist projects. For Dugin, Russia must reassert its superpower status as part of a new Eurasian force to block the Anglo-Saxons and their NATO henchmen. For Carvalho, who died in 2022, multipolarism would enable Brazil to move closer to the Christian West, while shrugging off its subservience to global elites.

Some on the left, too, have identified multipolarism as a sign of a more equitable geopolitics — and a potential cudgel against American imperialism. As the Tricontinental editorialized in 2022:

“The longed-for Western, globalised capitalist world has not lived up to the expectations of even its most enthusiastic advocates. Today we are witnessing a shift towards a multipolar world, despite the aspirations of neoliberal globalists, neoconservatives, and those who favour the US model of development (‘Americanists’).”

Enter the BRICS

If multipolarism seems like a magic elixir to many, today’s vessel of choice for it is the BRICS. Over the years, many multipolar efforts have fallen by the wayside, including the Non-Aligned Movement, the New International Economic Order, the Group of 77, and the World Social Forum. But the institutions created by Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) beginning in 2010 were seen by multipolarists as the inheritors of those earlier movements for non-alignment and so a potential counterforce to U.S. and Western power. According to such a scenario, the BRICS would sooner or later replace the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF ), dethrone the dollar , and remake the entire global economy.

For some on the left, support for the transformative nature of BRICS recalls arguments used to defend Russia from charges of imperial designs on Ukraine. By supposedly holding the line against the enlargement of the European Union and the expansion of NATO, Russia was seen as standing up to the West. The globalists responded with the same kind of sanctions they’d applied to Cuba, North Korea, and Venezuela. Unlike the leaders of those three countries, however, Vladimir Putin has never pretended to be a man of the left. Instead, as a right-wing authoritarian leader, he’s killed opponents, thrown dissidents in jail, eliminated an independent media in Russia, and imposed a religious, anti-LGBT, misogynistic agenda on its society. He’s also revived Russian imperialism with his invasion of Ukraine, his political meddling in Moldova , and his cyber-interference in the Baltic countries .

The cognitive dissonance required for a progressive to defend Putin carries over to any enthusiasm for BRICS as a whole. After all, a majority of the countries in that 11-member group — Russia, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates — are presided over by autocrats. Only Brazil, South Africa, Indonesia, and India are democracies, and the last two come with asterisks, given the autocratic tendencies of their current leaders. Moreover, the anti-imperial credentials of the bloc are suspect, considering Russia’s interference in its “near abroad,” China’s position toward Taiwan, India’s efforts in Kashmir, and the Saudi war in Yemen. At best, many of the BRICS members are sub-imperial, as political economist Patrick Bond has long argued .

The BRICS also generally have a distinctly regressive position on climate change, which is hardly surprising given that the majority of them are significant fossil-fuel exporters. Brazil has been pushing its fellow members to focus on climate change as a threat to the planet and a number of BRICS statements do acknowledge the importance of reducing carbon emissions. But China, despite its massive investments in the green energy revolution, remains stunningly dependent on the worst of the fossil fuels, coal, as do India and Indonesia, while carbon neutrality remains a distant goal for Russia (2070). In the latest BRICS statement , the members “acknowledge fossil fuels will still play an important role in the world’s energy mix, particularly for emerging markets and developing economies.”

But the conservative nature of the BRICS is perhaps most strikingly on display in its embrace of the global capitalist economy. Its July 2025 statement enthusiastically endorsed both the IMF and the World Bank, and put the World Trade Organization at the center of the global trading system. The principal BRICS institution, the New Development Bank, has been heralded as a building block for a new economic order, but its focus on financing the same old dirty extraction projects makes it a mirror image of the World Bank.

The BRICS mode of multipolarism has but a single progressive attribute: its potential as a counterbalance to U.S. imperial power. Unfortunately, even a tepid challenge to Washington’s authority has produced a predictable backlash from Donald Trump, a leader committed not just to U.S. unipolarism but to his own unileaderism. To the imaginary threat that the BRICS would actually create a currency to challenge the dollar, Trump has repeatedly warned that “any country aligning themselves with the Anti-American policies of BRICS, will be charged an ADDITIONAL 10% tariff.”

Toward a True Internationalism

In its BRICS form, multipolarism boils down to, at best, an effort to get a better seat at the table with the big boys. At worst, it’s a repudiation of the progressive parts of internationalism, especially global efforts to rein in abuses of power through higher standards on human rights, the environment, and labor.

To support the regressive multipolarism of the BRICS countries, elements of the right and left trumpet the importance of sovereignty and the notion that a country’s leadership has uncontested control over the territory within its borders. Sovereignty is indeed under attack on all sides. At a territorial level, the most obvious violation is Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. At the economic level, neoliberal globalists want to challenge sovereign economic power through corporate attacks on state regulations and the IMF’s imposition of budget austerity in its loan agreements. Internationalists, by contrast, focus on democratically agreed-upon norms around human rights, while challenging the state’s prerogative to deploy child soldiers, employ child workers, or kill off large parts of the population.

Progressive internationalists should, however, be wary of conservative notions of sovereignty. Sure, we loathe the IMF’s overreach and the way oil companies take countries to court to dismantle their environmental regulations. But we also don’t believe that kings, tyrants, or even democratically elected autocrats should have the freedom to invade other countries or engage in extrajudicial killings. Sovereignty is not a trump card (or a Trump card). Popular sovereignty, where power is in the hands of the people, is certainly indispensable in securing more democratic societies. But as Trump and his friends like Nayib Bukele of El Salvador and Viktor Orbán of Hungary have demonstrated, autocrats often use the language of popular sovereignty to gain office before concentrating power in their own sovereign hands.

It’s a dispiriting irony that just when the world needs more internationalism to address climate change, economic inequality, and pandemics, among other devastating realities, it’s also experiencing an upsurge in nationalism propagated by the sovereignistas . Promoting internationalism these days feels a lot like embracing a Palestinian state when the material basis for such a state is disappearing beneath a rising tide of Israeli settlements and bombs. In both cases, there is a will but not, it seems, a way.

Progressives should not join hands with the right in a misguided attack on “globalists.” U.S. hegemony and a neoliberal faith in unfettered markets are noxious to be sure, but don’t be fooled by autocrats championing sovereignty. As a bloc of mostly authoritarian, eco-unfriendly, and socio-economically conservative countries masquerading as a geopolitical counterbalance, the BRICS represent the multipolarism of fools. The ends do not justify the BRICS.

Call me a globalist, but someone has to stick up for this planet when so many extremists, whatever they may call themselves, have their knives out to carve Earth up into their own fiefdoms of bigotry.

Foreign Policy in Focus at the Institute for Policy Studies . In 2012-13, he was also an Open Society Fellow looking at the transformations that have taken place in Eastern Europe since 1989. He is the author of several books and numerous articles . His latest non-fiction book is Right Across the World .

Tom Engelhardt launched TomDispatch in October 2001 as an informal listserv offering commentary and collected articles from the global media to a select group of friends and colleagues. In November 2002, it gained its name and, as a project of the Nation Institute (now the Type Media Center), became a web-based publication aimed at providing “a regular antidote to the mainstream media.”

Follow TomDispatch on Twitter and join us on Facebook . Check out the newest Dispatch Books, John Feffer’s new dystopian novel, Songlands (the final one in his Splinterlands series), Beverly Gologorsky’s novel Every Body Has a Story , and Tom Engelhardt’s A Nation Unmade by War , as well as Alfred McCoy’s In the Shadows of the American Century: The Rise and Decline of U.S. Global Power , John Dower’s The Violent American Century: War and Terror Since World War II , and Ann Jones’s They Were Soldiers: How the Wounded Return from America’s Wars: The Untold Story .

Running a 68060 CPU in Quadra 650

Hacker News
github.com
2025-11-08 01:18:12
Comments...
Original Article

68060 in Macintosh Quadra650

This project is a collection of ROM modifications to get a minimum level of functionality out of a Macintosh Quadra 650/800 / Centris 650 with a 68060 installed on an appropriate adapter. As currently sits it can boot an unmodified System 7.1 install. Much will not work and remains to be done; I do not expect to finish it.

Thanks to Jockelill for a pointer on the MMU ROM mapping and Aprezbios for supplying scrap 060s to play with.

PROOF: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXSWiKu-ASA

This is a experimental proof of concept ONLY and no warranty is expressed or implied. Please don't rush out to replicate this unless you know what you're doing!

Building

Build Retro68 or a standard m68K GCC toolchain and point the makefile at it. Issue make and pray. Flash the resulting image to a Quadra-compatible ROM SIMM such as those sold by Caymac.

License

I assert no ownership to any material in this repository. Do with it what you will. Licenses of reference content vary, please credit the original teams appropriately.

The Long Arc of Immigrant Power in New York

Portside
portside.org
2025-11-08 01:01:12
The Long Arc of Immigrant Power in New York barry Fri, 11/07/2025 - 20:01 ...
Original Article

On election night, Zohran Mamdani stood before a crowd of campaign volunteers in Bronx and said something that, in another century, might have come from the steps of Tammany Hall. “We will fight for you, because we are you,” he began. “Ana minkum wa alaikum.” Then he called the roll of his coalition: Yemeni bodega owners, Mexican abuelas, Senegalese taxi drivers, Uzbek nurses, Trinidadian line cooks, Ethiopian aunties, South Asian delivery drivers. It was a moment of recognition—for communities that had long kept the city running without ever feeling like the city was theirs.

New York’s political life has always been a nexus of immigration, xenophobia, and realignment. Each new wave of arrivals has transformed the city’s parties and power structures, from the Irish Catholics who captured Tammany Hall in the late 19th century to the Jewish and Italian tenement workers who built the unions and socialist movements of the early 20th to Black and Latino transformations during the civil rights movement.

Mamdani’s rise comes amid its own modern strain of suspicion—Islamophobia, anti-immigrant politics, and the quiet bigotry that still shadows those whose faith or surnames mark them as foreign. It rhymes with the 19th-century fear of Catholic immigrants and the early-20th-century hysteria over “radical” Jews and Italians—each era finding new language for the same anxiety about belonging.

The first great breakthrough came in 1880 , when William R. Grace , an Irish-born Catholic shipping magnate, became New York’s first immigrant mayor. His election was a crack in the wall of Protestant dominance that had ruled the city since its founding. Only a few decades earlier, the Know-Nothing Party had treated Catholic immigrants as a civilizational threat. Grace’s win was the city’s quiet answer: the immigrant could not only belong, but lead—a rhyme Mamdani would recognize in a new century.

For the first time, an ethnic and religious minority—despised by xenophobes as “drunkards and papists”—had seized control of City Hall. Within a decade, Tammany Hall had remade itself in Grace’s image, transforming from a genteel club into an Irish-Catholic machine that traded favors for votes and delivered something like democracy through patronage to people who’d never had it. For poor immigrants, Tammany wasn’t a story about corruption; it was proof that the system could finally see them.

By the 1920s , Irish immigrants became the political establishment, embodied by Mayor Jimmy Walker , the silk-hatted son of the machine. Walker was rakish, funny, and entirely at ease in the moral gray zone that had once scandalized elites. Under his reign, politics became a jazz-age spectacle of favors and excess. But his glamour disguised decay. The machine that had once fought for immigrants had become a gatekeeper against newer ones—Italians, Jews, and Eastern Europeans—whose sweat powered the city’s factories but who rarely saw their reflection in its politics.

Those white ethnic newcomers found their voice in Morris Hillquit , a Jewish socialist lawyer who, in 1917 , ran for mayor on a platform of rent control, union rights, and opposition to the First World War. Hillquit’s 22 percent of the vote shocked the political establishment. He didn’t win, but he proved that a tenement-based working class—Jewish seamstresses, Italian dockworkers, the radical press—could function as a political bloc. For his trouble, he and his allies were branded traitors. Five Socialist legislators from immigrant districts were expelled from the state assembly. Yet the genie was out of the bottle: class solidarity and immigrant politics had become a political movement of its own.

In 1922, during a bruising congressional campaign, Fiorello La Guardia was accused of antisemitism by a rival who assumed the charge would stick. La Guardia’s answer was pure theater and pure New York: he dictated a reply in Yiddish , the language of his accuser’s own voters, and challenged the man to debate him in it. The invitation—audacious, funny, and devastating—went unanswered. It was La Guardia at his most revealing: turning the politics of identity into a performance of fluency, using wit to remind New Yorkers that he was not an outsider looking in but a reflection of the city itself.

La Guardia’s mother was Jewish and his father an Italian Catholic who had long since drifted from faith. He grew up navigating a world of languages and neighborhoods—Italian in the kitchen, Yiddish on the street, English in the classroom. Yet despite his mother’s Jewish roots, La Guardia never publicly identified as Jewish; historians suggest he avoided doing so because he believed it would be “self-serving” and preferred his identity to be rooted in his immigrant background rather than a single faith tradition.

When La Guardia finally became mayor—after the Seabury Investigations had shredded the old party machine and the Depression had destroyed the old ethnic and political loyalties—he drew on that same fluency. He built a coalition made not only of tenement renters but of middle-class reformers, spanning Italian, Jewish, Irish, and Polish neighborhoods. Backed by the New Deal, he transformed city government from a dispenser of jobs into a provider of public assets. As fascism darkened Europe, La Guardia turned his multilingual empathy into policy—denouncing Adolf Hitler, promoting boycotts of German goods, and making City Hall a kind of civic refuge for the city’s persecuted immigrants.

Every phase of political transformation in New York City was met with a wave of bigotry. Grace faced anti-Catholic hysteria; Hillquit, the Red Scare; La Guardia, whispers that he was too foreign to be trusted. But the city’s demographic tide kept rising, and each wave of immigrants redrew the boundary between outsider and insider.

Each of these figures widened New York’s circle of belonging, though never evenly. Grace’s rise gave Irish Catholics a seat at the table but left the city’s Black residents and Caribbean migrants untouched. Hillquit’s Socialists built interracial alliances with Black labor organizers like A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen, even as their broader movement still treated race as secondary to class. La Guardia, decades later, went further—appointing Black and Puerto Rican officials, investigating discrimination in Harlem, and campaigning in Spanish—but even his reform coalition operated within a segregated city. The city’s circle of belonging widened in fits and starts, stretching to include new voices even as old hierarchies tugged at its edges.

Nonetheless Mamdani’s Queens feels like it rhymes with La Guardia’s base in East Harlem and the Lower East Side—blocks of working-class renters who keep the city humming and yet pass invisibly through it.

The tenement floor now lives on a scooter and in an app: delivery riders with plastic ponchos, rideshare drivers orbiting JFK at 2 a.m., home-health aides and night-shift nurses catching the dawn train. Many are immigrants; most are tired. They’re the heirs of the garment cutters and dockhands who once packed Socialist rallies and crowded Tammany ward halls, the same stubborn coalition of people who make the city run before the city remembers their names.

In his victory speech, Mamdani named them. “To every New Yorker in Kensington and Midwood and Hunts Point, know this: this city is your city, and this democracy is yours too.”

New York has never changed by polite inheritance. Each coalition elbows its way in, and in doing so redraws the borders of “we.” Grace cracked the door; Walker swung it wide and nearly lost it; Hillquit mapped the immigrant tenement workers; La Guardia built a floor sturdy enough to stand on.

Now, in a city remade by migration once again, Mamdani’s bloc—bodega owners and nurses, young socialists, cabdrivers and the children of immigrants who bring your groceries to the fifth floor—is testing whether the city can still renew itself from the bottom up.

History’s answer tends to be yes. When New York seems sealed, someone new finds the key.

Waleed Shahid is a Democratic strategist and movement organizer. He played a key role in launching the Green New Deal campaign and successfully recruiting and electing working-class progressives such as Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Jamaal Bowman, Cori Bush, and Summer Lee. is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.

Spectral rendering, part 1: Spectra

Lobsters
momentsingraphics.de
2025-11-08 00:10:40
Comments...
Original Article

Published 2025-11-06

In my previous blog post , I explained spectral radiometric quantities and a few basics of spectral rendering. In this blog post series, we dive into much more detail on spectral rendering. I present a specific way to implement it in a real-time path tracer and demonstrate what advantages it brings compared to RGB rendering. RGB rendering is still by far the most common way to do rendering. Colors just get multiplied component-wise, i.e. red times red, green times green and blue times blue. That is a poor approximation of our physical reality. In practice many of the issues that this causes are covered up by manual color grading. Spectral rendering offers more accurate color reproduction, more independence of the choice of color spaces, support for unusual light spectra and all that at a rather negligible computational cost. It is not an obscenely expensive theoretical avenue for offline rendering, but a viable addition to real-time renderers (rasterizers and path tracers alike) that can be made to work with existing assets. If you do not believe me, maybe these posts can change that. It does not hurt to read the series on radiometry first, but in principle, this series is self-contained. This first part focuses on what kinds of spectra we need to specify a scene and how we can get them.

Problem statement

Colors of light are a more complex phenomenon than what the human eye can perceive. To completely describe the color of a single light source, we need an illuminant spectrum \(i(\lambda)\), which maps a wavelength \(\lambda\in[360~\mathrm{nm},830~\mathrm{nm}]\) in the visible spectrum to the amount of light being emitted at that wavelength. Figure 1 shows an example of a fairly complicated illuminant spectrum. As explained in my post on spectral radiometry , such an illuminant spectrum can describe spectral flux, spectral radiance or any other radiometric quantity.

illuminant_spectrum

Figure 1: This is the illuminant spectrum \(i(\lambda)\) of a compact fluorescent lamp.

When light hits a surface, light of a different color will be reflected. That is due to the reflectance spectrum \(a(\lambda)\) of the surface, which provides the surface albedo for each wavelength, i.e. the fraction of light at that wavelength that gets reflected. In general, the albedo depends on the direction of incoming light and we will account for that later, when we make our BRDF spectral. Each path produced by a path tracer , accounts for \(n-1\) bounces, where \(n\) is the path length. Each surface point where a bounce happens has a different reflectance spectrum \(a_1(\lambda),\ldots,a_{n-1}(\lambda)\). Real-time renderers are often mostly focused on direct illumination such that there is only one reflectance spectrum to worry about (because \(n=2\)). I will formulate the more general case here, but I want to emphasize that all of this is compatible with rasterization. The color of the light spectrum after all these bounces is given by the product of all these spectra:

\[s(\lambda) := i(\lambda)a_1(\lambda)\cdots a_{n-1}(\lambda) = i(\lambda) \prod_{j=1}^{n-1} a_j(\lambda)\]

This formula glosses over various scalar factors that do not depend on the wavelength: If \(i(\lambda)\) provides spectral radiance , the missing factors at each path vertex are the BRDF (normalized to albedo 1), the cosine term and the reciprocal of the density used for importance sampling of directions. My path tracing lectures describe these in more detail. The equation above focuses on the part of the computation that an RGB renderer would perform by multiplying RGB triples for surface colors by colors of light sources. Part 2 discusses the efficient implementation of these equations.

Next, we turn that into an RGB color that we can display on a screen. For that, we use the CIE XYZ color matching functions \(\bar{x}(\lambda), \bar{y}(\lambda), \bar{z}(\lambda)\). These functions model how the human visual system perceives color and are shown in Figure 2 . We use them to reduce the spectrum \(s(\lambda)\), which reaches the camera, into an XYZ triple:

\[ \begin{aligned} X &:= \int_{360~\mathrm{nm}}^{830~\mathrm{nm}} s(\lambda) \bar{x}(\lambda) \,\mathrm{d}\lambda \\ Y &:= \int_{360~\mathrm{nm}}^{830~\mathrm{nm}} s(\lambda) \bar{y}(\lambda) \,\mathrm{d}\lambda \\ Z &:= \int_{360~\mathrm{nm}}^{830~\mathrm{nm}} s(\lambda) \bar{z}(\lambda) \,\mathrm{d}\lambda \end{aligned} \]

In the next step, we convert from XYZ to linear sRGB, also known as Rec. 709 , using a linear transform:

\[ \begin{aligned} R_\mathrm{linear} &:= 3.2406255 X - 1.5372080 Y - 0.4986286 Z \\ G_\mathrm{linear} &:= -0.9689307 X + 1.8757561 Y + 0.0415175 Z \\ B_\mathrm{linear} &:= 0.0557101 X - 0.2040211 Y + 1.0569959 Z \end{aligned} \]

We could easily be using other color spaces here, e.g. Rec. 2020 for HDR screens with wide gamut. We may then apply gamut compression, color grading and tone mapping, or if we want to keep it simple, we just clamp each RGB value to the range from 0 to 1 (more on that in part 3 ). Finally, we apply the non-linearity of sRGB to get to an sRGB triple. This non-linearity is given by:

\[ E(x):=\begin{cases} 12.92x & \text{if }x\le0.0031308\text{,}\\ 1.055x^{\frac{1}{2.4}}-0.055 & \text{otherwise.} \end{cases} \]

We apply it to each channel separately:

\[R_\mathrm{srgb} := E(R_\mathrm{linear}),~ G_\mathrm{srgb} := E(G_\mathrm{linear}),~ B_\mathrm{srgb} := E(B_\mathrm{linear})\]

Then we multiply these values by 255, round to an integer and in doing so we have our usual 24-bit sRGB color for display on a (LDR) monitor.

xyz_color_matching

Figure 2: A plot of the CIE XYZ color matching functions as defined in 1931. The colors of the three graphs are chosen arbitrarily.

At this point, we have defined the color of a pixel: We need three integrals over products of a color matching function, \(n-1\) reflectance spectra and an illuminant spectrum. Doing so, may seem unreasonably expensive on first sight, especially when the alternative is RGB rendering. On top of that, it is not clear how we are supposed to acquire all these spectra in the first place. Do we let artists draw a graph for a reflectance spectrum for every pixel of every texture? Probably not. The remainder of this series will address these questions and show why the effort is worthwhile.

RGB rendering

Before we come up with a spectral renderer, let us look back at what we have learned and relate that to RGB rendering. There is an interpretation of RGB rendering that is compatible with spectral rendering. We can pretend that our illuminant spectrum \(i(\lambda)\) emits light at exactly three wavelengths, one for red, one for green and one for blue. For this purpose, we could for example use the three primaries used by Rec. 2020 , which are monochromatic light at \(630~\mathrm{nm}\) (red), \(532~\mathrm{nm}\) (green) and \(467~\mathrm{nm}\) (blue). Then for the reflectance spectra, we only need to know the albedos at these three wavelengths, which we pretend correspond to the RGB values in our textures. Then the equations above play out in such a way, that we are just performing component-wise multiplication of RGB triples for illuminants and reflectances. That is exactly what RGB renderers do, so in this sense you can call them physically-based.

There are a few caveats with that though. First of all, the reasoning above is mixing up color spaces: RGB rendering is most commonly done in linear sRGB (Rec. 709), not with Rec. 2020. More importantly, real illuminants just do not have spectra like that. You can build an illuminant like that, but it will make colors behave unexpectedly . The spectrum of daylight is much smoother than that. Artificial light sources may have sharper peaks, as shown in Figure 1 , but they will not all have exactly three peaks at exactly the same three wavelengths. On top of that, many surfaces exhibit fluorescence such that the reflected light actually has a different wavelength. If we want colors to behave realistically, we need to work with realistic spectra.

Data for illuminant spectra

As explained above, we primarily care about two kinds of spectra: Illuminant spectra and reflectance spectra. Usually, we want a single illuminant spectrum per light source (although we could make it depend on position and direction). If you have a real light source, you can use a spectrometer to measure its illuminant spectrum. If you do not happen to have a spectrometer at hand, but your light source is sold in the European Union, you can also just check its energy label. It will include a graph of the illuminant spectrum and you can extract it from that image if you feel so inclined. Figure 3 shows an example. To emphasize what I just said: The EU maintains a database of illuminant spectra with more than half a million different types of light sources! It includes absolutely all light sources that have been sold in the EU in recent years.

illuminant_spectrum_energy_label

Figure 3: A graph of the illuminant spectrum for one of the light bulbs in my home as found in its energy label . How these graphs are plotted varies a lot and they may have artifacts (e.g. this one is a raster graphic with JPEG artifacts), but you can still get the spectra out of there without too much work.

Alternatively, you can rely on less extensive databases where the spectra are available in a more convenient format. For the purpose of this blog post series, I have made extensive use of the light spectral power distribution database (LSPDD) , which has ca. 300 measured illuminant spectra. My spectral renderer ships with all of them. The indices that LSPDD assigns to its illuminants have a few gaps and I filled those gaps with monochromatic spectra or other spectra that I wanted to experiment with.

The storage cost is not such a big concern for illuminant spectra. For example, if we store a single spectrum with samples at \(1~\mathrm{nm}\) intervals from \(360~\mathrm{nm}\) to \(830~\mathrm{nm}\) using 32-bit floats, we end up with \((830-360)\cdot4 = 1880\) bytes. If we have 500 different illuminant spectra for 500 different types of light sources (which is a lot), the total storage cost will still be less than a megabyte.

Data for reflectance spectra

Reflectance spectra are more tricky. Surface colors are typically controlled by textures. If we have 500 materials, each with a texture resolution of \(4096\times4096\), we are dealing with 8 billion texels. With BC1 compression , we need half a byte per texel, which makes that amount manageable (4 GB overall). But what do we do for spectral rendering? We have to provide a reflectance spectrum for each texel. A simple approach is to sample wavelengths from \(400~\mathrm{nm}\) to \(700~\mathrm{nm}\) at \(10~\mathrm{nm}\) intervals, which gives us 30 samples. If we store each sample using one byte, we still end up with

\[500\cdot4096\cdot4096\cdot 30~\mathrm{bytes} = 251.7~\mathrm{GB}\text{.}\]

I do not know about you, but I do not have that much VRAM.

And of course, we would also have to create all these reflectance spectra somehow. Almost all assets out there and all the art pipelines used to create them are built around RGB textures. It would be desirable to have a method that simply gives us a matching reflectance spectrum for any given RGB triple. We know the sRGB color for a texel and then we want a reflectance spectrum \(a(\lambda)\) such that the XYZ triple \begin{aligned} X_a &:= \int_{360~\mathrm{nm}}^{830~\mathrm{nm}} a(\lambda) \bar{x}(\lambda) \,\mathrm{d}\lambda \\ Y_a &:= \int_{360~\mathrm{nm}}^{830~\mathrm{nm}} a(\lambda) \bar{y}(\lambda) \,\mathrm{d}\lambda \\ Z_a &:= \int_{360~\mathrm{nm}}^{830~\mathrm{nm}} a(\lambda) \bar{z}(\lambda) \,\mathrm{d}\lambda \end{aligned} matches this sRGB color exactly (once we convert it to sRGB as described above). Finding such a spectrum is a problem known as spectral upsampling. I have published a solution for this problem at SIGGRAPH 2019 and that is what this blog post will focus on. If you want to learn more about alternative solutions, you can read the related work section of this paper .

Fourier sRGB

The spectral upsampling method that I will use in this blog post series relies on a preprocessing step applied to each sRGB texture. This step uses a 3D lookup table of resolution \(256^3\) to convert the sRGB color for each pixel to a color space that I dubbed Fourier sRGB . Figure 4 shows this lookup table. Just like sRGB, Fourier sRGB describes a color using three numbers and in general, they will be fairly close to the original sRGB colors. As a result, you can compress Fourier sRGB textures the same way as sRGB textures, e.g. using BC1 . The spectral renderer will only ever work with these Fourier sRGB textures, the original sRGB versions are no longer needed during rendering.

Figure 4: The 3D lookup table that is used to get from sRGB to Fourier sRGB. The x-axis is \(R_\mathrm{sRGB}\), the y-axis \(G_\mathrm{sRGB}\) and \(B_\mathrm{sRGB}\) grows from 0 to 1 as the video is playing.

Now suppose we have traced a ray that hit a surface point and at that surface point, we have sampled a Fourier sRGB texture. Sampling is done the same way as for sRGB textures with a format that indicates that we apply the inverse sRGB non-linearity \(E^{-1}\) upon sampling (e.g. using VK_FORMAT_BC1_RGB_SRGB_BLOCK ). We now have three numbers \(R_\mathrm{LF}, G_\mathrm{LF}, B_\mathrm{LF}\) (in linear Fourier sRGB, which is what the \(\mathrm{LF}\) stands for). Based on that, we want to be able to compute the reflectance \(a(\lambda)\) at every wavelength \(\lambda\) in the visible spectrum. The solution should have the following properties:

  • For all wavelengths \(\lambda\), the reflectance \(a(\lambda)\) is in the interval \([0,1]\), i.e. we do not reflect a negative amount of light or more light than we received (energy conservation).
  • When we compute \(X_a,Y_a,Z_a\) as explained above and convert from XYZ to sRGB, that matches the original sRGB color exactly (except for errors introduced by rounding to 8-bit values and compression).
  • The reflectance spectrum resembles real-world reflectance spectra, i.e. it is a relatively smooth function.

The last point requires further explanation: In Figure 1 , we saw that illuminant spectra can be spiky and complicated. Thankfully, reflectance spectra are more well-behaved and smooth. Figure 5 shows an example that is fairly representative in this regard. There are large databases of reflectance spectra and none of them exhibit sharp peaks or steep slopes or anything like that. Thus, the reflectance spectra that we get out of our textures should be similarly smooth signals.

reflectance_spectrum

Figure 5: An example of a reflectance spectrum, namely the yellow-green color from the X-Rite color checker . Like all natural reflectance spectra, it is a smooth function without sharp peaks.

The method to compute the spectrum \(a(\lambda)\) from three coefficients is described in one of my papers and another paper of mine introduced Fourier sRGB. For the purpose of this blog post, we will just treat this as a black box, or maybe more appropriately as black magic; I still find it genuinely surprising that the underlying mathematical problems can be solved efficiently. If you want an explanation, you have to read the two papers. Let us look at inputs and outputs of this black box then. First, we invoke a function that turns the linear Fourier sRGB triple \((R_\mathrm{LF}, G_\mathrm{LF}, B_\mathrm{LF})\) into a vector of three so-called Lagrange multipliers \(L\in\mathbb{R}^3\). To actually evaluate the reflectance \(a(\lambda)\) at a wavelength \(\lambda\), we have to map the wavelength through a warping function, which gives us a so-called phase \(\varphi\in[-\pi,0]\). Figure 6 shows this warping function. In part 2 , we merge that warp with another step, which makes it basically free. With these preparations taken care of, the formula to evaluate the reflectance \(a(\lambda)\) boils down to:

\[ a(\lambda) = \frac{1}{\pi} \arctan(L_0 + 2L_1 \cos(\varphi) + 2L_2 \cos(2\varphi)) + \frac{1}{2} \]

xyz_warp

Figure 6: The warping function that is used to turn a wavelength \(\lambda\) into a phase \(\varphi\).

As shown in Figure 7 , the way in which this formula uses \(\arctan\) guarantees that \(a(\lambda)\) is indeed in the interval \([0,1]\). And the Lagrange multipliers \(L\) have been computed in such a way that this spectrum matches the original sRGB color. At the same time, reflectance spectra constructed like this generally resemble natural reflectance spectra quite well. To get a sense of what these spectra look like, you should take a look at this Shadertoy implementation . You can click on any color and see the graph of the corresponding reflectance spectrum. I could have just treated the whole path from Fourier sRGB and a wavelength to the reflectance as a black box. But the intermediate step with the Lagrange multipliers \(L\in\mathbb{R}^3\) is useful, because once you have them, you can efficiently compute the reflectance for many different wavelengths.

arctan

Figure 7: The function \(\frac{1}{\pi} \arctan(x) + \frac{1}{2}\) squeezes any input into the interval \((0,1)\).

An alternative approach

If you have been very attentive, you may now be wondering whether this is unnecessarily complicated: We could just be storing the three Lagrange multipliers in our texture instead of the three Fourier sRGB values, right? And yes, that would work. In fact, that is very similar to another spectral upsampling technique [Jakob19] . There are two caveats though: First of all, the values of these Lagrange multipliers are all over the place. They may take extremely large values or extremely small values and have to be stored with sufficient precision. Using 16-bit floats works well enough, but then we are storing 6 bytes per texel. And texture formats with 6 bytes are not widely supported by graphics hardware, so maybe we would prefer to pad that to 8 bytes. Compared to half a byte that we need with BC 1 compression, that is 12 or 16 times more. It is better to incur a bit more computation than to increase memory and bandwidth requirements that heavily. Secondly, linear interpolation and filtering of Lagrange multipliers may give rather unintuitive results (see Figure 17 in my paper ).

Conclusions

We now know how to get illuminant spectra and how to turn existing RGB textures into reflectance spectra. Thus, the most pressing needs in terms of spectral data are taken care of. If you still want to specify (some of) your illuminant spectra via RGB, you can use upsampling via Fourier sRGB to do so. For reflectance, you may want to implement special handling for particularly important spectra, e.g. skin, vegetation, hair or metals. It is not hard to find measured data for all of these cases and my paper also provides the means to store arbitrary reflectance spectra compactly, using more than three Fourier coefficients.

From a practical point of view, the biggest issue with this approach is how we often intertwine rendering and color representation. Many rendering systems use shader graphs that explicitly rely on the notion that colors are RGB triples. If these shader graphs merely produce reflectance textures, we can just bake those and convert to Fourier sRGB. If baking is not an option, we may have to use the sRGB to Fourier sRGB lookup table at run time, which is not cheap but not prohibitively expensive either. If the shaders operate on RGB to define BRDFs or even aspects of the light transport itself, it may become challenging to define what spectral rendering is supposed to do with that. These issues depend a lot on the specific choices in a renderer and there is no single silver bullet to overcome them. In general, the transition to spectral rendering will change the look of existing assets. Part 3 studies the differences. If it looked the same, we would have no reason to do it. Figure 8 gives a little preview in a case where the differences are quite big. You can also experiment with it yourself by downloading the spectral path tracer .

In the next part of this series, we deal with the actual spectral rendering based on all these spectral data and explain how to define spectral BRDFs.

Figure 8: Interactive comparison of RGB and spectral rendering in a scene with high-pressure sodium vapor lamps.

References

Jakob, Wenzel and Hanika, Johannes (2019). A Low-Dimensional Function Space for Efficient Spectral Upsampling. Computer Graphics Forum, 38(2). Official version | Author's version

Peters, Christoph and Merzbach, Sebastian and Hanika, Johannes and Dachsbacher, Carsten (2019). Using Moments to Represent Bounded Signals for Spectral Rendering. ACM Transactions on Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH), 38(4). Official version | Author's version

Peters, Christoph and Merzbach, Sebastian and Hanika, Johannes and Dachsbacher, Carsten (2019). Spectral Rendering with the Bounded MESE and sRGB Data. Workshop on Material Appearance Modeling. The Eurographics Association. Official version | Author's version

Older Adults Outnumber Children in 11 States

Hacker News
www.census.gov
2025-11-08 01:07:26
Comments...
Original Article

JUNE 26, 2025 — The U.S. population age 65 and older rose by 3.1% (to 61.2 million) while the population under age 18 decreased by 0.2% (to 73.1 million) from 2023 to 2024, according to the Vintage 2024 Population Estimates released today by the U.S. Census Bureau.

The data show the population continued to age, with the share of the population age 65 and older steadily increasing from 12.4% in 2004 to 18.0% in 2024, and the share of children declining from 25.0% to 21.5%.

Ongoing growth among the older population, coupled with persistent annual declines in the population under age 18 has reduced the size difference between these two age groups from just over 20 million in 2020 to just below 12 million in 2024. From 2020 to 2024, the older population grew by 13.0%, significantly outpacing the 1.4% growth of working-age adults (ages 18 to 64), while the number of children declined by 1.7%.

"Children still outnumber older adults in the United States, despite a decline in births this decade,” said Lauren Bowers, chief of the Census Bureau’s Population Estimates Branch. "However, the gap is narrowing as baby boomers continue to age into their retirement years. In fact, the number of states and counties where older adults outnumber children is on the rise, especially in sparsely populated areas.”

As recently as 2020, there were just three states where older adults outnumbered children: Maine, Vermont, and Florida. By 2024, this number had increased to 11, with Delaware, Hawaii, Montana, New Hampshire, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and West Virginia joining their ranks.

Similarly, from 2020 to 2024, the number of U.S. metro areas with more older adults than children increased from 58 to 112. This represents nearly 30% of the nation’s 387 metro areas. Additionally, in 2024, three metro areas with at least 1 million people (Cleveland, OH; Providence-Warwick, RI-MA; and Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT) had more older people than younger people for the first time.

In 2020, 31.3% (or 983) of the nation’s 3,144 counties had more older adults than children. This figure increased to almost 45% (1,411 counties) in 2024. In both years, most of these counties had small populations and were located outside of metro and micro areas.

Note: References to race and Hispanic origin compositions are for non-Hispanic race alone groups. Hispanic or Latino populations are of any race unless otherwise specified.

  • Between 2023 and 2024, the Asian population grew the fastest (4.2%), followed by the Hispanic or Latino population (2.9%).
  • From 2023 to 2024, the Hispanic or Latino population increased by 1.9 million; this gain was larger than the change for all other race and ethnicity groups combined.
  • The White population was the only population that dropped, declining 0.1% between 2023 and 2024.
  • While the Hispanic or Latino share of the U.S. total population reached 20% for the first time in 2024, only nine states and 457 counties were at least 20% Hispanic.
  • The Asian population experienced its largest gains in California, followed by Texas; however, Texas’ annual growth rate (6.9%) was substantially faster than California’s (2.7%).

Today’s release includes estimates of population by race, age, sex and Hispanic origin for the nation, states, metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, and counties, and estimates of population by age and sex for Puerto Rico Commonwealth and its municipios.

This is the final release of the Vintage 2024 Population Estimates. The Census Bureau previously released total population estimates for the nation, states and Puerto Rico Commonwealth; metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas; counties and Puerto Rico municipios; and incorporated places and minor civil divisions . Components of population change and housing unit estimates for the nation, states and counties are also available on the Population and Housing Unit Estimates webpage .

This release does not incorporate data from the 2020 Modified Age and Race Census files .

The full release schedule for the Population Estimates Program can be found on the Census Bureau’s website.

With each new release of annual estimates, the entire time series of estimates is revised for all years back to the date of the last census. All previously published (vintage) estimates are superseded and archived on the FTP2 site .

###

Mullvad: Shutting down our search proxy Leta

Hacker News
mullvad.net
2025-11-08 00:37:36
Comments...
Original Article

News

On November 27, 2025, we will shut down our search proxy, Leta.

Leta's primary benefit was that it acted as a privacy proxy for search. Pooling and caching requests on behalf of a great number of users.

The search industry continues to undergo big changes. Leta will not be able to follow and will likely become less useful over time.

Similar privacy can be achieved through the combination of a VPN and a  privacy-focused browser.

We have therefore decided to discontinue Leta and continue to advance the development of state-of-the-art of VPNs and browser privacy - through our own work and research and in collaboration with our partners.

Immutable Software Deploys Using ZFS Jails on FreeBSD

Hacker News
conradresearch.com
2025-11-08 00:21:45
Comments...
Original Article
Immutable Software Deploys Using ZFS Jails on FreeBSD

FreeBSD’s native support for ZFS snapshots and jails provides a powerful foundation for immutable deployments. By creating a new jail from a ZFS snapshot for every release, we get instant roll‑backs, zero‑downtime upgrades, and a clean, reproducible environment. This article walks through the (very opinionated) flow that we use. From jails setup through running Caddy as a health‑checked reverse proxy in front of the jails.

1. Prerequisites

FreeBSD 14+ (or the latest stable release) offers the necessary ZFS and jail primitives. Enabling ZFS with a zpool installed allows cheap, instant cloning. The Caddy v2 binary handles TLS, reverse-proxying, and health checks.

2. Architecture Overview

+--------------------+      +------------------------+      +-------------------+
|                    |      |                        |      |                   |
|   Caddy (reverse   | <->  |  Immutable Jails       | <->  |  Application      |
|   proxy & health-  |      |  (ZFS snapshot/clone)  |      |  inside each jail |
|   check)           |      |                        |      |                   |
|                    |      |                        |      |                   |
+--------------------+      +------------------------+      +-------------------+
  • Caddy routes to the currently healthy jail.
  • Each deployment clones a ZFS snapshot → new jail.
  • After passing health‑checks, Caddy reconfigures to the new jail.

3. Configure the Jails Host Server

Create a new loopback network interface for the jails. We'll use 172.16.0.0/12 which means jails can use any IP address within the range 172.16.0.1 – 172.31.255.254. Then create a new service to manage the loopback interface via a file at '/usr/local/etc/rc.d/lo1' with the following content:

#!/bin/sh
# PROVIDE: lo1
# REQUIRE: NETWORKING
# BEFORE:  jail
# KEYWORD: shutdown

. /etc/rc.subr

name="lo1"
command="ifconfig"

start_cmd="${command} ${name} create && ${command} ${name} inet 172.16.0.1 netmask 255.240.0.0 up"
stop_cmd="${command} ${name} down"

run_rc_command "$1"

Then make the service start at boot and enable it:

chmod +x /usr/local/etc/rc.d/lo1
sysrc lo1_enable="YES"
service lo1 start

Now we can go onwards to enabling jails:

sysrc jail_enable="YES"
sysrc jail_parallel_start="YES"

Create a /etc/jail.conf file with the below configurations so that it includes the configurations for each jail.

NOTE: Each jail configuration should be placed in a separate file in '/etc/jail.conf.d/'.
NOTE: The leading '.' before include is required.

.include "/etc/jail.conf.d/*.conf";

Create a ZFS dataset mount point and paths for the jails:

zfs create -o mountpoint=/usr/local/jails zroot/jails

Create child datasets for the jails:

# Contains the compressed files of the downloaded userlands.
zfs create zroot/jails/media
# Will contain the templates.
zfs create zroot/jails/templates
# Will contain the containers.
zfs create zroot/jails/containers

4. Build the Base Image Template

Download the base FreeBSD image and unpack it:

# Set environment variable for the FreeBSD version. Note that the cut is to remove the patch level.
export FREEBSD_VERSION=$(freebsd-version | cut -d- -f1-2)
zfs create -p zroot/jails/templates/$FREEBSD_VERSION
fetch https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/releases/$(uname -m)/$FREEBSD_VERSION/base.txz -o /usr/local/jails/media/$FREEBSD_VERSION-base.txz
tar -xf /usr/local/jails/media/$FREEBSD_VERSION-base.txz -C /usr/local/jails/templates/$FREEBSD_VERSION --unlink

Copy critical files to the image template:

cp /etc/resolv.conf /usr/local/jails/templates/$FREEBSD_VERSION/etc/resolv.conf
cp /etc/localtime /usr/local/jails/templates/$FREEBSD_VERSION/etc/localtime

Update the image template to the latest patch level.

freebsd-update -b /usr/local/jails/templates/$FREEBSD_VERSION fetch install

Finally, create a ZFS snapshot of the base image template. From this snapshot we we'll use ZFS clones to create new jails.

zfs snapshot zroot/jails/templates/$FREEBSD_VERSION@base

5. Create a New Jail

Check which ip addresses on the 'lo1' loopback interface are in use so that we can assign an available ip address to the new jail.

ifconfig lo1 | grep 'inet ' | awk '{print $2}'

Lookup the git repo commit hash for the latest commit.

git ls-remote https://github.com/yourusername/mygitrepo.git | head

Clone the base image template to create a new jail. We'll be creating a new jail within our git repo path.

export FREEBSD_VERSION=$(freebsd-version | cut -d- -f1-2)
export JAIL_NAME=mygitrepo_gitSHA
zfs clone zroot/jails/templates/$FREEBSD_VERSION@base zroot/jails/containers/$JAIL_NAME

Create a config file for the jail to be located at '/etc/jail.conf.d/$JAIL_NAME.conf'.
We name the jail using the SHA of the git commit that we're deploying.

mygitrepo_gitSHA {
	# STARTUP/LOGGING
	exec.start = "/bin/sh /etc/rc";
	exec.stop = "/bin/sh /etc/rc.shutdown";
	exec.consolelog = "/var/log/jail_console_${name}.log";

	# PERMISSIONS
	allow.raw_sockets;
	exec.clean;
	mount.devfs;

	# HOSTNAME/PATH
	host.hostname = "${name}";
	path = "/usr/local/jails/containers/${name}";

	# NETWORK. We're using the lo1 loopback interface that we created for jails to use.
	interface = lo1;
	ip4.addr = 172.16.0.2; # Use an available ip address within the range of the lo1 interface. You can find available ip addresses by running "ifconfig lo1 | grep 'inet ' | awk '{print $2}'"
}

Start the jail.

service jail start $JAIL_NAME

Confirm that the jail's ipaddress is within the range of the lo1 interface:

jexec $JAIL_NAME ifconfig lo1 | awk '/inet /{print $2}'

Confirm that the jail is up and what it's running:

jls
jexec $JAIL_NAME ps aux

6 Create a Proof of Concept Service Within Our Newly Created Jail

Here is the proof of concept Go hello world binary that we'll run as a service within the jail.

// main.go
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello World!")
	})
	http.HandleFunc("/up", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
	})
	log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
}

Build the binary and place it in the jail's bin directory.

go build main.go
mkdir -p /usr/local/jails/containers/$JAIL_NAME/usr/local/bin
cp main /usr/local/jails/containers/$JAIL_NAME/usr/local/bin/main

Create a service file for the binary.

#!/bin/sh
#
# PROVIDE: main
# REQUIRE: LOGIN
# KEYWORD: shutdown

. /etc/rc.subr

name="main"
rcvar="main_enable"

# Path to your Go binary
command="/usr/local/bin/main"
pidfile="/var/run/${name}.pid"

# Redirect output to a log file
logfile="/var/log/${name}.log"

# How to start the process
start_cmd="${name}_start"
stop_cmd="${name}_stop"

main_start() {
	echo "Starting ${name}..."
	daemon -p "${pidfile}" -f -o "${logfile}" "${command}"
}

main_stop() {
	echo "Stopping ${name}..."
	if [ -f "${pidfile}" ]; then
		kill "$(cat ${pidfile})" && rm -f "${pidfile}"
	else
		echo "No pidfile found; process may not be running."
	fi
}

load_rc_config $name
: ${main_enable:="NO"}

run_rc_command "$1"

Copy the service file to the jail's /etc/rc.d directory and enable it.

mkdir -p /usr/local/jails/containers/$JAIL_NAME/usr/local/etc/rc.d
cp /usr/local/etc/rc.d/main /usr/local/jails/containers/$JAIL_NAME/usr/local/etc/rc.d/main
jexec $JAIL_NAME chmod +x /usr/local/etc/rc.d/main
jexec $JAIL_NAME sysrc main_enable=YES
jexec $JAIL_NAME service main start

Setup log rotation so they don't fill up the disk, and do the initial rotation.

jexec $JAIL_NAME sh -c "echo '/var/log/main.log  root:wheel  644  5  100  *  Z  /var/run/main.pid' >> /etc/newsyslog.conf.d/main.conf"
jexec $JAIL_NAME newsyslog -vF

Confirm the service is running.

jexec $JAIL_NAME service main status
curl 172.16.0.2:8080 # Use the ip address of the jail.

7 Setup Caddy (reverse proxy)

Add a 'service', or similar, group to the system if it doesn't already exist. This group should have permissions to write to the pid and log files. Make sure to use the same group in the next step when we create a user.

pw groupadd service
chown root:service /var/run
chown root:service /var/log
chmod 770 /var/run
chmod 770 /var/log

Add a user and assign permissions. Make sure to add the user without login capabilities and assign to the 'service' group.

pw useradd caddy -d /nonexistent -s /sbin/nologin -c "Caddy Service Account" -g service

Note: We're running Caddy behind a Cloudflare Tunnel on port 8080. If you're not and using a port below 1024 then you'll need to setup security/portacl-rc to enable privileged port binding, and configure for user 'caddy'. This will allow the caddy user to bind to ports below 1024.

pkg install security/portacl-rc
sysrc portacl_users+=caddy
sysrc portacl_user_caddy_tcp="http https"
sysrc portacl_user_caddy_udp="https"
service portacl enable
service portacl start

Install Caddy .

cd /usr/ports/www/caddy
make install clean

Change the ownership of the caddy binary and required files to the caddy user.

chown caddy:service /usr/local/bin/caddy
chmod 740 /usr/local/bin/caddy
chown -R caddy:service /var/log/caddy
chown -R caddy:service /usr/local/etc/caddy
chown -R caddy:service /var/db/caddy

Setup log rotation so they don't fill up the disk.

echo '/var/log/caddy.log  root:wheel  644  5  100  *  Z  /var/run/caddy.pid' >> /etc/newsyslog.conf.d/caddy.conf
newsyslog -vF

Add the caddy service to the system startup and make sure it runs as the caddy user.

sysrc -f /etc/rc.conf caddy_enable="YES"
sysrc -f /etc/rc.conf caddy_user="caddy"
sysrc -f /etc/rc.conf caddy_group="service"

Caddy reads the configuration file at '/usr/local/etc/caddy/Caddyfile'.
Inside the jail, '/up' returns '200 OK' when healthy.
Caddy polls the specified health‑check endpoint using the healthcheck directive, routing traffic exclusively to backends that return a successful health check.

Important: We're only disabling automatic HTTPS because we're running behind a Cloudflare Tunnel. If that's not the case, you should enable automatic HTTPS by removing the 'auto_https off' line.

# /usr/local/etc/caddy/Caddyfile
{
	auto_https off # Note: Disable automatic HTTPS since we're running behind a Cloudflare Tunnel.
}

:8080 {

	# Matcher and reverse proxy for serviceA.null.live.
	@serviceA host serviceA.null.live # Change the hostname to your actual hostname.
	reverse_proxy @serviceA 172.16.0.2:8080 {
		health_uri /up
		health_interval 10s
		health_timeout 5s
	}

	# Matcher and reverse proxy for serviceB.null.live.
	@serviceB host serviceB.null.live # Change the hostname to your actual hostname.
	reverse_proxy @serviceB 172.16.0.3:8080 {
		health_uri /up
		health_interval 10s
		health_timeout 5s
	}
}

8. Deploy a New Jail and Switch Caddy to the New Jail

Create a config file for the jail to be located at '/etc/jail.conf.d/$JAIL_NAME.conf'.
Make sure to replace the ip4.addr variable value with the next available ip address.

ifconfig lo1 | grep 'inet ' | awk '{print $2}'
mygitrepo_gitSHA {
	# STARTUP/LOGGING
	exec.start = "/bin/sh /etc/rc";
	exec.stop = "/bin/sh /etc/rc.shutdown";
	exec.consolelog = "/var/log/jail_console_${name}.log";

	# PERMISSIONS
	allow.raw_sockets;
	exec.clean;
	mount.devfs;

	# HOSTNAME/PATH
	host.hostname = "${name}";
	path = "/usr/local/jails/containers/${name}";

	# NETWORK. We're using the lo1 loopback interface that we created for jails to use.
	interface = lo1;
	ip4.addr = 172.16.0.3; # Use the ip address we found in the previous step.
}

Create a new jail. We name our jail using the format: mygitrepo_gitSHA. For the repo of the application being deployed. This makes it easy to track which version of the application is running in each jail. The last line is used to confirm the jail is running.

git ls-remote https://github.com/yourusername/mygitrepo.git | head
export FREEBSD_VERSION=$(freebsd-version | cut -d- -f1-2)
export JAIL_NAME=mygitrepo_gitSHA
export SERVICE_NAME=conradresearchcom # Note: '-' are not allowed in service names.
zfs clone zroot/jails/templates/$FREEBSD_VERSION@base zroot/jails/containers/$JAIL_NAME

# Copy the binary of the application to the jail. We'll use our 'main' demo app from previous steps.
go build main.go
mkdir -p /usr/local/jails/containers/$JAIL_NAME/usr/local/bin
cp $SERVICE_NAME /usr/local/jails/containers/$JAIL_NAME/usr/local/bin/$SERVICE_NAME

# Copy the rc.d script to the jail.
mkdir -p /usr/local/jails/containers/$JAIL_NAME/usr/local/etc/rc.d
cp $SERVICE_NAME /usr/local/jails/containers/$JAIL_NAME/usr/local/etc/rc.d/$SERVICE_NAME

# Start the jail.
service jail start $JAIL_NAME
jexec $JAIL_NAME chmod +x /usr/local/etc/rc.d/$SERVICE_NAME
jexec $JAIL_NAME sysrc ${SERVICE_NAME}_enable=YES
jexec $JAIL_NAME service $SERVICE_NAME start
while ! curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" http://172.16.0.3:8080/up; do sleep 1; done

Using your favorite text editor, update the Caddy configuration at '/usr/local/etc/caddy/Caddyfile' to point to the new jail via updating the jail's IP address to the new jail's IP address. Then run the following command to reload Caddy:

service caddy reload

9. Conclusion

By combining ZFS snapshots , FreeBSD jails , and a Caddy reverse‑proxy, you get:

  • Zero‑downtime upgrades.
  • Instant rollbacks .
  • A predictable environment that can be reproduced at any time.

Give it a try, tweak the scripts for your own stack, and enjoy the peace of mind that comes with immutable infrastructure.

Cheers 🥂

Snapchat open-sources Valdi a cross-platform UI framework

Hacker News
github.com
2025-11-08 00:14:50
Comments...
Original Article

Valdi

License: MIT Platforms Status Discord TypeScript Documentation PRs Welcome

Note

Beta Status: Valdi has been widely used in Snap's production apps for the last 8 years. We're calling this a beta because our tools and documentation need more battle testing in the open source world. Valdi will exit beta when we're happy with the developer experience.

Valdi is a cross-platform UI framework that delivers native performance without sacrificing developer velocity. Write your UI once in declarative TypeScript, and it compiles directly to native views on iOS, Android, and macOS—no web views, no JavaScript bridges.

Quick Example

A basic Valdi component:

import { Component } from 'valdi_core/src/Component';

class HelloWorld extends Component {
  onRender() {
    const message = 'Hello World! 👻';
    <view backgroundColor='#FFFC00' padding={30}>
      <label color='black' value={message} />
    </view>;
  }
}

Hello World example running on iOS

Quick Links

Why Choose Valdi?

Valdi is a cross-platform UI framework designed to solve the fundamental problem of cross-platform development: velocity vs. runtime performance. For 8 years, it has powered a large portion of Snap's production apps.

True Native Performance

Unlike frameworks that rely on web views or JavaScript bridges, Valdi compiles declaratively rendered TypeScript components into platform-native views. Valdi also includes several other performance advantages:

  • Automatic view recycling - Global view pooling system reuses native views across all screens, dramatically reducing inflation latency
  • Optimized component rendering - Components re-render independently without triggering parent re-renders, enabling fast incremental updates
  • Optimized layout engine - C++ layout engine runs on the main thread with minimal marshalling overhead
  • Viewport-aware rendering - Only visible views are inflated, making infinite scrolling performant by default

Learn more in our Performance Optimization Guide .

Developer Experience Built for Speed

Valdi eliminates the traditional compile-test-debug cycle that slows native development:

  • Instant hot reload - See changes in milliseconds on iOS, Android, or desktop without recompiling
  • Full VSCode debugging - Set breakpoints, inspect variables, profile performance, and capture heap dumps directly in VSCode
  • Familiar syntax - TSX components with TypeScript for type safety

Flexible Adoption Model

Valdi integrates easily into existing apps - start small and scale as needed:

  • Embed Valdi in native - Drop Valdi components into existing UIKit or Android view hierarchies
  • Embed native in Valdi - Use platform-specific views within Valdi layouts via <custom-view>
  • Polyglot modules - Write performance-critical code in C++, Swift, Kotlin, or Objective-C with type-safe bindings to TypeScript
  • Full-stack architecture - Build entire features in Valdi with worker threads for background processing, eliminating platform-specific bridge code

Deep Native Integration

Valdi generates type-safe bindings between TypeScript and native platforms:

  • Automatic code generation - TypeScript interfaces compile to Kotlin, Objective-C, and Swift bindings
  • Native API access - Direct access to platform APIs and third-party native libraries through polyglot modules
  • Bidirectional communication - Pass complex data structures and callbacks between TypeScript and native code safely
  • Native protobuf support - Seamless integration with protobuf for efficient data serialization

Proven at Scale

Feature Highlights

Need Help?

Join our Discord for support.

Contributing

Please follow the contributing guidelines.

License

Valdi is made available under the MIT License .

Cerebras Code now supports GLM 4.6 at 1000 tokens/sec

Hacker News
www.cerebras.ai
2025-11-08 00:00:27
Comments...
Original Article

Skip to main content

now upgraded with glm 4.6

THE FASTEST WAY TO CODE WITH AI

Stop waiting on your model. Cerebras runs GLM 4.6 — the best-in-class model for code generation, at 1,000 tokens+ per second — so you can stay in flow.

State of the Art Frontier Model

GLM-4.6 is one of the world’s top open coding models: #1 for tool calling on the Berkeley Function Calling Leaderboard and on par with Sonnet 4.5 in web-dev performance.

Bring Your Own AI Code Editor

Use Cerebras Code Pro with any AI-friendly editor or agent that accepts your API key. Works out of the box with Cline, RooCode, OpenCode, Crush, and more. Integrate instantly and code without switching tools.

Free

$0

GLM 4.6 access with limited tokens and requests.
Great for trying out Cerebras inference or building a small demo in your favorite AI Code Editor.

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$50

GLM4.6 access with fast, high-context completions. Send up to 24million tokens per day, enough for 3–4 hours of uninterrupted vibe coding.

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Ideal for full-time development, IDE integrations, code refactoring, and multi-agent systems.

Analysis of Hedy Lamarr's Contribution to Spread-Spectrum Communication

Hacker News
researchers.one
2025-11-07 23:42:01
Comments...

Why is Zig so Cool?

Hacker News
nilostolte.github.io
2025-11-07 23:04:39
Comments...
Original Article
Timed out getting readerview for https://nilostolte.github.io/tech/articles/ZigCool.html

FAA restricts commercial rocket launches indefinitely due to air traffic risks

Hacker News
www.space.com
2025-11-07 22:59:04
Comments...
Original Article
in the dark of night, a rocket blasts fire from its engines, sending plumes of smoke jetting out as it climbs the launch tower out of frame. A SpaceX Falcon-9 rocket launches from LC-39A, at NASA&#039;s Kennedy Space Center, in Floriday, carrying members of SpaceX&#039;s Crew-4 mission to the International Space Station, April 27, 2022.
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launches NASA's Crew-4 mission, April 27, 2022. (Image credit: Space.com / Josh Dinner)

Beginning next week, daytime rocket launches are all officially scrubbed thanks to the government shutdown.

As the record-long shutdown of the U.S. federal government stretches into its second month, commercial air travelers are beginning to feel the impacts at the nation's airports. To help ease the strain, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has issued an emergency order to limit who can access navigable airspace, which includes restricted hours on commercial rocket launches .

Though its impact on greater U.S. air traffic delays across the country will be hard to measure, the restrictions coincide with the busiest coast-to-coast launch cadence in history. The order will primarily affect SpaceX, which routinely launches Starlink satellite stacks into low Earth orbit as it expands its wireless internet megaconstellation, though other launch providers and missions will likely need to reassess their launch manifests. SpaceX has launched over 140 Starlink mission s this year alone.

One launch hoping to get off the ground before the order goes into effect is NASA's ESCAPADE mission to Mars. The Rocket Lab-built twin orbiters are scheduled to liftoff on a Blue Origin New Glenn rocket at 2:45 p.m. EST (1945 GMT) on Nov. 9. The impending restrictions mean the ESCAPADE mission won't have a chance to reset for a second launch attempt if the Nov. 9 liftoff is scrubbed for some reason.

United Launch Alliance's Atlas V launch of the ViaSat-3 F2 satellite could face further delays under the new launch restrictions, after two previous mission scrubs earlier this week due to issues with the rocket.

During the shutdown, all federal employees deemed non-essential are furloughed. Those whose job falls into the essential category are still required to go to work, but are not currently getting paid and must rely on backpay once the government reopens.

Breaking space news, the latest updates on rocket launches, skywatching events and more!

For NASA, this means nearly 15,000 people staying home from work. That's about 95% of the space agency's workforce. In contrast, 95% of employees at the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) are considered "excepted" and have continued to work without pay since the shutdown began Oct. 1.

.@USDOT has many responsibilities, but our number one job is safety. This isn’t about politics – it’s about assessing the data and alleviating building risk in the system as controllers continue working without pay. It’s safe to fly today, tomorrow, and the day after because… pic.twitter.com/YRrq5sdy4T November 7, 2025

In a post on X , Department of Transportation Secretary and Acting NASA Administrator Sean Duffy said the emergency order was, "about assessing the data and alleviating building risk in the system as controllers continue working without pay. It's safe to fly today, tomorrow, and the day after because of the proactive actions we are taking."

Josh Dinner is the Staff Writer for Spaceflight at Space.com. He is a writer and photographer with a passion for science and space exploration, and has been working the space beat since 2016. Josh has covered the evolution of NASA's commercial spaceflight partnerships and crewed missions from the Space Coast, as well as NASA science missions and more. He also enjoys building 1:144-scale model rockets and human-flown spacecraft. Find some of Josh's launch photography on Instagram and his website , and follow him on X , where he mostly posts in haiku.

Mind captioning: Evolving descriptive text of mental content of brain activity

Hacker News
www.science.org
2025-11-07 22:57:18
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How a devboard works (and how to make your own)

Hacker News
kaipereira.com
2025-11-07 22:35:28
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Original Article

Let's Design an RP2040 Devboard!

Today, we're going to be designing our own dev board, using one of the most popular and beginner friendly SoC's, the RP2040. This guide doesn't serve as just a tutorial, but also as an opportunity to learn what everything on the PCB fundamentally does, and what every single component on your PCB is actually for!

All the source files for this tutorial can be found here , so if you need any help, feel free to resort to the repository!

Pasted image 20250930162537.png

Now let's start off with the basic question, what's an SoC! An SoC or system on chip, basically has all the basic components like SRAM, processors, USB controllers, and other peripherals you'll break out onto your board. The RP2040 is a good SoC to start with, because the datasheets are simple, it's low-cost, has good on-chip memory and is really flexible with plenty of IO's.

Now let's get right into it, we'll be using KiCad for this tutorial, and I would suggest completing the hackpad tutorial and maybe a keyboard before trying to make your own devboard, not because you won't be able to make it, but you'll understand how it works a bit better.

So create a new KiCad project by going: File -> new project, and choosing your name/folder for the project

After that, double click your schematic to start working on your PCB. PCB's essentially have 2 main parts, the schematic, and the actual PCB.

The schematic is basically a wiring diagram, that shows how everything will connect, but isn't like exactly where the components are placed or how thick your traces are, it's solely to show how everything is wired, not where.

This is how are schematic will look when done the tutorial

Pasted image 20250930162101.png

The PCB editor is where you'll place down all your components and route everything for when you get it actually manufactured.

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Starting the schematic

So enter in your schematic, and then tap "a", this will open up the symbol library, which is the place where you can find component blocks that you'll wire together to form the schematic for your project. Search for the RP2040, and just place it down in the center of your schematic.

Pasted image 20250925070320.png Pasted image 20250925070335.png You'll notice the symbol and actual component are 2 different things if you look at the first screenshot. The symbol just tells you all the pins on the component, and how they'll be wired to what. The actual component has the physical pads where traces will actually connect to on your PCB!

Our entire schematic will consist of 5 main elements: power, flash storage, the crystal oscillator, I/O (input/outputs), and your SoC, the RP2040! The Raspberry Pi datasheet explains how all of this will pretty much be wired, and I'm kind of just here to explain exactly how it all works too.

So first let's talk about power and some schematic good practices!

Pasted image 20250925071047.png

You'll notice that the RP2040 has capacitors, these are called decoupling capacitors. These capacitors are used for 2 main things, filtering out power supply noise and giving a local power supply if components need it at short notice. You can think of it like a stream of water, without the capacitors it can be jittery and unpredictable, but with the capacitors, the stream smooths out, making your PCB function more reliable.

You usually want to put one 0.1uF (or 100nF, the F stands for Farads) decoupling capacitor per power pin, but it's fine to deviate a bit from that, but that's the most optimal way of doing it and what we're going to do.

We're also going to put a 1uF decoupling capacitor on each power line. You'll notice that the RP2040 has a +1V1 (1.1V) and a +3V3 (3.3V) line, we want to put a 1uF decoupling capacitor per line, to act as a larger reservoir and to smoothen out larger ripples that could occur. With the RP2040, these 1uF capacitors are mostly to help provide a stable 1.1V supply. With this combination, we'll filter out nearly all the noise and have a smooth functioning PCB.

So go back into your schematic and then tap on the "Draw Wires" icon to connect the VREF_VOUT and DVDD, and then separately connect the IO_VDD, USB_VDD, ADC_AVDD and VREG_IN, because these pins have different voltages.

Now before we go further, remember that all power labels face UPWARDS, and all ground labels face DOWNWARDS, this isn't necessary for the schematic to work, but it's good schematic practices that you should always follow

Pasted image 20250925072335.png

Then tap "p" to open up the POWER symbol library (you can also tap a, but searching in p will be faster because there's less symbols), and search for "1V1" and "3V3" and place the 1.1V on the VREG_VOUT and DVDD, and 3.3V on the IOVDD and those other pins.

Pasted image 20250925072502.png

Now schematic good practices is to always put at least a small wire between symbols like this for clarity.

Now that we have our power symbols in, we're going to add the decoupling. You could technically wire them like the screenshot I showed before, but I prefer to separate them because you use less wire which I find looks cleaner, but it's up to personal preference, and readability.

You'll also notice that the symbol contains less pins than the symbol the RP2040 datasheet has, this is because symbols in KiCad tend to not repeat the same pins, so they just merge like all the same VDD pins into one.

But using the RP2040 datasheet as reference, we know that there's 8 IO VDD pins, so eight 0.1uF decoupling, and one 1uF cap because we're wiring the entire 3.3V line and need to smooth out the larger ripples. So let's just place all those in!

Again type "a" and search for "c" (the shorthand for capacitor). Make sure to double tap the capacitors to add a value, and make eight of them 0.1uF, and one of them 1uF.

Pasted image 20250925102628.png

These are the decoupling capacitors for the 3.3V line, now we need to do the caps for the 1.1V line. There's 2 VDD pins, so two, 0.1uF caps, and we need one for the line too, so a 1uF cap aswell:

Pasted image 20250925103109.png

Now we have all of our power decoupling. We also need to connect GND to the SoC, this is pretty self-explanatory, but it allows power to actually flow properly in our PCB.

Pasted image 20250925103224.png

Working on USB-C

We have our power decoupling, but we don't actually have a power source yet or a way to program our devboard yet, so let's do that now. I'm going to be using USB-C because it's standard and fast!

So tap "a", type in whatever receptacle you want, and add it in. Make sure you pick "receptacle" and not plug because a plug would plug into your laptop instead of having a cable plug into it.

Pasted image 20250925103733.png

Now let's explain each of these pins:

  • SHIELD/GND will both go to ground, shield is conductive material wrapped around the data pins on the receptacle, and this just improves EMI by grounding it.
  • D+/D- are the data pins, these transfer data to/from the USB-C receptacle. You'll want to connect the D-'s and D+'s together so that they both transfer data.
  • CC1 and CC2 basically tell the receptacle to allow power to go through to power the board. These by standard (the datasheet tells you) are pulled down (go to GND) through 5.1K resistors.
  • VBUS is the 5V input, this will need to be stepped down to 3.3V to power our MCU (microcontroller)

Now that we know what everything does, let's wire it up. Shield/GND go to GND:

Pasted image 20250925105339.png

D+ and D- are attached to their relative pair, and then will go into the MCU, but for now, we'll just have a global label going out of them. Global labels are basically like little teleporters, that allow you to say that something is wiring, without manually putting a wire between them.

Technically global labels are meant to be used between different schematic sheets and net labels would be the correct thing to use here, but I find global labels are cleaner if you only have one schematic for your PCB.

To do this, tap global label in the right hand toolbar, type in the name for your label (USB_D+ and USB_D-), and add them to the pins:

Pasted image 20250925164006.png Next, pulldown the CC pins through a 5.1K resistor to GND to enable power to go through the USB-C receptacle. Open up the symbol library, and then type "r" the shorthand for resistors, and then place it down and edit the value to be 5.1K:

Pasted image 20250925163923.png

Remember to follow proper schematic good practices, and to have clearly visible values, and labels for your components . Feel free to edit the text of stuff to make your schematic cleaner, just don't make stuff too small.

Now we just need to wire in the input voltage, but the thing is, the voltage of USB-C is 5V, while the voltage that the RP2040 uses as input, needs to be 3.3V so you don't cook it. To achieve this, we'll use what's called an LDO, or a Low-Dropout Regulator to take the voltage down.

Specifically, we'll be using the NCP1117 , a classic and reliable fixed voltage regulator (I actually switch this regulator out later for the MCP1700, 3.3V, because it's really big on our PCB) . A fixed voltage regulator is handy here, because we only need to go down to 3.3V instead of like 1.5V per say or something random, and it uses less components. We'll also be using the SOT-223 footprint (or package is the common term) because it's small and we don't really have any thermal issues with a devboard.

So add in the NCP1117-3.3_SOT223 symbol, wire GND and attach VBUS to the VI (voltage input) of the LDO.

Pasted image 20250925163857.png

Remember to always keep your schematic clean and feel free to use up quite a bit of space. Now like the decoupling capacitors on our RP2040, we need capacitors on the LDO. But we don't need fine decoupling capacitors for precise input lines into an MCU, and instead we need bulk capacitors, to handle the large voltage ripples when moving a voltage down.

So we need to place two, 10uF capacitors on each side of the LDO, for input/output, so add them into your schematic:

Pasted image 20250925163830.png

Next, we want to add our power labels to the LDO, we'll put a VBUS label before the LDO/Bulk cap, and a +3V3 label to the VO (voltage out) of the LDO. We might use 5V to power some other devices so we'll want to provide a power line for that too:

Pasted image 20250925163756.png

Now to finish off the USB-C wiring, we need to make sure the MCU receives the data lines. It's standard to have these going through 27 ohm resistors into the MCU to prevent distortions of the signals at high speeds, these are called termination resistors .

So wire the USB D+ and D- pairs into the MCU USB_DP and USB_DM (the P is for + and the M is for -) through 27 ohm resistors:

Pasted image 20250925164239.png

Now USB D+ and D- are actually what's called "bidirectional", this means that they work both ways. You don't actually need to specify this, but good schematic practices is to make sure your global labels reflect that. Currently they're just set as "inputs" because the triangle is facing inwards, so double click on all the D+ and D- labels and set them to bidirectional:

Pasted image 20250926064330.png

The crystal oscillator

Now to make our USB and other peripherals actually work properly, we need to have what's called a crystal oscillator. This is a little piezoelectric quartz crystal that vibrates very precisely, and then it's amplified and fed into the MCU to act as a clock signal that controls the digital peripherals.

For example, you definitely want a crystal oscillator if you're using USB-C, because the data needs to come in at specific times, so it makes sure no data is incorrectly received. Because the clock is such a precise component, you want to wire it really carefully. That means it should be as close to the MCU as possible on the PCB (schematic doesn't matter, it's just a reference), and it needs really small capacitors, to smooth out the signals.

First add the global labels to the MCU XIN and XOUT, just called their relative name. XOUT is the output from the crystal so an input to the MCU, and XIN is an output from the MCU to help the crystal oscillate properly:

Pasted image 20250926064501.png

Remember to accurately represent your global label direction, but just keep in mind it doesn't actually change your schematic, it's only for whoever is reading it!

Based off the RP2040 datasheet, we're going to be using a 12 MHz crystal with two, 15pF (I switch these later to 33pF because we use a different crystal than the Pi Pico) decoupling capacitors. Make sure to use the crystal footprint with 4 pins and 1 and 3, as the input/output pins so pay attention to the symbol I use :

Pasted image 20250926063705.png

Pins 2, and 4 just go to GND, pins 1 and 3 need a 15pF cap in series, and XOUT will have a 1K resistor. This resistor is called a damping resistor and it prevents the crystal from being damaged and ensures good signal integrity:

Pasted image 20250926064920.png

Remember all your schematic good practices and make sure everything looks clean.

We haven't actually seen these types of caps yet, these are called external load capacitors, and they're placed in series with the crystal I/O's, these basically just ensure that the crystal resonates at it's proper frequency, I'd suggest researching a bit more if you're interested!

Flash storage

Now lot's of SoC's include flash storage, but the RP2040 actually doesn't, so we need to add on our own flash storage! You can think of flash storage as like a faster version of an HDD, with less power consumption, more reliability but is usually a bit more expensive.

Sadly, the RP2040 only supports up to 16mb of memory, so we'll just use a quad SPI flash memory IC (integrated circuit, those little chips on a board) like the W25Q128JVS used in the datasheet.

Now before we actually add it to our schematic, let's talk about what SPI is. If you continue to build PCB's, you'll see this communication interface very often, it's basically just a standardized way of transferring data. The signal comes out of the master, and then goes into slave devices. The master is our MCU in this case, and the slave, is our flash memory.

Pasted image 20250926085431.png It has 4 major pins you need to understand:

  • MOSI - Master output, slave input
  • MISO - Master input, slave output
  • SCLK - Clock signal (remember that oscillator we added to our board, this will basically do that for other devices)
  • SS/CS - Slave select, let's you choose what device you're communicating with

So you usually need to have all 4 of those, and then you can add SS pins as you wish if you want to communicate with more and more devices.

But we're actually using quad SPI in this case.

Pasted image 20250926090037.png

Quad SPI uses the same CLK and CS pin, but has 4 IO pins, so it can transfer data, 4x as fast as SPI, which is ideal for flash memory, but it does take up more pins, so that's why it's not always used.

Now you can't just attach SPI to any GPIO, you have to use what's called a hardware controller, which you can imagine, is like a little block on the RP2040 SoC that is specifically meant for SPI. There are 2 SPI controllers on the RP2040, so we're going to use them for our flash memory. You can also technically do SPI via software, but it just makes way more sense to use the actual controller provided.

So add a global label to the QSPI pins with their relative name, IO's are bidirectional, and CLK and CS/SS are inputs to the slave (the flash memory) or outputs from the MCU.

Pasted image 20250926091004.png

Next, add in our flash memory IC (chip), W25Q128JVS , and wire up all the QSPI pins, and put GND to GND, and VCC to 3.3V:

Pasted image 20250926091609.png

Next, we need to add our 100nF/0.1uF decoupling capacitor to our VCC line to filter high-frequency noise. And then, we're going to add a button to the CS line, so that we can enter what's called BOOTSEL mode.

Based off of the RP2040 datasheet, if the QSPI SS pin, see's a 0 or GND when it's booting up, it'll go into BOOTSEL, where it will appear as a USB device on our computer so that we can copy code onto it to set it up.

Pasted image 20250926093017.png

Now there's 2 resistors you're probably wondering about here, the pullup to 3.3V, and the one in series with the button.

The pullup to 3.3V is important, because usually the QSPI pin will show up as 3.3V to the flash memory, but during bootup, you can't guarantee that it will, because the pin isn't active, so you might have some weird thing that happens with your board. The 10K resistor is just standard that the RP2040 datasheet wants us to use (and is also pretty commonly used to filter noise and stuff).

The 1K resistor in series limits the amount of current that can flow in this part of the circuit to prevent damage to the CS pin.

And just like that, we have our button and decoupling in, and our flash memory is completed!

Breaking out I/O Headers

Now we have all the components for our board to actually work, so we just need to breakout all the GPIO's on the RP2040, onto header pins so that we can use them in our circuit and whatnot!

But before we do this, let's just make sure we attach TESTEN to GND on the RP2040, this pin is just meant for factories to make sure that the RP2040 SoC actually works before sending them out.

Next, we'll label all the other pins we haven't broken out (all the GPIO's, SWCLK and SWD), with their relative name on the RP2040. These are all bidirectional pins except the SWCLK pin, which is a clock output from the SoC:

Pasted image 20250928011101.png

I actually labelled mine the wrong direction for the rest of this tutorial, but it's purely cosmetic and won't actually impact my PCB, this is how it should actually look, don't mind the GPIO labels, I took this screenshot after being done the PCB:

Pasted image 20251001072358.png

Next, we're going to add the actual header pin symbols into our schematic. You can technically do this whoever you want, but I'm going to adhere to the raspberry Pi Pico pinout:

Pasted image 20250928145822.png

So add in a two, 1x20 header pin symbols, and one 1x3 header pin symbol, I just used generic symbols, but you could use pin header symbols if you want, it's just up to preference:

Pasted image 20250928150705.png

Usually you don't want to make your symbol layout look exactly like your PCB, but I think it makes it more obvious so that we don't mess up our pinout!

Next, we'll just add in all the pins, and we'll just leave out the ones we don't know yet like VSYS, 3V3_EN and ADC_VREF, I'll explain those after:

Pasted image 20250928205318.png

Now the Pi Pico can actually be powered by a battery, but we're not implementing a battery (if you want to, check out the Pi Pico datasheet), so there's a diode on the VBUS power line, so they have a VSYS line after the diode and a VBUS line before it, but because we don't need a diode, we don't need VSYS.

We also don't need 3V3_EN, and then ADC_VREF is kind of just another thing to give a reference voltage to ADC, but it isn't really necessary, and we're just making a simple devboard so we won't use it.

Because we have these free pins, and also some GPIO's still left, let's just fill these pins with some GPIO's. I'm going to move the ADC pins up, and then fill the other pins with GPIO's. I also want to use GPIO29 which is an ADC pin and replace GPIO25 with that just so we get the added ADC pin:

Pasted image 20250928210525.png

Because of this, you'll want to just no-connect GPIO25 on the MCU, just to tell KiCad and others that we're not using that pin:

Pasted image 20250928210731.png

If you want to add battery support, you can do so yourself, but I'm keeping to a minimum framework. And just like that, we have all of our header pins in!

Finishing up the schematic

Now that we have our I/O headers in, we're actually finished with all the symbols in our schematic, this is how your schematic should look:

Pasted image 20250928210917.png

Now to organize our schematic, even more, let's separate our design into different blocks using the text boxes in the schematic editor. When doing this, you usually want to place your component blocks by flow of your PCB. So if you could image, power flows in through the USB, so we'll put that in the corner, the MCU should be center because it's the fundamental of the PCB, and then the other stuff can just be organized around:

Pasted image 20250928211031.png

You don't have to do this, but I feel like it keeps everything nice and clean!

Next, run ERC to just make sure you don't have any unconnected or weird stuff happening in your schematic. The only error you might get is Input Power pin not driven by any Output Power pins . You can just ignore this error, it's basically just the fact that we're labelling our power as bidirectional, and with no input/output, but we know that the MCU takes in 3.3V and that the USB-C outputs 3.3V, so we're totally fine to ignore it.

Pasted image 20250928211106.png

Footprint time!

Now that we've finished out schematic, we need to start working on the actual PCB. The first thing you need to do for the actual PCB, is to add in all the footprints for your components.

A footprint on a PCB basically just defines it's pads, outline, etc, that your component needs in order to be solder able on a PCB. So just tap on the assign footprints tab in the top toolbar to open up the footprints tab:

Pasted image 20250928211235.png

Now before we add in our footprints, let's talk about standard imperial sizes of SMD components, and SMD vs THT components.

So if you don't know, there's SMD components, which are surface mount, which means that the components are attached to the surface of the PCB like caps, and then there's THT components, which are soldered through the board, these are things like the headers.

For SMD footprints, you'll want to understand what the imperial sizes are:

  • 0402 are the smallest footprint we'll have on our PCB, these are tiny footprints and anything smaller than this becomes too small to easily solder, these are good for low current applications, and are fine for our fine signal decoupling.
  • 0603 footprints are a bit larger than 0402, and are better for slightly higher current and will maintain better physical stability for the larger decoupling needed for 10uF caps and such.
  • 0805 footprints are pretty large and are really just needed in higher current applications, we won't be using any of these because we don't have any crazy large caps/components

So all of our 0.1uF/1uF/resistors will be 0402, and then the 10uF caps will be 0603, so just filter in the search bar for 0402/0603, and choose the resistor/capacitor footprint for the relative component:

Pasted image 20250928211327.png

Now these other components need to usually be found on LCSC and then you go into the datasheet to find the footprint, and then add it in, but I'm decently experienced and know what footprints to use already, so you can just copy what ones I'm using or find your own if you want and add them in:

Pasted image 20250928211526.png

These are my thought process behind the other components, JLCPCB has what's called basic and extended parts, and extended parts cost $3 each to add to a PCB because they have to be loaded into the assembly machines, this will be important here:

  • USB_C_Receptacle_HRO_TYPE-C-31-M-12 : JLCPCB doesn't have any basic part USB-C receptacles, so I just chose this one I kind of like from a previous board. PART
  • PinHeader_1x20_P2.54mm_Vertical : This is just the proper size header pins we need, they should be through hole/THT to be stronger instead of SMD, I mean if you wanted to, it could be SMD though. The part is just pin headers I'll buy separately
  • SW_Push_SPST_NO_Alps_SKRK : This is a small SMD size button footprint found in the JLCPCB basic library, so it doesn't cost anything extra and is pretty compact. This isn't actually the EXACT footprint, but it's close by like .1mm, and I found it by just scrolling through footprints with some filters. PART
  • Crystal_SMD_3225-4Pin_3.2x2.5mm : I found this crystal on JLCPCB basic parts, and looked at the datasheet to find the footprint. You really have to make sure your crystal footprint pinout is proper because lots of people accidentally use the wrong footprint or symbol. PART

Now we actually need to modify our crystal schematic a bit because of the part we chose on JLCPCB has a load capacitance is slightly different, so we actually need 33pF caps. You can just search up the math if you want to learn how to do this:

Pasted image 20250928023842.png

And just like that, our schematic and footprint selection is finished, so we can actually get to the real fun stuff.. the PCB!

Let's design a PCB

Now that all that stuffs done, tap the switch to PCB editor button on the far right of the top toolbar!

This will bring you into a new editor you haven't seen yet, this is where we'll actually place down the components on our PCB, and route everything.

So in the top toolbar, tap the update PCB from schematic or F8 , and then tap the update PCB button that shows up, to bring in all the components into your PCB, and just put them all in the top left corner of your PCB:

Pasted image 20250928211730.png

You might get some warnings which can be ignored usually (I just got some pin warnings which are fine), but there shouldn't be any errors.

Now you'll see our actual components on the PCB, our USB-C, the RP2040, the button, crystal, LDO, flash, headers and our caps/resistors!

PCB Layout

Now before we actually lay out all of our components, we need to define our PCB outline, holes, etc. So using the datasheet as a reference, we'll place down everything accordingly. Start with the board outline, and then do holes and stuff.

Pasted image 20250928214035.png

To add in a board outline, tap on the Edge.Cuts layer and then tap on Draw Rectangles , and then just put whatever size rectangle you want. After that, we'll add in the proper size from the datasheet, which is 21x51mm, so tap on the rectangle, then tap "e" and use the By Center and Size tab to do this:

Pasted image 20250928214259.png

Next, we'll align the header pins onto our PCB by using the position tool. So right click on one of the header pins, go Positioning Tools -> Position Relative To , and then go Select Point and tap one of the top corners of the board outline. And then using the datasheet, align the X to 1.61/-1.61 based off of the side, and the Y to 1.37 :

Pasted image 20250928225148.png

(I actually swapped my pin headers here which I fix later, but just put J2 as the first header, and J3 as the second one, so it's easier to route)

Next, we need to put our bottom header in, these are aligned to Y -1.61 and the X should be centered so 7.96 (10.5 is the center, minus 2.54 the pin spacing), and use the bottom left/right as reference (make sure it's flipped horizontally when aligning):

Pasted image 20250928225551.png

Next, I'm going to put in the RP2040 dead center, but with the Y slightly farther down, because there's more components above the Pico than below, so I want a bit more space for signals, I'm going to put it down an extra 4mm, but you can do how much you want.

Pasted image 20250928230231.png

Then, I'm going to center the USB-C, down a bit to the top of the devboard:

Pasted image 20250928230453.png

Now looking at the flash memory and LDO IC, they're really big, so let's use different components for them:

Pasted image 20250928231949.png

I'm going to switch to the MCP1700 LDO, which is smaller, but does handle less current (250ma), so if you plan on drawing more current, you might want to just keep the current LDO. So just replace the NCP1700 with the MCP1700x-330xxTT , which is the 3.3V MCP1700:

Pasted image 20250929111310.png

And then, we're going to change the flash memory to what the Pi Pico uses and has a slightly smaller package, which is the W25Q16JVZPIQ TR and uses the Package_SON:Winbond_USON-8-1EP_3x2mm_P0.5mm_EP0.2x1.6mm footprint, so switch the footprint to that new one!

Pasted image 20250929112550.png

Now your footprints should be much better:

Pasted image 20250929112732.png

Anyways next, we're going to organize our parts onto the PCB (I also fixed my header pins and MCU orientation in this step). The LDO is going to go really close to the USB-C VBUS, and the flash storage will go close to the RP2040's QSPI pins, just so we have an efficient layout:

Pasted image 20250929113626.png

I use exact positioning when doing things like this, but you can just place them on if you want, I just like everything to be nicely symmetrical.

Next, I'm going to put the crystal on. The crystal should be very close to the RP2040 XIN/XOUT pins because it's a very precise signal, and the load capacitors should be RIGHT next to the pins too so the signals don't get messed up. You can then just put the resistor right by the XOUT pin of the RP2040 to have a nice and efficient layout:

Pasted image 20250929114427.png

Now I'm going to put all the decoupling capacitors on my board. Decoupling capacitors should be as close as possible to the pins they're decoupling , the larger the cap is, the farther it can be, but try to keep them close to their pins.

Also feel free to mess with layout a bit during this step just so everything fits in efficiently! Try to use whatever capacitor you used in your schematic for organization purposes.

First I usually group all the caps that go together, and then I usually either start with the SoC caps, or components caps, I'm going to start with the components caps:

Pasted image 20250929120135.png

Remember, caps go close to whatever they're decoupling . Now all the RP2040 caps are grouped together, and this is because it's just a general rule to have one cap per VDD pin, and then the larger cap/bulk cap near the largest group of them:

Pasted image 20250929121131.png

This is the layout I decided on, some of my thought process for this layout was:

  • Leave enough space to route the USB differential pair
  • Be able to route QSPI without via's for fast signals
  • Leave enough space by the crystal to be able to route those traces

And I'll still definitely actively update it while I route my traces, but this is a good starting point.

Now all that's left to add in, is our resistors, but I'm going to actually put these to the side, and start routing a couple things! This is because it's going to be easier to place components not in the way of where traces are going to go.

Not before we start routing, remember a couple key things about routing:

  • Never have a trace at a 90 degree angle, these mess with your signals, and also sometimes get manufactured weirdly
  • Think about what you're going to route next, so that you don't route where that trace needs to go
  • Know what you're routing, things like decoupling caps need to have short, small traces, etc.
  • Never put via's on pads, this makes it hard to solder them, and makes the component unstable
  • Try to route front signals vertically, and back signals horizontally, this isn't a fixed rule, but just try to do it in most spots to have efficient routing
  • Don't be afraid to move your components a bunch while routing, a lot of intuition is required for efficient routing
  • You might hear me use the term "ratlines", these are the blue lines on the PCB, I actually have mine set as curved because of personal preference, but yours will probably be straight

So, the first thing I'm going to route is my flash memory, I'm going to move the capacitors away temporarily while I do this and then add them back on later. So tap on the route single track in the right hand toolbar, and then route all the signals like so:

Pasted image 20250929134312.png

I usually start my route from the RP2040, and then put it into the component just because I find it's easier. I always start with routing my higher speed signals, and then do the lower ones.

Next, I'm going to route the USB-C data lines. Now these lines are actually special on our PCB, these need to be routed as differential pairs, basically perfectly even traces, next to each other. This is because they're carrying high speed data, so the traces need to be the same length so that data arrives at the same time.

The termination resistors for these data lines also need to be right by the RP2040 pins to smooth the signals. I'd suggest placing these perfectly evenly apart, centered on the pins so it's easy to route our differential pairs:

Pasted image 20250929134841.png

Now to route a differential pair. First wire the USB D+'s/D-'s together:

Pasted image 20250929163018.png

Then, hold the route tracks button , and go over to the symbol with 2 traces on it, or just tap 6 . Then, go over to your USB-C, and tap on one of the D+/D- pins to start the trace, and route it down to your resistors. If the traces won't go into your resistors pads, that means that your resistors aren't evenly positioned, you can just the relative positioning tool to do this.

And then you can just route the resistors nets into the RP2040 nets (Make sure they're centered so the traces are the same length, you could technically do this as a differential pair if you change your schematic slightly, but it's fine if you just position properly):

Pasted image 20250929163304.png

I added left a space inside of the USB traces for the decoupling capacitors to go.

Now we need to make sure all these traces are the same sizes, you can check the resistor traces by using the Tune length of a single track tool on the right toolbar, they should be the same length if you did it right:

Pasted image 20250929155154.png

And then, your USB-C lines, are probably not the same length, so we need to fix that. You can do that by going to route -> Tune skew of a differential pair in the top menu, and then selecting the trace with a negative skew, and just tapping it, and then tapping ok , and then just drag to make it slightly longer:

Pasted image 20250929163336.png

This makes all of our traces the exact same size, so that we have proper data flow!

Now we just need to wire the extra pair of D+/D-'s on the USB-C to the route that we already have. Just wire these directly

Now that we have our fast signals on the PCB, the other signals are fine to go through via's, so we can put in our decoupling caps now:

Leave all of the ground pins for last, I'll explain this soon

Pasted image 20250929161759.png

Now my routing of course isn't perfect, but I did manage to get it pretty nice and tight. You'll notice some blue on the PCB, and that's me routing on the other layer. You can change layers by tapping the other layer on the right layers view, or by tapping "v" . But for SMD components, you'll need what's called a "via" in order to get to the other layer, which is essentially just a hole that allows traces to transfer to another layer of a board. Feel free to use the backside for routing if you don't have any space!

Anyways, next I'm going to route the crystal, the USB-C pull downs, and button pull ups, and then I'm going to leave the button/button resistor for very last because there's no specific spot that needs to be:

Pasted image 20250929163631.png

Now, we're going to route power to our board, I'm distributing power to the main cluster of VDD pins, and then once I'm finished routing the other signals, I'm going to route it to the other pins, just so power is even about my board:

Pasted image 20250929164321.png

Now, wire every single header pin on the board, try to keep organized when doing this, and save via's/the other layer for when you have like absolutely no space left:

Pasted image 20250929165330.png

Pasted image 20250929170407.png

And with a bit of finesse, all of our routing is pretty much done, we just have all of our ground signals left. Now you're probably wondering why we didn't route those. Well instead of using wires to do those, we can use what's called a ground fill.

This is basically like a giant pool of just ground on our PCB that connects all of our grounds together. We do this because it helps with signal integrity, and because there's always going to be a lot of ground signals on a PCB so it simplifies stuff. It also helps with thermal regulation!

So on the right toolbar, tap Draw Filled Zone , and select both layers, with GND as the net, and select Thermal reliefs as the Pad connections. Basically, with a ground fill, soldering can become harder because the fill dissipates heat, so doing thermal reliefs puts like less ground area to the hole so it's easier to solder stuff on!

Pasted image 20250929171108.png

Then, select the entire PCB with your ground fill, and then tap "B" to fill it:

Pasted image 20250929171800.png

Now you'll notice that all your ground ratlines disappear. Their might be a couple that are still there though, this is because the pads are isolated, so you might need to put a via from the pad onto the ground fill. You also might need to adjust like some of the header pins signals and such to make it work!

I'd also suggest adding via's to all the isolated islands of ground for signal integrity, but this is just good practice, and also putting extra near the SoC and stuff that get's hot like the LDO:

Pasted image 20250929172715.png

Next, we'll need to add in our button that we haven't put in yet. Just find a free spot on your PCB for it, I'm going to put mine near the flash memory though because it's got some space and it's a close connection:

Pasted image 20250929203934.png

And then, if you just have any ratlines still on the PCB, just connect them up, and you'll be on the final step of designing our PCB:

Pasted image 20250929204855.png

Now you probably think, we'll we're done the PCB, what else could there be, well there's actually a couple more things we need to do. The first thing is running DRC to make sure there's no problems with our PCB. So go to the top toolbar, and run DRC :

Pasted image 20250929205046.png

My PCB has 16 errors, yours might have more, but all of these need to be properly resolved. The first things I'm going to look at is my unconnected items. These just tell me what I forgot to route, you can just tap on them to see where they are, just make sure you get all those routed before continuing.

Most of these are problems with the ground pour, so I'm actually going to modify the ground fill to fix a lot of these errors, I'm changing the thermal relief gap and clearance to 0.3mm instead of 0.5mm which just makes it so the traces and pads can be closer to the fill:

Pasted image 20250929205810.png

You'll probably also have a bunch of thermal relief errors. These require some finesse to fix, but essentially you just need to have like a thick enough ground on each component. And you can solve this by adding via's, traces, and a bunch of other stuff like editing the fill. So you'll need to research a bit and try different things to fix these. And not all of them are even too crucial, but I'd suggest fixing them all.

The rest of the DRC errors you'll have to figure out, but here's how mine looks with no errors left:

Pasted image 20250929210949.png

Congrats on finishing your devboard 🥳

Now you've finished making your actual PCB, if you want to get an idea of how it'll look when manufactured, you can tap the 3D Viewer in the top toolbar:

Pasted image 20250929211118.png

The headers will be facing the other way and you can't see the USB-C because it doesn't have a 3D model, but this is how your PCB will look. If you want the header pins to actually be right, you might be able to flip them on your PCB, or double tap the footprint and directly change it! Pretty cool huh, but you know what would make it even cooler... Art!

Working on silkscreen

Now before we get all excited, let's polish up our PCB a little bit! We're going to do this by modifying what's called the silkscreen, this is all the white stuff you see on the PCB, it's purely decoration and used to show where components should go when soldering, and also to label stuff, and you can make art with it.

But before we get to make the art, let's move all the labels on our PCB to look nice and organized! Now the capacitors and stuff aren't too useful to us, so we can delete those silkscreen labels like "C#" or "R#", and just leave the important ones for the connect, the pi, etc.

I'd suggest hiding some layers to make it easier to see, so delete all the stuff we don't want, and organize the stuff we do want (You can also hide the fab layer for now, but there's no need to delete that stuff, it won't be on your PCB):

Pasted image 20250929211638.png

This is how mine looks when done:

Pasted image 20250929211919.png

Now, let's add our own art! Try out the KiCad image converter, and also add some text and stuff to your PCB. I personally like to add things like my website, github handle, favorite animals, anime, whatever you want really.

I personally use excalidraw to draw my art but you can do whatever:

Pasted image 20250929215517.png

Pasted image 20250929215558.png

Pasted image 20250929215613.png

And that's our PCB finished! Run DRC one last time to make sure you have no errors , and then continue on to the final step, which is getting this thing manufactured!

Fabrication time!

Now that we've finished our PCB, let's get it fabricated. Save your PCB, and then go to:

File -> Fabrication Outputs

and then export every single thing there, if you want my gerber settings, here they are:

Pasted image 20250929220810.png

Now you can also use the KiCad fabrication toolkit to do this all for you if you're having problems, but I like to teach the whole process

And before you turn all these files into a zip, you'll want to modify the CPL file, because JLCPCB expects the CPL file headers to be called something else, so add it into google sheets. This file will be called something like "your-project-top-pos.csv" , we're doing one sided assembly so you can delete the bottom file. Anyways change the headers from:

  • Ref -> Designator
  • PosX -> Mid X
  • PosY -> Mid Y
  • Rot -> Rotation
  • Side -> Layer

Pasted image 20250929223401.png

Next, you need to replace the headers on your BOM file, this is just changing Designation -> Comment

Pasted image 20250930151428.png

Once you've renamed those headers exactly, export is as a .csv and replace your old CPL/BOM file with this one. And then take all of the files you exported, and compress them into a zip folder, called "PRODUCTION" or whatever you want really:

Pasted image 20250929223554.png

And now I usually make another folder called production in my root, and put this zip file inside of there:

Pasted image 20250929223622.png

Now head on over to JLCPCB and drag that zip folder into the quote section. You should see your PCB show up, and the only thing you're going to add onto your order is PCBA, this just makes sure that JLCPCB doesn't just give you the raw PCB, but also assembles it:

Now you don't actually need to use PCBA, if you want to save some money, you can just buy the components on LCSC or the JLCPCB parts manager (which will probably be cheaper), but you'll need to have all the tools to assemble SMD, but I'm going to include an SMD soldering part to this tutorial too if you want to do that

Pasted image 20250929221835.png

Pasted image 20250929221852.png

Now tap next, and then add your BOM, and the CPL CSV you just created. If you have any errors when uploading this, check the internet, double check you modified the CPL/BOM properly, and worst case, tap the chat button on the website and ask the JLCPCB help desk.

If you did everything properly though, you should be presented with the JLCPCB BOM page:

Pasted image 20250930151803.png

Now we need to assign the parts that JLCPCB couldn't automatically find and the ones it got wrong. In most cases this is just a quick search and then tapping the first result, but make sure what you select is exactly what you actually want. The 27 ohm termination resistor is also probably going to be wrong, so you'll want to re-assigned this to a proper 27 ohm resistor.

Make sure not to select the pin headers for PCBA, these are easy to solder our self and aren't worth it to pay for, just buy these separately.

Also make sure you're using as many basic parts as possible, filter for these so that your PCB is cheaper when selecting parts, but sometimes parts aren't available as basic

This is what my final BOM looks like, feel free to copy mine (it'll be in my GitHub repository under /PRODUCTION/files too):

Pasted image 20250930192047.png

Now continue on, and don't place the header pins (it'll prompt you), and then you'll see your assembled board show up:

Pasted image 20250930155306.png

But there's a couple components that aren't properly assembled on our boards so we need to move them manually!

You'll need to move:

  • The USB-C to fit within the holes nicely
  • The LDO just needs to be turned a bit
  • The flash memory needs to be rotated right so that the dot aligns with the triangle

And then everything else you should just double check, but it should be fine:

Pasted image 20250930161046.png

Now, tap next, and congratulations, you're done your PCB!!!!

Pasted image 20250930161129.png

Congratulations on making your first PCB!! I know that this seemed pretty hard and complicated, but it gets so much easier with practice, so keep on making cool stuff!

Now try to challenge yourself in your next endeavor, and don't just make another devboard, try your hand at a motherboard, or a power controller, just something that challenges you and helps you learn!

Feel free to also modify this board you've created to include an LED matrix, motor drivers, literally whatever your heart desires.

I hope you learned alot, if you want to checkout some of the other stuff I've created, check out my projects on GitHub or my personal website https://kaipereira.com/ ! Don't forget to post your finished projects in #ship and ping me (@KaiPereira) too!

Now if you want to stick around, we're going to go through assembling your PCB, if you didn't want to get JLC to do PCBA!

Hand-soldering your Devboard!

Now if you've decided to take the VERY FUN ROUTE of hand soldering your devboard, I'll continue with a small tutorial on how to do so!

Now hand soldering is mildly difficult, and takes quite a bit of time, but you'll learn invaluable skills lots of other people don't learn, and also earn a lot of tickets while you're at it :D

So the first step is buying all your components for hand soldering! Everything can just be bought on LCSC, and I'd suggest buying a couple extra components of each thing, just in case you accidentally mess up/break components!

You'll also want to have a couple other key components:

  • Flux paste (not solder paste), this helps the solder bond to the pads of your board, helping to fix mistakes and is crucial. This will come in a little syringe container, and looks white/yellow depending on where you get it from (solder paste, which you don't want usually look gray!
  • Fine tip soldering iron, this makes soldering in really tight spots so much easier, most tips are usually fine enough, but you just don't want like a super wide one.
  • Solder, usually smaller solder is usually more convenient, but it's honestly fine to use larger
  • Fine tip tweezers, I honestly wish mine were finer, but I'd suggest trying to find the smallest fine tip tweezers in your house that aren't ribbed/textured at the end
  • Brass sponge, for cleaning your tip, you just dip your iron into this every once in a while to get the excess solder off!
  • Silicon mat, this isn't needed, but I would HIGHLY suggest, so that your soldering iron doesn't fall off and burn you, and so you have a nice grippy surface to hold your PCB on
  • Decently ventilated area, honestly I find this is less for saving you from the unhealthy fumes and more to get the smoke out of your eyes so you actually see what you're doing!
  • Isopropyl alcohol and Q-Tips, these are to clean up the flux on your board after soldering, it's just once you're done, so you don't really have to have it on hand before starting!

This is what my setup looks like with all of these things:

Pasted image 20251026153701.png

Pretty sweet right :D

Now you're ready to get soldering!

When you're soldering a small board like this, and most PCB's for that matter, you'll want to start with your smallest components first and then work your way up. In our case, we have quite a few 0402 components, which are going to be SO MUCH FUN to solder.

Lots of people don't spend time to actually learn how to properly solder these components and just go at it, but I'll try my best to describe it and you'll also want to watch this video in it's entirety!

So basically:

  • Apply your flux around/in the pads of the footprint of the components you're going to solder
  • Apply solder to one pad of the footprint
  • Place your component onto the footprint
  • Apply heat on the pad with solder while it's touching your component
  • Take your tweezers off the component
  • Apply heat to the other pad, and solder it to the component
  • Apply more solder to the pad you first soldered to create a stronger connection

And then you're done! I sometimes add some more flux and then clean up my joints, but it's up to you if you want to do so! This will be hard when you first start off, but it get's much easier with practice, and also better tools help a lot!

Now you want to pay close attention to your joints, to make sure that your solder is actually joined with the component! I find being in a WELL lit room helps a lot to see everything, and a microscope can be very handy!

If your component didn't form a joint with one of it's pads, you might need to get the component closer to the pad or apply flux, or apply more solder!

If you ever bridge 2 pads with solder, apply flux and they should go back to their relevant pads, it's MAGICAL....

Tutorials help a LOT here where words sometimes can't explain all, so take your time, and do it right.

I started by soldering my 0.1uF caps, because there's quite a few of them, but you could really start with whatever 0402 component you want, and then work your way up to 0603, then 0805, and then small components, then large components!

(unfinished)

He Jiankui PhD Thesis: Spontaneous Emergence of Hierarchy in Biological Systems

Hacker News
repository.rice.edu
2025-11-07 22:34:15
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Original Article
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Trump Has a Secret List of 24 “Designated Terrorist Organizations.” We Got Some of the Names.

Intercept
theintercept.com
2025-11-07 22:16:23
The U.S. claims it is engaged in “armed conflict” with Tren de Aragua, Ejército de Liberación Nacional, and Cártel de los Soles, among others. The post Trump Has a Secret List of 24 “Designated Terrorist Organizations.” We Got Some of the Names. appeared first on The Intercept....
Original Article

To justify its deadly strikes on alleged drug-smugglers at sea, the Trump administration now claims that there are 24 designated terrorist organizations engaging in armed conflict with the United States, three government sources told The Intercept.

This new list of Latin American cartels and criminal organizations is attached to a classified opinion produced by the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel to support the administration’s argument that attacks on suspected drug-traffickers in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean are lawful.

The list of groups supposedly engaged in “non-international armed conflict” with the United States includes the Venezuelan gang Tren de Aragua; Ejército de Liberación Nacional, a Colombian guerrilla insurgency; Cártel de los Soles, a Venezuelan criminal group that the U.S. claims is “headed by Nicolas Maduro and other high-ranking Venezuelan individuals”; and several groups affiliated with the Sinaloa Cartel, according to two of those government sources who spoke to The Intercept on the condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to disclose classified information. The full list has not been disclosed, even to all lawmakers on the House Armed Services Committee.

Of the groups now known to be on the list, there is no evidence that they are actually participating in armed conflict with the United States.

“The administration has established a factual and legal alternate universe for the executive branch,” said Brian Finucane, a former State Department lawyer who is a specialist in counterterrorism issues and the laws of war. “This is the president, purely by fiat, saying that the U.S. is in conflict with these undisclosed groups without any congressional authorization. So this is not just a secret war, but a secret unauthorized war. Or, in reality, a make-believe war, because most of these groups we probably couldn’t even be in a war with.”

The U.S. military has carried out 17 known attacks on boats in the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific Ocean since September, killing at least 70 people. The most recent attack , on a vessel in the Caribbean Sea on Thursday killed three civilians. Military officials admitted to lawmakers that they do not know the identities of all the people on board a vessel before they conduct a lethal strike. Following most of the attacks, War Secretary Pete Hegseth or President Donald Trump have claimed that the victims belonged to an unspecified designated terrorist organization, or DTO.

“This is not just a secret war, but a secret unauthorized war. Or, in reality, a make-believe war, because most of these groups we probably couldn’t even be in a war with.”

Experts in the laws of war and members of Congress say the strikes are illegal extrajudicial killings because the military is not permitted to deliberately target civilians — even suspected criminals — who do not pose an imminent threat of violence. The summary executions are a significant departure from standard practice in the long-running U.S. war on drugs , in which law enforcement arrested suspected drug smugglers .

Secretary of State Marco Rubio, Hegseth, and other administration officials held a briefing with a small, bipartisan group of lawmakers who oversee national security issues for roughly an hour in a secure facility in the Capitol on Wednesday. Attendees said the administration’s legal justifications didn’t hold up.

“The Trump administration remains unable to provide any credible explanation for its extrajudicial and unauthorized military strikes in the Caribbean and Pacific. It was clear from this briefing that the administration’s legal justifications are dubious and meant to circumvent Congress’ constitutional power on matters of war and peace,” said Rep. Gregory W. Meeks, D-N.Y., the ranking member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, after attending the briefing. “I continue to believe these strikes are illegal, and an enormous overreach of executive power.”

The Pentagon has been withholding key information about the attacks and the list of DTOs for almost two months and has still yet to share all the relevant information with all lawmakers.

“While I am glad to have finally been provided the OLC opinion to review, I continue to find it unconvincing and am concerned that the legal reasoning it employs could be used to justify a range of operations that, like the current operations, are deeply problematic,” Rep. Jim Himes of Connecticut, the top Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee, told The Intercept. “It’s unacceptable that only a handful of Members are allowed to understand the Administration’s interpretation of the law. The Administration needs to immediately make the opinion and list of DTOs available for all of Congress to review so that we can conduct our constitutionally mandated oversight of the use of lethal military force.

Senate Republicans blocked a war powers resolution on Thursday aimed at preventing Trump from attacking Venezuela after a bipartisan group of senators warned that the undeclared war on alleged drug smugglers in the region could escalate. The vote to advance the resolution failed with 49 senators supporting it and 51 opposing it.

The resolution , led by Sen. Tim Kaine, D-Va., would have directed the president “to terminate the use of United States Armed Forces for hostilities within or against Venezuela, unless explicitly authorized by a declaration of war or specific authorization for use of military force.” The resolution had 15 co-sponsors, including Sen. Rand Paul , R-Ky.

“If colleagues believe that a war against the narco-traffickers in the ocean or a war against Venezuela is a good idea, then put an [authorization of military force] on the table and debate and vote it, but don’t just hand the power over to an executive,” Kaine said on Thursday. “That runs against everything that this nation was founded on.”

The administration has no plans to seek an authorization for the use of military force similar to the 2001 AUMF, which authorized counterterrorism operations by the U.S. military against those responsible for 9/11, Pentagon briefers told lawmakers last week. “Even if Congress authorized it, this would still be illegal under U.S. and international law because we are not in an armed conflict with these cartels,” Rep. Sara Jacobs, D-Calif., a member of the House Armed Services Committee who attended a briefing on the strikes last week, told The Intercept . “And so this is just murder.”

Six government officials, among them two who confirmed the count of 24 DTOs, who spoke to The Intercept over weeks expressed high confidence that most, if not all, of the boats targeted in the strikes have been smuggling drugs. Sources said the United States has been using top secret sensitive compartmented information involving human sources and signals intelligence, provided by the National Security Agency and the CIA, to inform the attacks.

Lawmakers still expressed concern about U.S. targeting procedures. Himes said he wasn’t confident that U.S. forces are using the same “structure and architecture” employed in past counterterrorism strikes during the war on terror to prevent the killing of innocent civilians, and that sufficient safeguards within the intelligence community may not be in place.

“If they cannot find a connection or show a connection with a DTO, then it goes to the law enforcement route with an interdiction. So that was their decision tree. But nailing them down more on what that connection is and how they show it and what they’re looking for, we didn’t get a lot of good information on that,” said Jacobs. “They know how many people they killed, but they made it seem like they were not really doing any post-strike evidence gathering.”

The people aboard the boats are hardly drug kingpins . An investigation by The Associated Press into the lives of nine of those killed in U.S. strikes found that while they had been smuggling drugs, they were not narco-terrorists or gang leaders but laborers, a fisherman, a motorcycle taxi driver, two were low-level criminals, and one was a local crime boss. All were from a desperately poor area, and most were crewing such boats for the first or second time.

Military briefers have admitted to members of Congress that they cannot satisfy the evidentiary burden necessary to hold or prosecute survivors of the strikes.

Neither U.S. Southern Command, the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Justice Department, nor the White House would provide the list of 24 DTOs who it claims are engaged in secret wars with America. The count of 24, according to a single source, was first reported by CNN on Thursday.

The fantasy conflicts between the United States and Tren de Aragua, Ejército de Liberación Nacional, Cártel de los Soles, and various Sinaloa Cartel groups and other criminal organizations are a farce since America’s adversaries do not even know they are considered at war with the U.S., nor do the American people know with whom the U.S. is facing in a supposed state of armed conflict.

Some experts even doubt the Cártel de los Soles — one the 24 DTOs — actually exists, explaining it is more a system of corruption than a group with a leadership structure. It is a foreign analogue to antifa, which the Trump administration claims is a “domestic terror organization” but is actually a set of ideas . Notably, Cártel de los Soles is not even mentioned in a two-volume, 670-page State Department report on global anti-drug operations released earlier this year.

“The bottom line is, these strikes are illegal,” said Finucane. “We need to see the full list of groups that the government has given itself permission to attack without congressional authorization. And Congress needs to push back on this lawless killing and a potential real, illegal war with Venezuela.”

Show HN: VoxConvo – "X but it's only voice messages"

Hacker News
voxconvo.com
2025-11-07 22:15:41
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Friday Squid Blogging: Squid Game: The Challenge, Season Two

Schneier
www.schneier.com
2025-11-07 22:01:03
The second season of the Netflix reality competition show Squid Game: The Challenge has dropped. (Too many links to pick a few—search for it.) As usual, you can also use this squid post to talk about the security stories in the news that I haven’t covered. Blog moderation policy....
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The NYC Municipal Archive Book Sale Was a Banger

hellgate
hellgatenyc.com
2025-11-07 21:55:17
Unfortunately, the sale was too popular—day two is canceled....
Original Article

The front chamber of the New York County Surrogate's Courthouse is absolutely breathtaking—an intricately carved Beaux Arts vision rendered in warm-toned marble—but none of the sixty or so people shuffling around the room were paying much attention to the interior design. Instead, all eyes were on the tables of books for sale at the Municipal Archives and Library Booksale, the first in a decade hosted by the Department of Records and Information Services (DORIS).

The majority of the wares for sale were deaccessioned from the stock of the City's Municipal Archives and Library themselves—a grab bag of fiction and nonfiction on "New York City’s history, politics, culture, theater, art, food and iconic landmarks," according to the department itself . The sale was initially supposed to run for two days, Friday and Saturday, but due to overwhelming attendance, its second day has officially been canceled as of this writing.

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Tahoe’s Terrible Icons

Daring Fireball
onefoottsunami.com
2025-11-07 21:54:06
Paul Kafasis, writing at One Foot Tsunami: While Apple had previously urged developers to use squircle icons on our apps, they’ve now taken things much further to ensure compliance. It’s a shame. Apple updated their own app icons on Tahoe, for both the squircle shape as well as the new “Liquid ...
Original Article

MacOS 26’s new icons are a step backwards.

On the new MacOS 26 (Tahoe) , Apple has mandated that all application icons fit into their prescribed squircle . No longer can icons have distinct shapes, nor even any fun frame-breaking accessories. Should an icon be so foolish as to try to have a bit of personality, it will find itself stuffed into a dingy gray icon jail.

The left side of the example below shows the old icon for Audio Hijack as it used to appear, while the right shows it rotting away in a Tahoe prison cell:

Audio Hijack’s old icon

While Apple had previously urged developers to use squircle icons on our apps, they’ve now taken things much further to ensure compliance. It’s a shame.

Apple updated their own app icons on Tahoe, for both the squircle shape as well as the new “ Liquid Glass ” interface. Mostly, these icons seem dumbed-down, with a loss of detail. For example, here’s Safari’s old icon from MacOS 15 (Sequoia) on the left, and the new Tahoe icon on the right:

Image Playground’s icons old and new

To me, the new icon just feels blander, and that’s widely true for all of the updated icons. A small number, such as Screen Sharing and Audio MIDI Setup , may be improvements. Most, however, are not. Let’s review with direct comparisons, all of which again feature the older Sequoia icon on the left and the new Tahoe icon on the right.

There are a few lateral moves:

Image Playground

Image Playground’s icons old and new

Image Playground is Apple’s AI image generation app, though its new icon doesn’t really convey that. At least they got rid of that awful catdog.

Photo Booth

Photo Booth’s icons old and new

I like the new concept for Photo Booth’s icon, but the execution is lifeless.

Mission Control

Mission Control’s icons old and new

Meanwhile, Mission Control’s functionality is a difficult concept to convey. I liked the old color indicators, but the new version at least includes the window control buttons.

Unfortunately, however, there are many new icons which are distinct downgrades.

Automator

Automator’s icons old and new

Apple’s scripting application previously featured an awesome little robot dude. On Tahoe, it’s barely clear that’s a robot at all. What a pity.

Calendar

Calendar’s icons old and new

I remember that 30 days hath November, April, June, and September. And I thought all the rest had 31, except February, which has 28, except in a leap year when it has 29. Which month is it that has 24 days?

Chess

Chess’s icons old and new

This is just really bad. The board has been zoomed-in to the point of meaninglessness, while the glass knight looks fuzzy and amateurish.

Contacts

Contact’s icons old and new

The left-side tabs on the old Contacts icon were odd, but this new icon is even odder. Is the cover of that book made of glass?

Font Book

Font Book’s icons old and new

Hey, look, it’s Contacts, but far worse! This no longer looks like a book at all. It’s just a gray “a” blob.

Disk Utility

Disk Utility’s icons old and new

Several of Apple’s new icons for utilities feature the dumb wrench seen on the right, but this is one of the worst. In this case, the Apple hexagon the wrench is adjusting utterly fails to convey “disk”.

Migration Assistant

Migration Assistant’s icons old and new

Hey, speaking of icons that are now utterly devoid of meaning.

DVD Player

DVD Player’s icons old and new

I am both amused and aghast that Apple spent time updating this moribund application. For reference, it’s been over nine years since Apple last sold a Mac with an internal optical drive.

Image Capture

Image Capture’s icons old and new

The old Image Capture icon was no great shakes, but the arrow on the new one really threw me off. I honestly thought the new icon had not fully loaded.

Preview

Preview’s icons old and new

Look at the beautiful photorealistic glass on the loupe in the old Preview icon. They sucked the soul out of it, and ironically, the new Liquid Glass version barely looks like a loupe at all.

Stickies

Stickies’s icons old and new

The previous Stickies icon looked perfectly like a pad of sticky notes. The new icon looks like strange glowing glass sheets, hovering in the air.

TextEdit

TextEdit’s icons old and new

This change is simply awful. In isolation, the new icon is barely recognizable for what it’s attempting to be.

Digital Color Meter

Digital Color Meter’s icons old and new

This, however, is my pick for the single worst change. The new icon looks like art from a kindergarten classroom, and this app is not a kid’s toy.

Closing

Overall, Tahoe has been a solid update for me, particularly with the recent 26.1 release . These icons, however, make me sad. Perhaps one day, it will again be possible for icons to have shape and personality. We have the technology.

Becoming a Compiler Engineer

Hacker News
rona.substack.com
2025-11-07 21:45:03
Comments...
Original Article

In August, after many months of job hunting, I finally started a new role in the San Francisco Bay Area as a compiler engineer. It’s wild, I have dental insurance now.

What is a compiler engineer, anyway?

I imagine the audience of this post is both “people who want a job in compilers” and “people who are curious about my life”, so for those in the latter category: Wikipedia says that “a compiler is software that translates computer code written in one programming language into another language.” Basically, I’m a software engineer who works on programming languages. I don’t make programming languages—there is an entire theoretical subfield for that, and it is very cool; I implement them, which requires less math.

If you’re in the latter category, most of the technical details in this post will probably be boring and irrelevant to you, so you can skip to the end where I talk more about why I do compilers, what my life is like these days, etc.

(By the way, my debut novel from Simon & Schuster is out on November 11th. It’s a young adult romance set at a hackathon. You can preorder it here .)

Why this post exists

When preparing for compiler interviews, I discovered there was very little information online about how to break into this niche as a new or recent grad. There were plenty of YouTube videos on machine learning/full-stack/a newfangled thing called “AI Engineer”, but nobody was talking about compilers, and maybe somebody less delusional would’ve taken that as a sign to switch subfields , but alas, I happen to be delusional, so instead I fumbled around in the dark for the better part of a year and eventually landed a job.

So maybe this post can help other people who are interested in compilers. Or maybe they will read all of this and decide this is so not worth the effort, which I guess is also a way of helping them.

A little about me

In 2023, I graduated from MIT with a double major in math and computer science. Then I began a fifth-year research-based master’s degree, where I was in a compilers lab group. I dropped out after that fall, but sadly cannot claim any cool “MIT dropout” cred because it was grad school. From June to October 2024, I was a compiler engineer at a startup in New York City. In that role, I worked on extending a preexisting open-source programming language.

I am now a compiler engineer at a large, post-IPO tech company in the San Francisco Bay Area. I work on making programming languages run faster.

here is a photo of me

Who even hires junior-level compiler engineers?

According to Indeed, there are 116,000 job postings for “software engineer” and only 400 job postings for “compiler engineer”. It’s brutal out here.

screenshot from Indeed.com showing that "software engineer" yields 116,000+ job results
oh
screenshot from Indeed.com showing that "compiler engineer" yields 400+ job results
oh no


Compiler engineering roles are relatively rare due to limited demand (most companies don’t build their own compilers, and once a compiler is built, the work is mostly maintenance and optimization) and high barrier to entry. In the past year, I interviewed for twenty-ish opportunities.

Here are the different types of places that might hire a compiler engineer:

  • Startups : In my experience, startups are more amenable to hiring new grads for this position. My first role was at a startup, after all. Startups sometimes post their listings online; I had LinkedIn and Glassdoor alerts for the “compiler” keyword. Getting to unsubscribe from those alerts . . . that was a beautiful moment.

  • Larger tech companies: Automotive companies (Tesla, Waymo) have compiler positions, as well as hardware companies (Nvidia). While I do know junior compiler engineers at FAANG companies, they got those jobs by converting an internship into a full-time offer; they applied for “software engineering” and got placed on a compiler-specific team due to their skill set and interests.

  • Academia: Well, I was speaking to a professor who was hiring for his lab, and it would’ve been a cool chance to work on high-performance computing, but the opportunity disappeared after federal funding cuts. Oof.

  • Quant finance: I did not interview at any of these companies (I wanted to stay in the Bay Area, and these opportunities are predominantly in New York City and Chicago), but some of my classmates ended up at companies like Jane Street or Five Rings due to their interests in high-performance computing and low-level systems.

  • Open-source projects: I interviewed at one startup that makes an open-source library, but it wasn’t a good fit for my skills.

Okay, but how do you get these people to look at your resume?

If you are reading this because you’re a recent grad or graduating soon, there are many factors that are likely out of your control now, like your educational institution, your previous internship experience, whether you happen to be related to the CEO of a Fortune 500 tech company, etc.

But referrals help a lot! I ask plenty of people for referrals, even if we aren’t that close. I ask my friends if they know anybody at [insert company name] and if that person can refer me. I try to find a referral for every single job I apply to.

I also tell everyone that I like compilers (I even made my Twitter name “Rona likes compilers”, which got me an interview) because if they later hear about someone hiring for that role, they might think of me.

But of course, I am super-lucky in a lot of ways. I am an American citizen and don’t need visa sponsorship. My school name probably opens doors. I can’t pretend otherwise, that it was all because I hustled so hard and got so many referrals!

Later, I’ll talk more about the brutal job market and how one can stand out without a preexisting network.

What are the interviews like?

During my recruiting process, this is the #1 question I wished somebody online could’ve answered. Instead, this is what I found:

a screenshot of a Blind post that asks "how significant is phd for compiler engineers" and a response that says "working with compilers will give you Permanent Head Damage for free"
:(

Yeah, the Internet was not very helpful.

So hello, fellow desperate interviewee who stumbled upon this post while searching “what is on a compiler interview” or “what is on a compiler interview reddit” or “is it too late to change careers?”

Here are the types of interview questions I got:

  • Leetcode-style data structures and algorithms whiteboarding: I heard that tech recruiting was moving beyond these types of questions, but surprisingly, many still focused on implementing breadth-first search or a priority queue. Unlike typical software engineering interviews, I was expected to solve everything in C++.

  • Language design principles: One of the most interesting final-round questions I got was to invent a simple programming language with specific constraints. I had to write a grammar, ensuring that it was unambiguous.

  • Programming languages: I never got anything too deep (nothing about formal verification, for example) but was definitely asked “What is your favorite programming language and why” in multiple interviews. Turns out, if you say brainfuck , you will not get the job. Oops.

  • Intermediate representation: I had multiple interviews where I was expected to read x86 assembly (or a pseudo version of it) and optimize or translate it into another language. I also had a take-home assignment that was in MLIR.

  • Optimization passes: The aforementioned MLIR take-home assignment wanted me to write an optimization pass for algebraic simplification; other interviews asked me to write optimization passes for constant propagation and dead code elimination.

  • Compiler fundamentals: I was asked to explain the different parts of a compiler, different compiler optimizations, static vs. dynamic compilers, etc.

  • Graph theory: This might’ve been due to my resume (I wrote a graph theory paper in undergrad), but I got some questions about graph-based representations in compilers, like control flow graphs and register allocation.

  • Other low-level topics : I was asked about deadlock, race conditions, special-purpose registers, instruction pipelines, memory allocation, binary representation and binary arithmetic, garbage collection, probably other things I’m forgetting right now.

  • Behavioral : The main question lobbed was “why do you want to do compilers” (which maybe you’re also wondering after reading this list); I’ll answer that later.

How do I prepare for all that?

I mostly have my MIT education to thank, which is probably an annoying answer for everybody who didn’t go there, but luckily, OCW has these classes available online for free!

The classes that were most helpful:

  • Computation Structures , which I also TA’d during my master’s program. Taught me many low-level fundamentals like pipelining, assembly, binary arithmetic.

  • Dynamic Computer Language Engineering, which does not seem to be available online, but its static counterpart is here . I took this class before I had taken the introductory programming course at MIT and that was like putting on your shoes before your socks, except if your shoes were also on fire. However, it taught me C++, what a compiler was, how to work with a huge codebase, and that mixing Red Bull and coffee while pulling an all-nighter is not the brightest idea.

  • Performance Engineering taught me the lion’s share of the above list and is the main reason I got my current position. Fun coincidence: for one of the jobs I interviewed for, they ended up going with somebody else—turns out the successful candidate was one of my project partners from this class.

  • Theory of Computation was not as helpful—it is a math course—but it helped me with that final round where I had to write my own grammar. It’s great for getting you to think about what a programming language needs to achieve on a mathematical level.

I also went through Cornell’s Advanced Compilers course, which was quite fun but perhaps a tad heavy-duty for the purpose of interviewing.

Things I would’ve done differently

  • I didn’t have a mentor in this space; I probably should’ve done more LinkedIn outreach to find people who had the jobs I wanted.

  • As part of my prep, I read several books, like Engineering a Compiler by Keith D. Cooper and Linda Torczon and the famous Dragon Book ( Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools ). They were engaging, but they provided high-level overviews that I already knew, so weren’t that helpful for someone who had already taken the classes mentioned above.

  • I didn’t write down the interview questions I got, mostly because interviews are like a black hole for me and once they’re over I want to throw away my brain. That’s pretty silly, though. I should’ve recorded the questions I got, so I could go back and review.

  • I’m not involved in any open-source projects, but they seem like a fantastic way of learning more about this field and also meeting people with shared interests. I did look into Carbon and Mojo but didn’t end up making contributions.

Okay, so why compilers?

Here is the answer I give when an interviewer asks me so why do you want to work on compilers :

I was initially a math major, and I thought I wanted to do a math PhD. I went to an REU (a summer research program for undergrads) and wrote a paper. But I decided academia isn’t for me—I wanted to do something that felt more immediately impactful, so I added computer science as my second major.

When I started studying computer science, I was really attracted to low-level programming because, like math, it felt like reinventing the whole world from first principles. Here are these axioms. You can use them to build the whole universe. In contrast, I didn’t love the empirical nature of machine learning.

That’s my interview-ready answer. But I think I stumbled upon compilers with some serendipity, too. There was the foundational Computation Structures course, where I spent a lot of time going to office hours because my friends happened to be there, and where I spent a lot of time grinding on the final design project (which required low-level optimization) because my friends and I were good-naturedly competing with each other. There was the fact that, at MIT, this niche had a lot of people whom I liked. After all, you have to be a little masochistic to study compilers when other subfields have way more money and prestige.

And while this isn’t a post about my writing life (did I mention my novel is out on November 11th?), I’ve also wondered if my brain just really likes managing large systems with many moving parts and many different skill requirements for those parts, which is important in writing both compilers and novels.

About that job market

Look, I know the tech job market is brutal right now. I lurk r/csmajors. Also, I grew up in Oregon, and my friends back home (who attended Oregon State or other public, non-target universities) have applied to hundreds of jobs only to get maybe four interviews.

So how the hell does anybody get a job?

This is general advice for non-compilers people, too: Be resourceful and stand out. Get involved in open-source communities, leverage social media, make use of your university resources if you are still in school (even if that means starting a club that nobody attends, at least that demonstrates you’re trying ). Meet people. There are reading groups (my friend Eric runs a systems group in NYC; I used to go all the time when it was held in Cambridge). I was seriously considering starting a compilers YouTube channel even though I’m awkward in front of the camera.

I don’t know if this will get you a job. But it’ll certainly improve your chances.

Good luck!

Before the startup I worked at in 2024, I didn’t have any industry experience in compilers. My internships were all full-stack web development. I got pretty lucky that my first full-time job took a chance on me, and even though it didn’t work out with them, I’m really grateful.

During my 2025 recruiting cycle, I applied to a compiler position that paid $28/hr (yes, far above California’s minimum wage, but below market rate for a software engineer) but required C++ experience, knowledge of deep-learning, and LLVM fundamentals. And then, after making it to the final round, I didn’t even get that job. It went to a PhD student.

Also, at one point, I made it to the final round for a position in Shanghai, and I was truly considering moving to China even though my Mandarin ability means I would only be able to fluently converse with five-year-olds.

It took a long time—ten months and so many interviews—but I did end up landing a job as a compiler engineer. Now I spend all day thinking about how to make programs run milliseconds faster. It’s awesome.

Also, if you work in compilers, please say hi! My email is rona at mit dot edu.

(I also recently moved to Palo Alto and don’t know many people here, so if you’re in the area, let’s be friends!)

Okay, shameless plug one last time: my debut novel from Simon & Schuster is out November 11th. It’s titled You Had Me at Hello World . You can get it here .

I’ll end with an excerpt from said book, coding-related to match the theme of this post:

three paragraphs from You Had Me at Hello World
by the way did you know you can buy the book here

Discussion about this post

AI is Dunning-Kruger as a service

Hacker News
christianheilmann.com
2025-11-07 21:44:04
Comments...
Original Article

On January 6th, 1995 two bank robbers in Pittsburgh confused law enforcement by not making any attempts to conceal their faces but instead brazenly looking at security cameras as if they were invisible. The reason is that they actually thought they were.

Clifton Earl Johnson had convinced his fellow in crime, McArthur Wheeler that covering their faces in lime juice would make them invisible to cameras. Much like lime juice can be “invisible ink” until you heat the paper. As a test, Johnson had taken a polaroid of Wheeler that showed his face smudged. That a camera fault might be the cause, or doing a second test didn’t get to their mind.

This baffling over-confidence in their flawed approach inspired two psychologist, Justin Kruger and David Dunning to see if there is a common bias in people when it comes to assessing their skills and their actual performance in doing them. They found out that there is such a thing and it is now known as the Dunning-Kruger Effect .

A cognitive bias, where people with little expertise or ability assume they have superior expertise or ability. This overestimation occurs as a result of the fact that they don’t have enough knowledge to know they don’t have enough knowledge.

One could say that the Dunning-Kruger effect is the opposite of Impostor Syndrome . Instead of people not being able to interiorise their obvious successes, people declare themselves as great and experts at things they have no or just a rudimentary clue about.

Over the last few years we’ve been on a constant path to make this the standard mindset in the technology world. It started with a demand for everything to be released incredibly fast and to be a huge success in numbers from day one. Anything not growing exponentially is not a success.

Fakers instead of makers

“Fake it till you make it” is given as advice devoid of any irony. Instead, deception and inflation of numbers is seen as a smart move until you have the resources and knowledge to properly do the task. KPIs and OKRs are meant not to reflect delivery goals but aspirations. When you’re not gunning for a promotion every half year you’re not seen as a go-getter or having a growth mindset. In other words, we encourage bragadocious behaviour and language. Some of the things you hear from heads of states and other politicians in interviews sound like Muhammad Ali at press conferences before a fight in the 60s or old school rappers in the 70s and 80s.

AI bots excel at faking knowledge

But even worse, any interaction I have with AI chatbots gives me the same vibes. They give utter nonsense answers with high confidence and wrap errors in sycophantic language making me feel good for pointing out that they wasted my time. A correct answer is a lot less important than a good sounding one, a positive one or one that makes me interact more with the system. Time in product is the goal, not helping me find the right answer.

GenAI makes you a genius without any effort

The siren song of generative AI to turn anyone into an artist, wordsmith, composer or videographer by using “intelligent” tools is a push into Dunning Kruger territory. Vibe coding or vibe anything really focuses not on the craft, but the result. We’re not meant to create by learning the ropes and understanding the art. We’re much too clever and busy for that. Give it a prompt and create a product, an app or an agent that does your bidding. We’re continuously reminded that we all are capable of genius – if only we let the machines do the boring work for us. Our egos are fed, we are barraged by digital cheerleaders and confidence tricksters.

Stop wasting time learning the craft

Adding human effort into things, really creating and writing yourself is taunted as wasting your time and not embracing change and progress. But the cost is that we forget about the craft and we lose the joy of creating. Creativity of any kind is messy and fraught with error and drawbacks. But all of these make us human and who we are. As Leonard Cohen put it: “There is a crack in everything, that’s how the light gets in”. Sure, you might not be good at painting, composing, writing or shooting movies. But a terrible, human effort still is worth so much more than asking the machine to build you a boring solution focused on crowd pleasing more than being a thing in itself.

I am not happy about this, and I don’t see it as progress. If anything, it is deception and watering down craft and art. Politics have become an attack on intelligence, decency and research in favour of fairy tales of going back to “great values” of “the past when things were better”. Social media has become devoid of the social part and is a numbers game and addiction machine. But you know what? I don’t care. I keep doing what I do. I write down things I consider important at that time. I paint things although I suck at it. I publish on the web and my own blog because nobody stops me. Sure, I feel like a fraud when people applaud what I do more often that not. And yet – the joy of creation is something we should never give up on. Do you feel like what you do isn’t good enough or worth while? It is, and even if what you did isn’t amazing quality, you’ve created it and it is yours. And maybe, just maybe you are not the best judge to assess the quality of what you did anyways. One person’s disappointment may well be a joy to others. Keep creating and keep striving to improve and if others impressed you, tell them about it.

The Unraveling of Workplace Protections for Delivery Drivers: A Tale of 2 Workplace Models

Portside
portside.org
2025-11-07 21:17:26
The Unraveling of Workplace Protections for Delivery Drivers: A Tale of 2 Workplace Models Maureen Fri, 11/07/2025 - 16:17 ...
Original Article

Photo of an Amazon truck next to a UPS truck.

On a collision course? | Jakub Porzycki

American households have become dependent on Amazon.

The numbers say it all : In 2024, 83% of U.S. households received deliveries from Amazon, representing over 1 million packages delivered each day and 9 billion individual items delivered same-day or next-day every year. In remarkably short order, the company has transformed from an online bookseller into a juggernaut that has reshaped retailing. But its impact isn’t limited to how we shop.

Behind that endless stream of packages are more than a million people working in Amazon fulfillment centers and delivery vehicles. Through its growing dominance in retail, Amazon has eclipsed its two major competitors in the delivery business, UPS and FedEx, in terms of package volume.

What is life like for those workers? Between Amazon’s rosy public relations on the one hand and reporters’ and advocates’ troubling exposés on the other, it can be hard to tell. Part of the reason is that researchers like us don’t have much reliable data: Workers’ experiences at companies such as Amazon, UPS and FedEx can be a black box. Amazon’s arm’s-length relationship with the drivers it depends on for deliveries makes finding answers even harder.

But that didn’t stop us. Using unique data from the Shift Project , our new study, co-authored with Julie Su and Kevin Bruey , offers the first direct, large-scale comparison of working conditions for drivers and fulfillment employees at Amazon, UPS and FedEx based on survey responses by more than 9,000 workers.

What we found was deeply troubling – not only for Amazon drivers but also for the future of work in the delivery industry as a whole.

2 models, 2 realities

For nearly a century, driving delivery trucks has been a pathway to the middle class, as epitomized by unionized jobs at UPS . UPS drivers, who have been members of the Teamsters union for decades, are employees with legal protections and a collective-bargaining contract.

In contrast, Amazon has embraced a very different model. Most important is that Amazon does not directly employ nearly any of its delivery drivers.

Instead, its transportation division, Amazon Logistics, relies on two methods to deliver most of its shipments: Amazon Flex, a platform-like system that treats drivers like independent contractors , and Amazon DSP, a franchise-like system that uses subcontractors. DSP subcontractors are almost all nonunion, and the company has cut ties with DSP contractors whose drivers have attempted to unionize . These practices place downward pressure on the wages and working conditions of drivers throughout the industry.

The impact on workers is stark.

Delivery workers at Amazon receive significantly lower wages than at UPS and FedEx, we found. Wage gaps are especially large between the delivery workers at Amazon, who earn US$19 an hour on average, and the unionized drivers at UPS, who make $35.

We also found that unionized UPS drivers have a clear pathway to upward mobility, while Amazon drivers don’t. At UPS, wages increase sharply the longer a worker has been on the job. Pay starts at $21 an hour, reaching nearly $40 an hour for drivers who’ve been with the company for at least 10 years – which is more than half of them.

At Amazon, wages start at $17 an hour and don’t increase with tenure. Nearly half of workers have less than a year on the job.

Source: Amazon Drives Low Wages: The Unraveling of Workplace Protections for Delivery Drivers

Between lower wages, more unstable schedules, fewer benefits and limited protections from employment laws, Amazon drivers struggle to make ends meet. More than 1 in 4 told us they had gone hungry because they couldn’t afford enough to eat within the past month, and 33% said they couldn’t cover their utility bills. Compared to drivers at UPS and FedEx, Amazon drivers face significant financial instability.

On top of that, Amazon drivers face intense workplace surveillance and speed tracking – as do workers at the company’s fulfillment centers. Sixty percent of both types of Amazon workers received frequent feedback on the speed of their work from a technological device, and more than two-thirds said that Amazon monitors the quality of their work using technology. That degree of technological surveillance and tracking far outpaces what UPS and FedEx workers told us they were exposed to, representing an extreme case of worker monitoring and performance assessment .

Using nonemployee drivers contributed to the exponential growth of Amazon as a package delivery company. In 2023, Amazon for the first time delivered more packages than UPS, making it the second-largest parcel carrier in the country – surpassed only by the U.S. Postal Service.

By building an online retail empire with the capacity to deliver the majority of its own shipments, Amazon’s expansion continues. UPS, by contrast, has seen drops in its revenues , stock value and market capitalization . Amazon’s sheer size and giglike approach are therefore changing industry standards, putting downward pressure on wages, benefits and job stability across the delivery sector.

The contrast between Amazon and UPS drivers isn’t just about two companies using different models for package delivery – it represents two competing futures for work. As the second-largest retail company and now largest private delivery company in the U.S., Amazon exerts market power that impacts the working conditions of workers beyond its own delivery drivers. Recent reporting indicates that UPS has been experimenting with using gig deliveries, much to the consternation of the union that represents three-quarters of its workforce.

In the post-World War II era, increasing unionization led to better wages and conditions across much of the economy, including nonunionized sectors. The continuing expansion of Amazon’s business model could signal the unraveling of wages, benefits and protections for working people more generally.

Challenges and Benefits of Upgrading Sea of Thieves From C++14 to C++20

Lobsters
www.youtube.com
2025-11-07 21:13:54
Comments...

Malicious NuGet packages drop disruptive 'time bombs'

Bleeping Computer
www.bleepingcomputer.com
2025-11-07 20:53:48
Several malicious packages on NuGet have sabotage payloads scheduled to activate in 2027 and 2028, targeting database implementations and Siemens S7 industrial control devices. [...]...
Original Article

Malicious NuGet packages drop disruptive 'time bombs'

Several malicious packages on NuGet have sabotage payloads scheduled to activate in 2027 and 2028, targeting database implementations and Siemens S7 industrial control devices.

The embedded malicious code uses a probabilistic trigger, so it may or may not activate depending on a set of parameters on the infected device.

NuGet is an open-source package manager and software distribution system, enabling developers to download and include ready-to-run .NET libraries for their projects.

Wiz

Researchers at code security company Socket found nine malicious packages on NuGet, all published under the developer name shanhai666 , that featured legitimate functionality along with the harmful code.

The packages "strategically target all three major database providers used in .NET applications (SQL Server, PostgreSQL, SQLite)." However, the most dangerous of them is Sharp7Extend, which targets users of the legitimate Sharp7 library for communicating over ethernet with Siemens programmable logic controllers (PLCs).

"By appending "Extend" to the trusted Sharp7 name, the threat actor exploits developers searching for Sharp7 extensions or enhancements," Socket researchers said.

Under the shanhai666 developer name, NuGet listed 12 packages, but only nine of them included malicious code:

  1. SqlUnicorn.Core
  2. SqlDbRepository
  3. SqlLiteRepository
  4. SqlUnicornCoreTest
  5. SqlUnicornCore
  6. SqlRepository
  7. MyDbRepository
  8. MCDbRepository
  9. Sharp7Extend

At publishing time, there are no packages listed under that developer's name. But it should be noted that the delisting occurred after the download count almost reached 9,500.

Sneaking a “bomb” for 2028

According to Socket researchers, the packages contain mostly (99%) legitimate code, creating a false sense of safety and trust, but include a small 20-line malicious payload.

"The malware exploits C# extension methods to transparently inject malicious logic into every database and PLC operation," Socket explains in a report this week.

The extension methods execute every time an application performs a database query or a PLC operation. There is also a verification for the current date on the compromised system against a hardcoded trigger date, which ranges from August 8, 2027, to November 29, 2028.

Trigger date
Trigger date for November 2028
Source: Socket

If the date condition is a match, the code creates a ‘Random’ class to generate a number between 1 and 100, and if it’s higher than 80 (20% chance), calls ‘Process.GetCurrentProcess().Kill()’ for the immediate termination of the host process.

For typical PLC clients that call transactional or connection methods frequently, this would lead to an immediate stop of operations.

The Sharp7Extend package, which impersonates the legitimate Sharp7 library, a popular .NET communication layer for Siemens S7 PLCs, follows the opposite approach, immediately terminating PLC communications in 20% of cases. This mechanism is set to expire on June 6, 2028.

A second sabotage method in the Sharp7Extend package consists in code trying to read from an inexistent configuration value. As a result, the initialization always fails.

A second mechanism creates a filter value for internal PLC operations and sets a payload execution delay between 30 and 90 minutes.

After that time has elapsed, PLC writes that pass through the filter have an 80% chance to get corrupted, resulting in actuators not receiving commands, setpoints not being updated, safety systems not engaging, and production parameters not being modified.

Corrupting PLC writes
Corrupting PLC writes
Source: Socket

"The combination of immediate random process termination ( via BeginTran() ) and delayed write corruption (via ResFliter ) creates a sophisticated multi-layered attack that evolves over time," Socket researchers say.

While the exact goals and origins of these extensions remain unclear, organizations potentially impacted are recommended to immediately audit their assets for the nine packages and assume compromise if any are present.

For industrial environments running Sharp7Extend, audit PLC write operations for integrity, check safety system logs for missed commands or failed activations, and implement write-verification for critical operations.

Wiz

7 Security Best Practices for MCP

As MCP (Model Context Protocol) becomes the standard for connecting LLMs to tools and data, security teams are moving fast to keep these new services safe.

This free cheat sheet outlines 7 best practices you can start using today.

YouTube Removes Windows 11 Bypass Tutorials, Claims 'Risk of Physical Harm'

Hacker News
news.itsfoss.com
2025-11-07 20:50:40
Comments...
Original Article

When will these Big Tech platforms learn?

the youtube logo is shown here with two red horns and a tail attached to it, the background is a mix of dark green and red shades in a leftward line pattern

Published:

Last updated:

We are no strangers to Big Tech platforms occasionally reprimanding us for posting Linux and homelab content. YouTube and Facebook have done it. The pattern is familiar. Content gets flagged or removed. Platforms offer little explanation.

And when that happens, there is rarely any recourse for creators.

Now, a popular tech YouTuber, CyberCPU Tech , has faced the same treatment. This time, their entire channel was at risk.

YouTube's High-Handedness on Display

a bearded man (the host of cybercpu tech) is sat on a desk on the left, pointing at youtube's reasoning behind the strike on his channel
Source: CyberCPU Tech

Two weeks ago, Rich had posted a video on installing Windows 11 25H2 with a local account . YouTube removed it, saying that it was " encouraging dangerous or illegal activities that risk serious physical harm or death ."

Days later, Rich posted another video showing how to bypass Windows 11's hardware requirements to install the OS on unsupported systems. YouTube took that down too.

Both videos received community guidelines strikes. Rich appealed both immediately. The first appeal was denied in 45 minutes. The second in just five.

Rich initially suspected overzealous AI moderation was behind the takedowns. Later, he wondered if Microsoft was somehow involved. Without clear answers from YouTube, it was all guesswork.

Then came the twist . YouTube eventually restored both videos . The platform claimed its " initial actions " ( could be either the first takedown or appeal denial, or both ) were not the result of automation.

Now, if you have an all-organic, nature-given brain inside your head ( yes, I am not counting the cyberware -equipped peeps in the house ). Then you can easily see the problem.

If humans reviewed these videos, how did YouTube conclude that these Windows tutorials posed " risk of death "?

This incident highlights how automated moderation systems struggle to distinguish legitimate content from harmful material . These systems lack context. Big Tech companies pour billions into AI. Yet their moderation tools flag harmless tutorials as life-threatening content. Another recent instance is the removal of Enderman 's personal channel.

Meanwhile, actual spam slips through unnoticed. What these platforms need is human oversight. Automation can assist but cannot replace human judgment in complex cases.

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Local account workarounds removed just before Windows 10 goes dark.

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Our Telegram community got deleted without an explanation.

It's FOSS News Sourav Rudra

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Sourav Rudra

A nerd with a passion for open source software, building custom gaming rigs/workstations, motorsports, and more.

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VLC's Jean-Baptiste Kempf Receives the European SFS Award 2025

Hacker News
fsfe.org
2025-11-07 20:31:36
Comments...
Original Article

News

on:

The FSFE and LUGBZ have recognized VLC president and core developer with this European award for his long-term dedication to the project. What began as a student initiative has, through his continuous effort, evolved into one of the most widely used media players, with billion of users worldwide.

 SFSCON participants posing for a photo with the European SFS Award winner, the president of VLC. There is a traffic cone and a plaque with the VLC media player logo
Picture by NOI Techpark - Marco Parisi CC-BY-SA 4.0.

The Free Software Foundation Europe (FSFE), together with the Linux User Group Bolzano‑Bozen (LUGBZ), is proud to recognize Jean-Baptiste Kempf with the European SFS Award 2025, in recognition of his outstanding and lasting contributions to the Free Software movement and his long-term dedication to the VLC project.

Born as a student project in 1996, this software has evolved into an essential, all-in-one media player that plays almost anything effortlessly. Originally a simple network streaming client, it has grown into a powerful universal media player that continues to evolve and impress.

“For many people running non-free operating systems, it was the very first Free Software they ever installed. For many people running Free Software, it saved them from installing and booting into a proprietary operating system”, declared Matthias Kirschner, president of the FSFE during the Award ceremony.

Jean-Baptiste Kempf joined the project as a student, and when it faced the risk of dying after the graduation of its original developers, he took the reins. With the help of other core developers, he transformed it into the indispensable media player we rely on today.

Over the years, Kempf has become not only the president of the VideoLAN non-profit but also one of the lead developers of VLC Media Player and the founder of VideoLabs. “It’s small, fast, friendly, and seems to "understand everything you throw at it. I have always thought of it as "the program that eats everything", said Raphael Barbieri, a member of LUGBZ, during the winner’s announcement.

"I am extremely honoured to receive the European SFS Award. The Free Software multimedia community is quite niche and unknown, but we work hard so that video content can be free, can be played and processed. The work done around the VideoLAN community has been tremendous, despite its little resources. I want to thank the whole VideoLAN and FFmpeg teams, who spend their time on those projects, often with little recognition", declares Jean-Baptiste Kemp .

The European SFS Award

The European SFS Award recognizes individuals whose work has made a significant and sustained difference in advancing Free Software across Europe. Since 2023 it is presented jointly by LUGBZ and the FSFE and honours those whose efforts strengthen software freedom, community building, and the ethical foundations of technology.

In previous years, the award was given to Frank Karlitschek (2023) for his leadership with Nextcloud , and posthumously to Bram Moolenaar (2024) for creating the Vim editor .

2025 Laudatio

Raphael: There’s a program most of us have used - on laptops, phones, tablets or desktops computers. It might have run on screens in supermarkets or shops. It’s small, fast, friendly, and seems to "understand everything you throw at it". I have always thought of it as "the program that eats everything."

Matthias: This amazing software did not come from a giant technology company with a huge budget. It began more than twenty years ago - as a modest experiment by a few students at an engineering school. They wanted to solve a problem they identified. Nothing fancy - just a student project to tinker, experiment, share, and have fun. No one knew that those first lines of code written for “network 2000” would one day reach billions of users.

Raphael: Like many student projects, it almost faded away when graduation came and the contributors had other priorities. But one young engineer, who had joined the group in 2000, refused to let it die. He reorganised the code, inspired new contributors, and slowly turned a university experiment into a world-class piece of software.

Matthias: He built a healthy community fostering the software. Hundreds of volunteers joined. They contributed by programming, testing, auditing, helping others, with translations, improving the design, or promoting the software. Thereby the community grew and people started using the software on every platform – GNU/Linux and other Unix like operating systems, Windows, Android, or MacOS and iOS. For many people running non-free operating systems, it was the very first Free Software they ever installed. For many people running Free Software, it saved them from installing and booting into a proprietary operating system.

Raphael: With this success our winner was offered tempting deals - big money, advertising, corporate buyouts. Every time, he gently said no. Because it was not about maximising profit. It was about maximising freedom for computer users.

Matthias: To protect that freedom, he later founded a non-profit organisation - so the software would always belong to its community. He also founded a company to support the technical side - keeping development professional while staying true to the values of software freedom. Under his leadership, the initiative has reached billions of downloads, maintained and added amazing features - all without losing its soul.

Raphael: And there’s another thing this community is famous for - its sense of humour. Their symbol? A bright orange-and-white traffic cone. Legend has it that the original students used to collect these cones after late nights out. When it came time to pick a logo, they chose it proudly - a playful symbol of creativity, chaos, and collaboration.

Matthias: Nowadays, that little cone has become an icon you find on a huge amount of computers worldwide. At conferences their contributors wear the cones on their heads with pride as a clear sign of who they are and what they stand for.

Raphael: And the person behind it? He’s not just a brilliant engineer. He’s a leader, a mentor, and a true advocate for software freedom. In 2018, his contributions were honoured with the title of Chevalier de l’Ordre National du Mérite - the first Free Software developer ever to receive that distinction. Yes - a real knight of software freedom.

Matthias: His “Holy Grail” was not fame or fortune - it’s freedom : the freedom for billions of people to watch, listen, and share multimedia files without restrictions or surveillance. He has shown the world that integrity, community, and a bit of humour can change how we experience digital media.

Raphael: Today, we celebrate someone who has made it possible for all of us to enjoy open, universal access to media - and who continues to prove that Free Software is powerful, beautiful, and fun.

Matthias: It is our great pleasure to present the European SFS Award 2025 to the president of the VideoLAN non-profit, one of the lead developers of VLC media player, the founder of VideoLabs, the bearer of the traffic cone, and a true knight of Free Software....

Matthias & Raphael: Jean-Baptiste Kempf!

Ribir: Non-intrusive GUI framework for Rust/WASM

Hacker News
github.com
2025-11-07 20:26:26
Comments...
Original Article

Ribir - Non-intrusive GUI Framework for Rust

Ribir-logo

Use Rust to build multi-platform applications from a single codebase.

What's Ribir?

Ribir is a Rust GUI framework that helps you build beautiful and native multi-platform applications from a single codebase.

Experience a novel approach to UI development that's directly based on your data structure APIs. Any data mutation will trigger a precise UI update. Your focus should be on designing your data structure and its APIs. Then, you can describe your data's UI without intruding on its logic.

At First Glance

A simple example of a counter:

use ribir::prelude::*;

fn main() {
  App::run_with_data(
    || Stateful::new(0),
    move |cnt: &'static Stateful<i32>| {
      button! {
        h_align: HAlign::Center,
        v_align: VAlign::Center,
        on_tap: move |_| *$write(cnt) += 1,
        @pipe!($read(cnt).to_string())
      }
    }
  );
}

To use Ribir without DSL :

use ribir::prelude::*;
fn main() {
  App::run_with_data(
    || Stateful::new(0),
    move |cnt: &'static Stateful<i32>| {
      let c_cnt = cnt.clone_writer();
      let mut btn = Button::declarer();
      btn
        .on_tap(move |_| *c_cnt.write() += 1)
        .with_h_align(HAlign::Center)
        .with_v_align(VAlign::Center);
      btn.finish().with_child(pipe!($read(cnt).to_string()))
    });
}

More Examples

Features

  • Declarative language It doesn't introduce a completely new language. Instead, it provides a set of Rust macros for easier interaction. You can choose to use it or not.
  • Widgets compose system has four kinds of widgets to support you can implement your widget in different ways:
    • function widget and Compose , from other widgets composition.
    • Render , implement your layout and paint anything you want.
    • ComposeChild , control the compose logic between parent and child widgets and specify the template of child widgets.
  • Non-intrusive state converts your data to a listenable state and updates the view according to the change of the state.
  • Layout system learning and inspired by Flutter Sublinear layout, but not the same.
  • Event system is a composition event system, that supports event bubbling and capture. Allow to compose with any widget, and exists only if you use it.
  • Theme System : Supports using different themes for various parts of the sub-tree and enables theme modifications at runtime.
  • Painter converts the view to 2D paths.
  • GPU render is a backend of the Painter , do path tessellation so that you can easily render the triangles in any GPU render engine. A wgpu implementation is provided as the default GPU render engine. Tessellation base on [lyon].
  • Text support basic text typography and IME input, in a usable but rough stage.
  • Widgets library provides 20+ basic widgets, but all are in a rough stage, and the API is not stable yet.

Architecture overview

Support Platform

Platform Support situation
Linux
Windows
macOS
iOS 🚧 Not yet
Android 🚧 Not yet
Web

Ribir is actively being developed and tested on desktop platforms, with both desktop and web platforms integrated into our CI/CD pipeline.

While the framework can compile and run on mobile platforms, we haven't fully tested or adapted the user interface for them yet. We plan to focus on mobile support once the core framework is stable and a production-ready widget library is released.

Love Ribir?

If you like Ribir, give our repo a ⭐ STAR ⬆️ and WATCH 👀 our repository to stay updated with the latest developments!

Every encouragement and feedback can support us to go further.

Contributing

We are grateful to the community for contributing bug fixes and improvements.

😎 New to Ribir?

Start learning about the framework by helping us improve our documentation . Feel free to open a new "Documentation" issue . We are also very welcome:

  • Point out to us where our document has misunderstandings
  • Pull requests which improve test coverage
  • Add undocumented code (e.g. built-in widget)
  • Report typo

For more information please read:

🤔 Confused about something?

Feel free to go to Discussions and open a new "Q&A" to get help from contributors. Often questions lead to improvements to the ergonomics of the framework, better documentation, and even new features!

😱 Found a bug?

Please report all bugs ! We are happy to help support developers fix the bugs they find if they are interested and have the time.

Thanks

This project exists thanks to all the people who contributed:

We also found inspiration from the following frameworks:

License

Ribir is MIT-licensed

Tyler Hayes Suggests Trying a Flip-Style Foldable If You Want a Smaller Phone

Daring Fireball
creators.yahoo.com
2025-11-07 20:25:31
Tyler Hayes, writing for This Week The Trend: The Razr+ 2024 model measures 3.46 inches tall, but still has a 4-inch diagonal screen size. For comparison, the smallest modern (2021) iPhone is the 13 mini, and that one is 5.18 inches tall. The Razr foldable is a legitimately small phone that can ...
Original Article

I’ve been reviewing and writing about technology for over a decade, and a persistent theme over the last several years has been around the size of mobile phones. Sometimes it’s a direct call for wanting a smaller phone or a staunch refusal to buy another bigger phone. Other times it comes as lamenting the size a mobile phone used to be.

The feeling of wanting to carry a smaller device, but use the largest screen possible, is a common one. The reality, however, is that people keep buying phones with large screens. Whether it’s for a larger typing surface, the ability to make text more readable, or just to look at photos and videos bigger, the size of phones continues to grow.

If you want a small iPhone, the solution is to find a refurbished iPhone 12 mini or 13 mini. The screen size on those measures 5.4 inches. Comparatively, the current iPhone 17 has a 6.3-inch screen size. This option will work for a few years, but eventually the software won’t support these phones.

The real solution, I think, is the "clamshell" or "flip" style folding phones. Motorola and Samsung both make phones like this that fold in half. They have small screens on the outside and unfold to be a large, full-sized phone. These aren’t new, but I think they have gotten overlooked for solving the small phone problem.

In the context of carrying and using a small phone, I decided to start using a Motorola Razr again. I’ve already tested the 2024 Razr+ model for its performance, but this time around, I wanted to focus solely on its size and using the front screen. Here’s how it works as a small phone.

A foldable flip phone offers a smaller size without giving up a big screen

Holding a razr+ phone in one hand.

The Razr+ external screen is 4 inches diagonally and under 4 inches tall

(Tyler Hayes)

Before getting into the weeds about what a foldable phone like the Razr+ can do, it’s worth emphasizing why its folded size is so important.

The Razr+ 2024 model measures 3.46 inches tall, but still has a 4-inch diagonal screen size. For comparison, the smallest modern (2021) iPhone is the 13 mini, and that one is 5.18 inches tall. The Razr foldable is a legitimately small phone that can easily be held in one hand. It slips into a front pocket. It's 0.60 inches thick. That might sound bulky, but in practice, it isn't any bigger than using an iPhone with a case on it.

For anyone unfamiliar with this style of folding phone, the front screen isn’t just a novelty. It’s completely usable in the same way the larger internal screen is. By the way, the full-sized screen opens up to 6.9 inches.

How it feels to use a small-screen phone in 2025

In my return to using the phone more frequently, I was surprised by how easy it is to view emails and even type out a quick response on the front screen. Swiping through apps, selecting Apple Music, and starting a playlist was a piece of cake. Taking selfies is an ideal experience. You can see yourself and use the best camera, all at the same time.

Viewing a website on the front, 4-inch screen of Razr phone

Viewing a website on the front, 4-inch screen

(Tyler Hayes)

It felt great to grab the tiny folded phone and do some of the basic items in one hand. The 4-inch size was more than adequate to triage common tasks. But it also worked with the Kindle app, Google Drive, TikTok, and Sonos. You can do nearly anything on the front screen.

Just because the front screen can run all those apps doesn’t mean you’ll want to frequently. You probably don’t want to use TikTok or Chrome and browse websites. That might be a benefit for some people to limit their phone usage.

Flip to open

Showing a website on the Razr flip phone

The internal screen size is 6.9 inches

(Tyler Hayes)

After revisiting this style of flip phone, I’m coming around to it being a good choice for a lot of people.

Whether the phone is open or closed, you can continue using the same app on either screen. For example, you can tap on an email notification, scroll, and read the full email on the front screen. If you want a larger keyboard to respond, you can flip the phone open, and the email app will already be opened where you left off.

The same can happen in reverse. You can browse a streaming music app on the full-sized screen and then flip it shut and continue to see the album page to select different tracks.

If you want to get crazy, you can even add two apps at the same time when the screen is folded open—top and bottom.

Can you easily switch from an iPhone to an Android phone?

Motorola Razr+ next to iPhone 17 Pro

Razr+ next to iPhone 17 Pro

(Tyler Hayes)

I’ve been using the 2024 Razr+ most recently, but several phones fold in this manner. Right now, you can get Motorola's 2024 Razr+ for $599 , or the newest Razr Ultra for around $1,195. The Samsung Galaxy Z Flip7 goes for around $1,050. I’m interested in testing more of them to see if one emerges as the clear favorite. But more important than whether a specific phone is worth buying at the moment is asking whether you could realistically switch from an iPhone to an Android one.

Switching won’t be easy, but I think a lot of people would be surprised by how possible it is. The first aspect is that most major apps are available across Android and iOS. Even a lot of Apple’s apps, like Apple Music and Apple TV, are available for Android phones. Chrome makes it easy to move bookmarks and other browsing info.

Did you know that Apple and Google both offer apps to switch platforms? You can download an app that will transfer your contacts, calendar events, photos, and other data from an iPhone to Android, and vice versa .

The blue and green text bubble wars will always persist, but with the adoption of RCS across Google and Apple, there’s much less of a concern that you’ll be the one to ruin group text message threads.

There are rumors that Apple is making a book-style foldable iPhone in 2026. That means the product will be about the size of a normal iPhone and then folds open like a book to become a bigger, tablet-like device. This is fascinating, but won't solve the small-phone problem. Hopefully, Apple bends the other way too and makes a normal-sized iPhone fold down to become even smaller.

I Like My Presidents to Care When Someone Faints During a Press Event

Daring Fireball
www.youtube.com
2025-11-07 20:06:15
“Here you go, you’re OK. I’m right here.”  ★  ...

Apple is crossing a Steve Jobs red line

Hacker News
kensegall.com
2025-11-07 20:05:32
Comments...
Original Article

You can fault Tim Cook for a number of things. Number one on the list, of course, is that he is not Steve Jobs. The nerve of that man!

What made Steve an effective and visionary leader was that his values were so crystal clear. He inspired Apple’s troops to excel in innovation, design and simplicity.

But he was also passionate about something that seems almost “old school”—the customer experience. Creating the best experience would lure new customers and build brand loyalty.

This is how Steve laid out his plan to us at the ad agency when he returned to a nearly bankrupt Apple in the late 1990s. The customer experience was all-important.

From that point on, Steve would go on to spend lavishly on things that improved the experience, and he would reject—often brutally—any idea that diluted or harmed the experience.

That was Steve’s red line. Cross it if you dare.

And what is the status of that distinct red line today? Sadly, it’s getting a bit blurry.

Recent reports say that we will soon be seeing ads in Apple Maps. Just as we saw ads appear in the App Store in 2015 and get amped up in 2021.

I’ll go out on a limb and say that uninvited advertising is not normally equated with a better customer experience. Why would Apple do such a thing?

Shocker—it’s about money. One can only imagine how eyes lit up in the Apple boardroom as they celebrated a new revenue stream.

Who knows how, or even if, these ads register with Apple users as they become more visible. After all, ads are all around us today, everywhere we go. Still, many will shake their heads in disappointment that Apple—one of the richest companies on earth—is selling a piece of its soul for a bit of easy money.

What would Steve Jobs do?

I usually dodge that question on the grounds that it’s pure speculation. However, in this case, it is not speculation at all. I was in the room when Steve was presented with an eerily similar “opportunity.”

Here’s what happened.

Some time ago (1999-ish), agency chief Lee Clow and I were invited to a hastily scheduled meeting with Steve and his top lieutenants. The topic was building advertising into the Mac system software.

At that time, customers paid $125 for the annual upgrade to the Mac OS. It was proposed that Apple offer two flavors—an ad-free version for $125 and a free version subsidized by ads. Something for everyone! Free choice!

A number of ways to integrate ads were discussed.

One was to show a cool video from a respected company (such as Nike) every time the Mac starts up. Another was to place ads in the OS contextually. For example, an “out of ink” notification might contain an ad for an ink supplier.

After spirited debate, there was no immediate decision. But days later, Steve told me he had killed the idea. His bottom line was that it degraded the pure, elegant, clean interface that Mac users love.

It didn’t matter that customers would be free to choose a version with or without ads. He didn’t want any user to see the OS polluted in this way.

He was protecting Apple’s crown jewels. He wouldn’t sacrifice the purity of the Mac experience to make a few extra bucks. He avoided the slippery slope by refusing to step onto it.

All hail the red line!

Now, fast-forward to the present. Apple’s evolution tells us that red lines do not magically live forever. They exist only as long as company leaders want them to exist. Without proper maintenance, they begin to disappear.

Whatever his reason, Tim Cook is not as protective of the user experience as his predecessor was. If we were to ask Tim why it’s okay to bring ads into Apple products now, but wasn’t okay during Steve’s reign, the best (only?) answer would probably be, “Today’s Apple is very different from Steve’s Apple.”

Quite true. And that is exactly the problem.

How did I get here?

Hacker News
how-did-i-get-here.net
2025-11-07 20:01:09
Comments...
Original Article

This part of the page is still loading while I wait for the above traceroute to load.

Behind the Scenes

To reach this website, your computer sent some packets across the Internet. If we’re curious what that path was, we can run a tool to generate a traceroute — a rough list of every server your packets touched to reach their destination. To build this website ( source code on GitHub ), I wrote my own traceroute program called ktr ( also open source ) that can stream results in real time while concurrently looking up interesting information about each hop.

How does ktr work? Let’s start with a simplified explanation of Internet routing.

Starting with the source device, each computer that handles a packet has to choose the best device to forward it to — I will explain how these routing decisions are made in a bit. Assuming everything works correctly, the packet will eventually reach a router that knows how to send it directly to its destination.

My traceroute implementation uses a protocol called ICMP . ICMP was designed specifically for sending diagnostic information around the Internet, and, helpfully, almost every Internet-connected device speaks it. Interestingly, ICMP packets have a “TTL” (time to live) field. This isn’t actually a “time” as implied by a name — it’s a countdown! Every time a router forwards an ICMP packet along, it’s supposed to decrement the TTL number. When the TTL hits zero, the router should stop forwarding it along and instead send an error message to the packet’s source IP saying that the packet has reached its maximum number of hops.

We can take advantage of this TTL feature! To do a traceroute, we can send a bunch of ICMP packets with increasingly large TTLs. The first packet with a TTL of 1 will error on the first device it reaches, and so on, until we hopefully get an error back from every routing device that touched the packet. These error packets include diagnostic information like the IP address of the device that sent the error, allowing us to trace your packets’ rough path across the Internet.

Frontend Fun

This page will work perfectly fine with JavaScript disabled. From the browser’s perspective, this website just loaded slowly. From your perspective, a traceroute magically loaded in.

When you loaded this website, my program received a HTTP request coming from your IP address. It immediately started running a traceroute to your IP. Then, the server started responding to the HTTP request: it sent the beginning of this web page, and then it left the connection open. As ktr, my traceroute program, gave the server updates on your traceroute, it rendered the relevant HTML and sent it to your computer. When the traceroute finished, the server generated all the text and sent the rest of the website along the line before closing out the connection.

You may have noticed that the traceroute progressively loads in lines above the bottom line. Web pages can only load forward. Since I didn’t want to use any JavaScript, I did the hackiest thing possible: every time I update the traceroute display, I embed a CSS block that hides the previous iteration! Since browsers render CSS as the page is loading, this made it look like the traceroute was being edited over time.

Front to Back, Back to Front

My claim that this website’s traceroute was the path your packets took to reach my server was a bit of a white lie. To calculate that, I would’ve had to be able to run a traceroute to my server from your computer. Instead, I ran the traceroute from my server to your computer and just reversed it. That’s also why the traceroute at the top seemingly loads in reverse order.

Does running a “reverse traceroute” sacrifice accuracy? A little, actually.

As I said when describing Internet routing, each device a packet traverses makes a decision about where to send the packet next until it reaches its final destination. If you send a packet in the other direction, the devices might make different routing decisions… and if one device makes one different decision, the rest of the path will certainly be different.

This reverse traceroute is still helpful. The paths will be roughly the same, likely differing only in terms of which specific routers see your packet.

So, What Are All Those Networks?

This site began with talk about the “networks” you traversed to reach my server. What, concretely, are these networks?

Each network, also called an autonomous system (AS), is a collection of routers and servers that are privately connected to each other and generally owned by the same company. The owners of these autonomous systems decide the shape of the Internet by choosing which other autonomous systems to connect to. Internet traffic travels across autonomous systems that have “peering arrangements” with each other.

The Internet is often described as an open, almost anarchistic network connecting computers, some owned by people like you and me, and some owned by companies. In reality, the Internet is a network of corporation-owned networks, access and control to which is governed by financial transactions and dripping with bureaucracy.

If you want your own autonomous system, you can apply for an autonomous system number (ASN) with one of the five regional Internet registries (RIRs) that govern the Internet’s numbers. Be warned, they probably won’t listen to you if you aren’t backed by a company or you don’t have enough points of presence on the Internet. Just like we use IP addresses to identify—

Wait, what exactly do IP addresses identify? Uh… let’s say they represent devices with Internet access.

… Just like we use IP addresses to identify devices with Internet access, we use ASNs to identify the networks of the Internet. Those are the numbers like “AS24940” in the traceroute from the start.

Notes on WHOIS

One of the reasons I wrote a cool traceroute program myself is so I could pull information on which autonomous systems own the IPs along your traceroute. A couple of organizations try to keep track of which ASes contain which IP addresses. Many of them let you perform ASN lookups using the WHOIS protocol , so I wrote a small client to parse the responses from some servers I arbitrarily selected.

I then used this cool database called PeeringDB to figure out the companies behind the ASNs; PeeringDB has information on about 1/3rd of all autonomous systems. I used all of this information, alongside a couple hundred lines of if statements, to generate the text about network traversal for you.

WHOIS is actually an... interesting protocol to make a parser for. It turns out that the WHOIS protocol specification doesn't actually specify much. It specifies that you should make a TCP connection to the WHOIS server, send whatever you want to look up, and the server will send back some info and then terminate the connection. That’s all.

And yet, a lot of WHOIS servers will respond with structured-seeming information:

Screenshot of a Terminal app. Command was run: whois 198.58.104.130. Results are structured text, starting with a percent sign and the text "IANA WHOIS server."

It turns out this structure is made up by the WHOIS server administrator and there just happen to be some shared conventions between servers. Even with the level of structure, the fields you want often show up with different names (origin? originas?) or even under multiple places at once.

My “parser” ended up as less of a parser and more as a lightweight simulator of how I, a human, might read through WHOIS results to find the ASN I need.

BGP

When you send a packet across the Internet, routers sitting at the borders where these networks connect decide which network to send your packet to next, until it reaches the network that contains the destination device.

These border routers talk to each other about which networks they’re able to connect to using a protocol called Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).

BGP is the protocol that gives the Internet its shape, and you can’t directly speak it yourself .

History Time

In 1969, the same year Neil Armstrong landed on the moon, a message was (partially) sent on a prototype of the ARPANET. Over the next 20 years, this “network of interconnected computers” thing got pretty popular and everyone wanted on the train. Various universities, government agencies, and a couple random companies started making networks of their computers left and right.

A couple of these organizations started connecting their networks together so they could share data more easily. The Internet as we know it didn’t exist yet, but these network interconnections were getting out of hand and there wasn’t a great standard for coordinating them. In 1989, engineers at Cisco and IBM published RFC 1105 , describing the first ever version of BGP.

Over the next couple of years, interconnected-network people got really busy as “the Internet” rapidly became a thing. Just one year after the BGP v1 RFC, Cisco went public and brought a lot of money into the networking industry, the term “IANA” was first used to refer to the random guy and his college department that were keeping track of numbers on the Internet, ARPANET shut down for good, and BGP v2 was released.

In 1994, as the Internet-is-a-thing-now whirlwind was just beginning to calm, the final major version of BGP, v4, was specified in RFC 1654 . It was revised twice (in 1995 and 2006 ) and got some patches, but BGP v4 is still the protocol we use for choosing routes across the interconnected networks that make up the modern Internet.

How Does This BGP Thing Work?

Routers at the borders between autonomous systems (“border gateways”) keep a list of every BGP route they know about, called a routing table . Each BGP route specifies the path of ASNs that could be followed to reach an autonomous system that controls a certain collection of IP addresses.

These routes across the Internet are formed by peering relationships between autonomous systems. When the border gateways of two autonomous systems peer , they are typically agreeing to:

  1. Allow traffic to travel between the two routers, meaning BGP routes can go directly between the two ASNs.

  2. Keep each other up to date about the BGP routes they know about.

Example time! Router A of AS0001 is physically connected with Router B of AS0002 and they want to peer with each other. They send BGP messages to each other to establish a BGP session . Router A now knows that it should go through Router B for any BGP route that starts with AS0002, and vice versa.

A diagram of 3 networks. AS0001 is connected to AS0002, which is in turn connected to AS1234.

BGP peers share the routes they know about with each other in a process called route advertisement . In our above example, when Router A connects to Router B, it would tell Router B “hey, here are all the routes I know about, you can go through my ASN (and by extension, me) to reach all of them.” Router B adds all of those routes through Router A — so, starting with AS0001 — to its routing table. Whenever another one of Router A’s peers advertises a new route, Router A will advertise those forward to Router B.

AS0001 probably directly controls some IP addresses itself. Router A would advertise those to Router B as well. Router B would then, in turn, advertise those direct routes forward, telling its peers that AS0002 → AS0001 is a valid route to reach those IPs. Through this process of forwarding route advertisements to peers, BGP routes are propagated across the entire network of autonomous systems such that any border gateway hopefully knows one or multiple AS paths to reach any IP on the Internet.

To route a packet to a certain IP, a border gateway first searches its routing table for every route that would bring it to an AS that controls that IP. The router then picks the “best” route by various heuristics that include looking for the shortest path and weighing hardcoded preferences for or against certain autonomous systems. Finally, it routes the packet to the first AS in that path by sending it to that AS’s gateway router which it is peered with. That router, in turn, looks at its own routing table and makes its own decision about where to send the packet next.

Recap

  • When you loaded this website, it used my custom traceroute program to run a traceroute to your public IP ( 204.19.241.141 ), stream that over HTTP, and then render a textual explanation of the traceroute.

  • A traceroute depicts the path of routers traversed between two devices on the Internet. My particular implementation works by sending ICMP packets with increasing TTL fields.

  • These routers are in networks called autonomous systems. Routers on the edges of these ASes peer with each other using BGP. Border routers use BGP to share their routing tables with each other, and then use this knowledge to make routing decisions.

  • BGP peering sessions are created according to (often private) arrangements between the owners of autonomous systems. Since traffic can only pass between peered networks, these arrangements are the sole governor of reachability on the Internet.

Epilogue

I was frustrated with the state of understanding on the structure of the Internet and sought to write a comprehensive, interactive article covering its history and politics through the lens of protocols. However, I got caught up in a lot of complexity in life and, facing tight deadlines, didn't have the time to reach the lofty goals I had set for myself.

Thanks to the encouragement of my friends at Hack Club, I made the best out of what I had. “Better to ship a tiny raft than never ship that cruise yacht!” If nothing else, I got to make use of the sick ass traceroute program that powers the shiniest part of this site :)

I hope this serves as another fun, informative, and well-crafted thing on the web that can last, be shared around, and inspire people.

With love,
Lexi

Other Stuff

Some things to check out:

Proudly open source:

Microsoft testing faster Quick Machine Recovery in Windows 11

Bleeping Computer
www.bleepingcomputer.com
2025-11-07 19:46:32
Microsoft is testing a faster version of Quick Machine Recovery (QMR) and updated Smart App Control (SAC), allowing users to toggle it without requiring a Windows clean install. [...]...
Original Article

Windows

Microsoft is testing a faster version of Quick Machine Recovery (QMR) and updated Smart App Control (SAC), allowing users to toggle it without requiring a Windows clean install.

QMR enables IT administrators to resolve Windows boot failures remotely, eliminating the need for physical access to the system.

If Windows 11 fails to start due to a configuration change or a new driver, it boots into the Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE), launches the Quick Machine Recovery Tool, and connects to the internet to send crash data to Microsoft, allowing the admins to remove the problematic updates and adjust the settings to fix the boot issues.

Wiz

The main change announced on Friday is that the recovery task now runs a single scan to fix systems experiencing booting problems, rather than searching for solutions in a loop.

As the Windows Insider team explained today, the "Quick machine recovery" and "Automatically check for solutions" options are now enabled in the System Recovery settings to run a one-time QMR scan by default.

"On PCs with the settings' quick machine recovery' and 'automatically check for solutions' both enabled, QMR now runs a one‑time scan by default instead of repeating scans in a loop," the Windows Insider team said .

"If a fix isn't available right away, you won't be left waiting; QMR will quickly point you to the most appropriate recovery options to get you back up and running."

QMR user experience update
QMR user experience update (Microsoft)

Quick Machine Recovery was introduced in November 2024 as part of Microsoft's Windows Resiliency Initiative at Ignite 2024, in response to a massive July 2024 outage caused by a buggy CrowdStrike Falcon update that took down hundreds of thousands of Windows devices worldwide, rendering them unbootable.

Microsoft began testing quick machine recovery in late March, when it started rolling it out to Windows Insiders in the Beta Channel.

Today, the company also announced that Smart App Control , a Windows 11 security feature designed to block untrusted or potentially harmful apps at the process level, can now be toggled on and off from Windows Security > App & Browser Control > Smart App Control settings without requiring a Windows clean install.

These changes are rolling out to Windows Insiders in the Dev and Beta channels who have installed the Windows 11 Insider Preview Build 26220.7070 (KB5070300).

Last month, Microsoft also released a preview update to the Dev and Beta channels, testing a new feature that recommends running a memory scan when logging in after a Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) to improve system reliability.

Wiz

The 2026 CISO Budget Benchmark

It's budget season! Over 300 CISOs and security leaders have shared how they're planning, spending, and prioritizing for the year ahead. This report compiles their insights, allowing readers to benchmark strategies, identify emerging trends, and compare their priorities as they head into 2026.

Learn how top leaders are turning investment into measurable impact.

Should facial analysis help determine whom companies hire?

Hacker News
www.economist.com
2025-11-07 19:40:32
Comments...

Show HN: Three Emojis, a daily word puzzle for language learners

Hacker News
threeemojis.com
2025-11-07 19:36:11
Comments...
Original Article

Loading game data...

November 7, 2025

From Milliamperes to Microamperes: Lessons in Low-Power Gadgetmaking

Lobsters
www.crowdsupply.com
2025-11-07 19:35:18
Slides: https://github.com/joeycastillo/Teardown-2025-Talk/blob/main/From%20Milliamperes%20to%20Microamperes.pdf Comments...
Original Article

We want to make objects that delight people — and nothing kills delight faster than a dead battery. In this talk, Joey Castillo will show you how to build devices that sip power by the microwatt, instead of gulping it down by the milliwatt.

We’ll talk about decisions you can make at the very start of your process, including circuit design and component selection, that can have a profound impact on the current draw and battery life of your device. We’ll run power profiling on a gadget that makes some crucial (but plausible!) mistakes, identify those mistakes, and find ways to improve the design.

Then we’ll dive deep into strategies for writing code that makes the most of the available power budget, using real-world examples derived from my work on Sensor Watch, a wristwatch board swap that stretches a 100 milliampere-hour coin cell to a run time of two years or more.

Whether you’re about to embark on a new product design, or you have an existing product out there in the world, you’ll almost certainly walk out of this talk with at least one concrete idea that can reduce its power consumption.

Projects Launched by Joey

Watch the recording

Missed this event? Watch it here.

James Watson, Co-Discoverer of the Structure of DNA, Is Dead at 97

Hacker News
www.nytimes.com
2025-11-07 19:30:18
Comments...
Original Article

Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker

Why Nextcloud feels slow to use

Lobsters
ounapuu.ee
2025-11-07 19:27:56
Comments...
Original Article

Nextcloud. I really want to like it, but it’s making it really difficult.

I like what Nextcloud offers with its feature set and how easily it replaces a bunch of services under one roof (files, calendar, contacts, notes, to-do lists, photos etc.), but no matter how hard I try and how much I optimize its resources on my home server, it feels slow to use, even on hardware that is ranging from decent to good. Then I opened developer tools and found the culprit.

It’s the Javascript.

On a clean page load, you will be downloading about 15-20 MB of Javascript, which does compress down to about 4-5 MB in transit, but that is still a huge amount of Javascript. For context, I consider 1 MB of Javascript to be on the heavy side for a web page/app.

Yes, that Javascript will be cached in the browser for a while, but you will still be executing all of that on each visit to your Nextcloud instance, and that will take a long time due to the sheer amount of code your browser now has to execute on the page.

A significant contributor to this heft seems to be the core-common.js bundle, which based on its name seems to provide some common functionality that’s shared across different Nextcloud apps that one can install. It’s coming in at 4.71 MB at the time of writing.

Then you want notifications, right? NotificationsApp.chunk.mjs is here to cover you, at 1.06 MB .

Then there are the app-specific views. The Calendar app is taking up 5.94 MB to show a basic calendar view.

Nextcloud Calendar app Javascript assets.
Nextcloud Calendar app Javascript assets.
This is what 14 MB of Javascript gets you, after about 30 seconds of loading on a poor connection.
This is what 14 MB of Javascript gets you, after about 30 seconds of loading on a poor connection.

Files app includes a bunch of individual scripts, such as EditorOutline ( 1.77 MB ), previewUtils ( 1.17 MB ), index ( 1.09 MB ), emoji-picker ( 0.9 MB which I’ve never used!) and many smaller ones.

Nextcloud Files app Javascript assets.
Nextcloud Files app Javascript assets.
This is what 18.8 MB of Javascript gets you. I waited for a whole minute for it to load in a real world poor internet
connectivity scenario.
This is what 18.8 MB of Javascript gets you. I waited for a whole minute for it to load in a real world poor internet connectivity scenario.

Notes app with its basic bare-bones editor? 4.36 MB for the notes-main.js !

Nextcloud Notes app Javascript assets. This isn't even half of it!
Nextcloud Notes app Javascript assets. This isn't even half of it!
20.91 MB of Javascript, for this?
20.91 MB of Javascript, for this?

This means that even on an iPhone 13 mini, opening the Tasks app (to-do list), will take a ridiculously long time. Imagine opening your shopping list at the store and having to wait 5-10 seconds before you see anything, even with a solid 5G connection. Sounds extremely annoying, right?

I suspect that a lot of this is due to how Nextcloud is architected. There’s bound to be some hefty common libraries and tools that allow app developers to provide a unified experience, but even then there is something seriously wrong with the end result, the functionality to bundle size ratio is way off.

As a result, I’ve started branching out some things from Nextcloud, such as replacing the Tasks app with using a private Vikunja instance, and Photos to a private Immich instance. Vikunja is not perfect, but its 1.5 MB of Javascript is an order of magnitude smaller compared to Nextcloud, making it feel incredibly fast in comparison.

However, with other functionality I have to admit that the convenience of Nextcloud is enough to dissuade me from replacing it elsewhere, due to the available feature set comparing well to alternatives.

For now.

I’m sure that there are some legitimate reasons behind the current state, and overworked development teams and volunteers are unfortunately the norm in the industry, but it doesn’t take away the fact that the user experience and accessibility suffers as a result.

I’d like to thank Alex Russell for writing about web performance and why it matters, with supporting evidence and actionable advice, it has changed how I view websites and web apps and has pushed me to be better in my own work. I highly suggest reading his content, starting with the performance inequality gap series. It’s educational, insightful and incredibly irritating once you learn how crap most things are and how careless a lot of development teams are towards performance and accessibility.

FFmpeg Assembly Language Lessons

Lobsters
github.com
2025-11-07 19:15:34
Comments...
Original Article

Welcome to the FFmpeg School of Assembly Language. You have taken the first step on the most interesting, challenging, and rewarding journey in programming. These lessons will give you a grounding in the way assembly language is written in FFmpeg and open your eyes to what's actually going on in your computer.

Required Knowledge

  • Knowledge of C, in particular pointers. If you don't know C, work through The C Programming Language book
  • High School Mathematics (scalar vs vector, addition, multiplication etc)

Lessons

In this Git repository there are lessons and assignments (not uploaded yet) that correspond with each lessons. By the end of the lessons you'll be able to contribute to FFmpeg.

A discord server is available to answer questions: https://discord.com/invite/Ks5MhUhqfB

Translations

The state of the Rust dependency ecosystem

Lobsters
00f.net
2025-11-07 19:10:22
Comments...
Original Article

Over the past few days, I analyzed over 200,000 crates from crates.io to uncover patterns in maintenance, developer engagement, security, and overall ecosystem health.

The results: a mix of fascinating insights, concerning trends, and reasons for optimism.

Methodology and dataset

The analysis covered 200,650 crates from crates.io as of October 2025 . I combined several techniques:

  • Full statistical analysis across all crates for maintenance and update patterns
  • Dependency graph analysis of the 1,000 most downloaded crates
  • Version history analysis of 13,186 crates with detailed release data
  • Author-level insights from 3,663 developers
  • Security scanning of 50,000 crates for accidentally published secrets
  • Spam and quality review of 17,406 sampled crates

All data came from the crates.io API , processed through custom tools.

Ecosystem overview: scale and activity

The Rust ecosystem has exploded in size since 2014. Among 59,584 crates with over 10,000 downloads, we see the following trends:

  • Average time since last update: 771 days (about 2.1 years)
  • Median time since last update: 454 days (1.2 years)
  • Recently active (updated in last 30 days): 13.9%
  • Potentially stale (inactive for over 2 years): 38.6%

How active are the crates?

Here’s a snapshot of when crates were last updated:

Age Range Percentage of Crates
0-30 days 13.86%
1-6 months 18.13%
6-12 months 12.69%
1-2 years 16.72%
2-3 years 11.35%
3-5 years 14.28%
5+ years 12.98%

This shows a healthy mix: some crates under active development, and others stable enough that they don’t need frequent updates.

The maintenance challenge

Abandoned crates

Of the 200,650 crates analyzed, a large portion face maintenance challenges:

  • 45.2% haven’t been updated in over 2 years
  • 41.5% are one-shot crates, published once and never touched again
  • 36.0% are actively maintained

The rise of one-shot crates is striking. Back in 2015, only 1.4% of new crates were never updated. By 2025, it’s 52.8% . That shows how much easier publishing has become; a double-edged sword that fuels experimentation but also clutters the ecosystem.

Crate lifetime patterns

Lifetime Avg Versions/Year Abandonment Rate
< 1 year 128.44 50.5%
1-2 years 11.18 33.8%
2-3 years 8.39 31.0%
3-5 years 7.76 24.9%
5-7 years 6.00 18.3%
7+ years 4.32 7.1%

Crates that survive beyond seven years rarely disappear. These are the libraries that stand the test of time, well-maintained, trusted, and essential to the ecosystem.

The abandoned dependency problem

Abandoned crates are one thing, but abandoned dependencies are more dangerous. Among the top 1,000 most downloaded crates, I found 249 abandoned dependencies , including some crucial ones:

  • quickcheck (4.8 years abandoned) – 52 major crates depend on it (9.9B downloads)
  • doc-comment (5.3 years abandoned) – 22 dependents (6.7B downloads)
  • static_assertions (6.0 years abandoned) – 27 dependents (4.4B downloads)
  • hex (4.6 years abandoned) – 26 dependents (2.9B downloads)
  • fnv (5.4 years abandoned) – 11 dependents (3.4B downloads)

These crates form the quiet infrastructure under billions of downloads, yet many haven’t seen updates in years.

Version lag and migration

Not all problems are about abandonment. Some are about lag . Out of the ecosystem, 158 popular dependencies show major version gaps where most users haven’t upgraded, even after a year.

Dependency Latest Major Years Old Projects on Old Versions Total Users
syn 2 2.6 86 543
sha2 0.11 1.8 75 156
env_logger 0.11 1.7 72 181
smallvec 2 1.9 44 171
base64 0.22 1.6 38 212
bincode 2 4.0 37 159

Take syn , the cornerstone of procedural macros. Version 2.0 came out more than two years ago, yet 86 of its 543 dependents still use the older version. Similarly, almost half of sha2 users remain on outdated releases.

Why? It’s not laziness. Upgrades are costly: breaking APIs, dependency conflicts, and testing overhead all play a role. Rust is unusual in that even popular dependencies frequently make breaking API changes.

Developer engagement patterns

A big question: do Rust developers stay engaged or burn out after the initial hype?

The excitement decay hypothesis

Hypothesis: Developers discover Rust, get excited, publish lots of crates, then fade away.

Verdict: True for about 25% of developers.

Crate-level activity

Among 13,186 crates with at least five versions:

  • 9.7% show clear burst patterns (heavy early activity, then decline)
  • 43.4% drop in release frequency between Year 1 and Year 3+
Period Avg Versions per Year
Year 1 12.80
Year 2 9.33
Year 3+ 7.25

So yes, some developers burn bright and fade fast. But 90% keep steady activity or complete projects intentionally.

Across 3,663 authors :

  • 25.6% show burst-then-decay patterns
  • 17.8% have been inactive for 2+ years
  • Average change in activity: -33.8%

Interestingly, the most experienced developers tend to ramp up activity after a few years:

Career Stage Avg Versions per Year
Year 1 27.5
Year 2 25.6
Year 3+ 36.8

Sustained contributors aren’t fading: they’re accelerating.

Developer archetypes

From all this, five main archetypes emerge:

  1. Burst developers (25%) : intense early activity, then decline
  2. Consistent maintainers (40%) : steady, reliable updates
  3. Ramp-up developers (20%) : grow steadily over time
  4. Completionists (10%) : finish their projects, then move on
  5. Core contributors (5%) : maintain the ecosystem backbone

Some stand out as powerhouses. For instance, kdy1 has released 36,043 versions across 111 crates.

Ecosystem quality: spam and placeholders

Out of 17,406 crates reviewed for spam and low-quality content:

  • 11% are likely spam, placeholders, or test crates
  • Extrapolated, that’s about 22,000 crates in the full ecosystem

Typical spam clues

  • Single-version crates with no updates
  • No repository or homepage
  • Names containing “test” or “placeholder”
  • Empty or generic descriptions

Examples include “hello-world-rust-test” , “my-first-crate” , and even single-letter names reserved by opportunists.

While the 11% figure sounds high, most of these are harmless learning experiments. They don’t impact real-world use much but highlight the need for better categorization.

Security concerns

Packages published with cargo publish may include unwanted files, especially given the existence of the --allow-dirty flag.

Scanning 50,000 crates for sensitive data revealed 4,381 potential security issues . Here’s the breakdown:

Type Count Severity Description
Sensitive file extensions 2,053 Medium .pem, .key, .p12 files
Connection strings 1,146 High Credentials in URLs
Backup files 412 Low Editor or config backups
Private key headers 233 Critical Actual private keys
Database URLs 184 Critical Exposed DB credentials
AWS access keys 20 Critical AWS API keys
GitHub tokens 7 Critical Access tokens
Stripe keys 4 Critical Payment API keys

Manual verification reduced false positives dramatically:

  • 65.6% were harmless test data
  • 29.7% were likely real secrets
  • 4.7% required further review

After analysis, 92 crates still contained real credentials, including 6 AWS keys and one live GitHub token.

Ecosystem health: the big picture

What’s going well

  1. Crates surviving over 7 years have only 7% abandonment
  2. Top maintainers stay highly active
  3. Many authors increase output over time
  4. Stable crates often mean maturity, not neglect
  5. Strong survivorship of quality projects

What’s worrying

  1. 45% of all crates inactive for 2+ years
  2. Critical dependencies abandoned for 4–8 years
  3. Major version upgrades often delayed for years
  4. Over half of new crates never updated
  5. Around 90 crates leaked real credentials

The reality behind the numbers

The headline abandonment rate isn’t as bad as it sounds. Some crates might be done rather than abandoned . Stable libraries don’t need frequent updates. Learning projects were never meant for production. The real concern lies with critical dependencies which underpin countless other crates but no longer receive maintenance.

Conclusion

The Rust ecosystem is vast, creative, and resilient. With over 200,000 crates , it shows the hallmarks of a thriving open-source community: energy, innovation, and a strong core of dedicated maintainers. Yet challenges persist. Nearly half of crates are inactive, key dependencies have gone unmaintained for years, and security vigilance must improve.

Still, the story is largely positive. Most developers maintain steady engagement or grow over time. Many crates are intentionally complete. And the ecosystem continues to evolve.

Ruby Solved My Problem

Hacker News
newsletter.masilotti.com
2025-11-07 18:45:35
Comments...
Original Article

Yesterday I hosted November’s Hotwire Native Office Hours .

Every month I host an hour long Zoom session for developers to directly ask me questions. The topics range greatly: some folks are just getting started and others are asking very specific, advanced questions.

This month we covered everything from registering bridge components to native vs. web-based tabs to authenticating Apple Watch apps! It’s really fun to see what folks are working on in the Hotwire Native space.

During the session I shared some code I wrote to figure out what version a Hotwire Native app is running. The app sends the version in the user agent (e.g. v1.2.3 ) and then I parse it with the following Ruby class on the server:

class AppVersion
  include Comparable

  attr_reader :major, :minor, :patch

  def initialize(version_string)
    parts = version_string.to_s.split(”.”).map(&:to_i)
    @major, @minor, @patch = parts[0] || 0, parts[1] || 0, parts[2] || 0
  end

  def <=>(other)
    [major, minor, patch] <=> [other.major, other.minor, other.patch]
  end

  def to_s
    “#{major}.#{minor}.#{patch}”
  end
end

And it works great! I use this throughout my apps to feature flag code based on which version the app is running.

But someone brought up something even better: Gem::Version . This class accomplishes the same goal: “process string versions into comparable values”.

irb(main)> Gem::Version.new("1.2.3") > Gem::Version.new("1.2.2")
=> true

irb(main)> Gem::Version.new("2.0") > Gem::Version.new("1.2.2")
=> true

It can even compare prerelease versions, like alphas or betas.

irb(main)> Gem::Version.new("2.0.b1") > Gem::Version.new("1.9")
=> true
irb(main)> Gem::Version.new("2.0") > Gem::Version.new("2.0.b1")
=> true

The big advantage this class has over my implementation is that it’s built into Ruby!

It’s not even a Rails dependency but part of the standard Ruby library. Internally, this class is used to compare version numbers when parsing your Gemfile . Check out the documentation , I picked up a few things on semantic versioning when reading it.

I’ve already replaced my AppVersion class with Gem::Version . But it makes me wonder what other Ruby/Rails features I don’t know about and am implementing on my own!

I never would have learned about Gem::Version if it wasn’t for someone bringing it up during office hours. I’d still be using my custom (and most likely buggy!) AppVersion implementation… like a chump. 😅

But seriously, this is why I love connecting with folks in the Ruby/Rails community. Every time I go to an event, host a workshop, give a talk… I learn something new. Sometimes it’s small things like Gem::Version . Other times it completely changes my career, like the first time I heard about Hotwire Native.

I’ve taken this to heart and recently started organizing monthly Coffee and Code coworking sessions in my city, Portland, OR. Every month I post up at a local coffee shop with my laptop and invite all of the Portland Ruby Brigade to join.

This month we had five people! It’s no corporate-sponsored-meetup but it sure is something. And the connections that folks are making during these casual events are real. I’ve already seen folks exchange emails for potential future contract gigs.

What’s the first step you can take today to build some community in your local area? Even if it is just finally inviting that connection-to-be for a beverage… I say go for it.

If you want to join next month’s office hours then consider becoming a paid subscriber of my newsletter. I hope to see you there! 👋

Hotwire Native Office Hours

Every month I host an hour-long Zoom session for Hotwire Native developers to ask questions, share progress, and connect with others building the same way.

Discussion about this post

Sam Altman Subpoenaed on Stage

Hacker News
twitter.com
2025-11-07 18:33:09
Comments...

Myna: Monospace typeface designed for symbol-heavy programming languages

Hacker News
github.com
2025-11-07 18:27:36
Comments...
Original Article

Myna Version License

Do you ever feel like your font treats symbols as second-class glyphs? Are you frustrated that -> looks nothing like an arrow, and $ , @ , % seem ever mismatched?

Want to experience the beauty of ligatures without losing the simplicity of ASCII?

Myna ( Gracula religiosa 🐦‍⬛) is a monospace font which aims to bring harmony to your editor by treating symbols as first-class glyphs alongside alphanumeric characters.

Why Myna?

Myna was borne out of a need to scratch a persistent typographical itch. While I've tried many otherwise well-crafted monospace fonts, I always found myself wanting to tweak a glyph here or adjust a shape there. After developing Myna and using it almost exclusively in my professional and personal work, I'm sharing it as a small contribution to the wonderful community of monospace typography enthusiasts.

Here are a few of its attractive features that might make it your next favourite monospace font:

  • Symbol-First Design : clear emphasis on ASCII symbols which are ubiquitous in programming languages
  • Near-Perfect Alignment : multi-character symbols like -> , >>= , =~ , :: align seamlessly
  • Balanced Weight : symbols have just the right visual weight against your code
  • Minimalist Forms : geometric shapes for quotes and commas
  • Clear Distinction : no more confusing 1 l I | or 0 O o
  • Language-Aware Design : clean sigils for Perl + elegant operators for Haskell + clear symbols for C

NB: Myna is designed to be a simple font. The current release is a single weight without ligatures, though future updates may expand its features if demand arises. It does work out nicely with synthesised bold generated by fontconfig and pango on Linux.

Showcase

Perl Haskell C

Please click on the image to view it in full in a new tab.

Language Light Dark
Perl
Haskell
C
Bash
Clojure
Erlang
OCaml
Rust
LaTeX
HTML
SQL

Installation

Linux

git clone https://github.com/sayyadirfanali/Myna.git
cd Myna
cp Myna.otf ~/.local/share/fonts/
fc-cache -v

macOS

git clone https://github.com/sayyadirfanali/Myna.git
cd Myna
cp Myna.otf ~/Library/Fonts/

Windows

  1. Download the release
  2. Right-click Myna.otf and select "Install for all users"

License

SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1

Credits

Myna started out as Hera which was a customised version of Source Code Pro but now has come a long way after stealing many beautiful designs from Fira Mono, Inconsolata, Plex Mono, Office Code Pro, Anonymous Pro. Detailed credits could be found in the Hera repository.

Code banner and illustrations were produced using ImageMagick and Ray.so .

Future

Myna is designed to be used universally in every kind of terminal and editor. I've tried to include a reasonable subset of non-ASCII glyphs (mostly geometrical and mathematical characters). However, I'm considering expanding it based on community interest and would welcome contributions in these areas:

  • Bug Reports: spacing and kerning issues, rendering problems, unavailable/incorrect glyphs
  • Feature Requests: suggest new glyphs or features via GitHub Issues

Please feel free to open issues and also contact me at irfan@irfanali.org .

QNAP fixes seven NAS zero-day flaws exploited at Pwn2Own

Bleeping Computer
www.bleepingcomputer.com
2025-11-07 18:24:43
QNAP has fixed seven zero-day vulnerabilities that security researchers exploited to hack QNAP network-attached storage (NAS) devices during the Pwn2Own Ireland 2025 competition. [...]...
Original Article

QNAP

QNAP has fixed seven zero-day vulnerabilities that security researchers exploited to hack QNAP network-attached storage (NAS) devices during the Pwn2Own Ireland 2025 competition.

The flaws impact QNAP's QTS and QuTS hero operating systems (CVE-2025-62847, CVE-2025-62848, CVE-2025-62849) and the company's Hyper Data Protector (CVE-2025-59389), Malware Remover (CVE-2025-11837), and HBS 3 Hybrid Backup Sync (CVE-2025-62840, CVE-2025-62842) software.

QNAP said in advisories published on Friday that the security bugs were demonstrated at Pwn2Own by the Summoning Team, DEVCORE, Team DDOS, and a CyCraft technology intern.

Wiz

To patch these security flaws, QNAP recommends updating software to the latest version and changing all passwords for increased security.

QNAP has fixed all these vulnerabilities in the following software versions:

  • Hyper Data Protector 2.2.4.1 and later
  • Malware Remover 6.6.8.20251023 and later
  • HBS 3 Hybrid Backup Sync 26.2.0.938 and later
  • QTS 5.2.7.3297 build 20251024 and later
  • QuTS hero h5.2.7.3297 build 20251024 and later
  • QuTS hero h5.3.1.3292 build 20251024 and later

Users who want to update their OS to log in to QTS or QuTS Hero as an administrator should go to Control Panel > System > Firmware Update and click "Check for Update" under Live Update.

To update the vulnerable apps, first log in to QTS or QuTS hero as an admin, then open the App Center and click the search button. Type the name of the app you want to update and press ENTER. In the search results, click "Update," and then confirm the action by clicking "OK" on the confirmation message that appears.

"To secure your device, we recommend regularly updating your system to the latest version to benefit from vulnerability fixes. You can check the product support status to see the latest updates available to your NAS model," QNAP said .

One year ago, the NAS maker patched two other zero-days exploited during the Pwn2Own Ireland 2024 contest: an OS command injection weakness ( CVE-2024-50388 ) in the Hybrid Backup Sync disaster recovery and data backup solution, and an SQL injection (SQLi) vulnerability ( CVE-2024-50387 ) in QNAP's SMB Service.

Today, QNAP also released QuMagie 2.7.0 with patches for a critical SQLi vulnerability (CVE-2025-52425) in its photo management and sharing solution that can allow remote attackers to execute unauthorized code or commands on vulnerable devices.

Wiz

7 Security Best Practices for MCP

As MCP (Model Context Protocol) becomes the standard for connecting LLMs to tools and data, security teams are moving fast to keep these new services safe.

This free cheat sheet outlines 7 best practices you can start using today.

New LandFall spyware exploited Samsung zero-day via WhatsApp messages

Bleeping Computer
www.bleepingcomputer.com
2025-11-07 18:23:25
A threat actor exploited a zero-day vulnerability in Samsung's Android image processing library to deploy a previously unknown spyware called 'LandFall' using malicious images sent over WhatsApp. [...]...
Original Article

New LandFall spyware exploited Samsung zero-day via WhatsApp messages

A threat actor exploited a zero-day vulnerability in Samsung’s Android image processing library to deploy a previously unknown spyware called 'LandFall' using malicious images sent over WhatsApp.

The security issue was patched this year in April , but researchers found evidence that the LandFall operation was active since at least July 2024, and targeted select Samsung Galaxy users in the Middle East.

Identified as CVE-2025-21042, the zero-day is an out-of-bounds write in libimagecodec.quram.so and has a critical severity rating. A remote attacker successfully exploiting it can execute arbitrary code on a target device.

Wiz

According to researchers at Palo Alto Networks’ Unit 42, the LandFall spyware is likely a commercial surveillance framework used in targeted intrusions.

The attacks begin with the delivery of a malformed .DNG raw image format with a .ZIP archive appended towards the end of the file.

Embedded ZIP in image file
Embedded ZIP in image file
Source: Unit 42

Unit 42 researchers retrieved and examined samples that were submitted to the VirusTotal scanning platform starting July 23, 2024, indicating WhatsApp as the delivery channel, based on the filenames used.

From a technical perspective, the DNGs embed two main components: a loader ( b.so ) that can retrieve and load additional modules, and a SELinux policy manipulator ( l.so ), which modifies security settings on the device to elevate permissions and establish persistence.

LandFall flowchart
LandFall flowchart
Source: Unit 42

According to the researchers, LandFall can fingerprint devices based on hardware and SIM IDs (IMEI, IMSI, the SIM card number, user account, Bluetooth, location services, or the list of installed applications.

However, additional capabilities observed include executing modules, achieving persistence, evading detection, and bypassing protections. Among the spying features, the malware counts:

  • microphone recording
  • call recording
  • location tracking
  • accessing photos, contacts, SMS, call logs, and files
  • accessing the browsing history

According to Unit 42’s analysis, the spyware targets Galaxy S22, S23, and S24 series devices, as well as Z Fold 4 and Z Flip 4, covering a broad range of Samsung’s latest flagship models, excluding the latest S25 series devices.

It’s worth noting that LandFall and its use of DNG images is another case of broader exploitation seen recently in commercial spyware tools.

There have been exploitation chains in the past involving the DNG format for Apple iOS, with CVE-2025-43300 , and also for WhatsApp, with CVE-2025-55177 .

Samsung also fixed CVE-2025-21043 recently, which also impacts libimagecodec.quram.so , after WhatsApp security researchers discovered and reported it.

DMG processing flaw exploitation timeline
DMG processing flaw exploitation timeline
Source: Unit 42

Attribution murky

The data from the VirusTotal samples that the researchers examined indicate potential targets in Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Morocco.

Unit 42 was able to identify and correlate six command-and-control (C2) servers with the LandFall campaign, some of them flagged for malicious activity by Turkey’s CERT.

C2 domain registration and infrastructure patterns share similarities with those seen in Stealth Falcon operations, originating from the United Arab Emirates.

Another clue is the use of the “Bridge Head” name for the loader component, a naming convention that is commonly seen in NSO Group, Variston, Cytrox, and Quadream products.

However, LandFall could not be confidently linked to any known threat groups or spyware vendors.

To protect against spyware attacks, apply security updates for your mobile OS and apps promptly, disable automatic media downloading on messaging apps, and consider activating ‘Advanced Protection’ on Android and ‘Lockdown Mode’ on iOS .

Wiz

The 2026 CISO Budget Benchmark

It's budget season! Over 300 CISOs and security leaders have shared how they're planning, spending, and prioritizing for the year ahead. This report compiles their insights, allowing readers to benchmark strategies, identify emerging trends, and compare their priorities as they head into 2026.

Learn how top leaders are turning investment into measurable impact.

Rockstar employee shares account of the company's union-busting efforts

Hacker News
gtaforums.com
2025-11-07 18:22:09
Comments...
Original Article

PolishRye

Recommended Posts

Recommended

Posted by Organize,

Hey everyone, R* Employee of many years here!   Understandably I want to remain anonymous due to retaliation from the Company, but I may be willing to verify I'm an employee with @Spider-Vice via DM (if required). I am also a member of the Union.   I've been reading a lot of the discussion on here and elsewhere about the firing of more than 34 of my colleagues last week (31 in the UK + 3 in Canada) and have seen a lot of disinformation and lies that are really concerning. Par

Recommended by Spider-Vice

PolishRye

PolishRye

I mean, firing 30-40 people in one day, all of 'em part of a private trade union chat group on Discord, for "gross misconduct"?
Seems like a pretty clear case of blatant union busting.

Edited by PolishRye

  • GhettoJesus, CorgiBeuts and lol232
  • Like 3

Jason

Jason

It's mostly been discussed in the GTA VI subforum.

universetwisters

universetwisters

5 hours ago, Jason said:

It's mostly been discussed in the GTA VI subforum.

I think people are avoiding there cuz of either spoilers or they wanna avoid the yapping

They're covering it up by saying it's because the people who got fired were leaking stuff and them being union members was coincidence. But, if they were really leaking stuff, where is the leaked materials?

  • Featured Comment
  • Popular Post

Organize

Organize

  • Featured Comment
  • Popular Post

Hey everyone, R* Employee of many years here!

Understandably I want to remain anonymous due to retaliation from the Company, but I may be willing to verify I'm an employee with @Spider-Vice via DM (if required). I am also a member of the Union.

I've been reading a lot of the discussion on here and elsewhere about the firing of more than 34 of my colleagues last week (31 in the UK + 3 in Canada) and have seen a lot of disinformation and lies that are really concerning. Particularly concerning how so many folk are willing to believe the Company's excuses.

Last week, my colleagues who were in the studio were each individually messaged by HR for a short friendly meeting, under the friendly guise of "Hey, are you free for a quick chat?"

Upon attending this meeting they were handed an envelope with a short letter stating that their employment had been terminated for "gross misconduct" regarding posts made in Discord.

They failed to provide any evidence when asked, nor was any stated in the letter. And did not divulge any other information or reasoning - "and no other reason"

They refused their right to Union representation in the disciplinary meeting (which is against UK employment law) and were frogmarched out of the studio with the meeting lasting less than 5 minutes.

For colleagues who were not in the Studio that day, they received a phone call from HR that lasted less than 2 minutes telling them they were fired and that they'd receive the same letter as above. I am aware of one employee who had a panic attack at this moment, and HR hung up on them during this panic attack not caring at all about their wellbeing.

These colleagues of mine were hard workers who have spent many many years at R* in critical roles. With colleagues who have been at R* for more that 18 years and none of them have ever had a disciplinary in that time. They are not easily replaced and will certainly affect us in making our project deadlines.

These are very senior artists, animators, QA testers, designers, programmers and producers. Including Leads. All super talented people who were proud of their work over multiple R* titles, and all they wanted was the best for R* and their fellow colleagues.

Some of these members were off sick, recovering from surgery or on paternity leave. Fired without pay, losing their careers and putting them into hardship in the lead up to Christmas, and even potentially losing their VISAs to work in the UK.

Let me make this clear! I never saw any discussion/leaking of Rockstar projects in the Union Discord. The only ever discussion was around unionisation efforts and the working conditions at R*. The Discord wasn't public. It was a private Discord group that only contained R* employees and the IWGB Union officials.

This was Union Busting and nothing else! Everyone fired was a Union Member, they were also predominantly from those who were on the Union Organising Committees of each UK studio.

Just one week before, the Union had reached ~200 members taking us over the 10% threshold required to seek recognition and begin engaging in collective bargaining. Allowing us to negotiate directly with management on the key issues that affect us: worsening crunch, inadequate pay and inflexible working arrangements.

They have fired over 34 of us now. There were over 250 of us in that Union/Employee Discord group. There is the fear that if they get away with this, they'll have nothing stopping them from doing this again and again.

Those of us who are lucky and remain for now work in fear! Fearful when talking to each other at the tea prep, fearful that we're next in line and are easily got rid of, too scared to go outside the studio and talk to (or even acknowledge) our colleagues outside protesting in fear of reprisals. Morale in the studio is at rock bottom. When we should be excited about what's to come over the next year we are now totally deflated and our trust and confidence in others is totally shot.

Which is the truly heartbreaking part, as for us in the Union, all of our ambition was to make R* a happier, fairer, safer and more equitable place. That's all. What has happened clearly shows that we care more about the wellbeing of our colleagues at Rockstar than the Company does.

The union remains unbowed and is fighting to win the reinstatement of every dismissed member of staff at Rockstar through legal means and campaigning.

This fight is critical, if Rockstar can get away with this, they will keep treating their workers with disdain, disrespect, and subjecting them to continued illegal treatment.

Thanks for your time, and I hope this is some truth that helps you all understand what's going on here at the moment.

I you would be so kind, you can contribute to the fundraiser to support those fighting their dismissal here: https://actionnetwork.org/fundraising/support-rockstar-workers-fighting-unfair-dismissals/

It would be really appreciated if you could also share the above link. I won’t be cross posting this to other forums, but please feel free to share.

Cheers x

Spider-Vice

Spider-Vice

12 minutes ago, Organize said:

I may be willing to verify I'm an employee with @Spider-Vice via DM (if required).

Before anyone piles on them, this has been confirmed with me.

jonnhy_xv

jonnhy_xv

damn what is going on over there wtf

  • MrBreak16 and Agent-Jalapeno
  • Like 2

Vashter

Vashter

image.thumb.png.210101103215c4b8e4cd9ac2b0b1cf92.png

I am curious what post was it.

Silver

Silver

Kinda ironic I feel that a couple years ago or so we learned about R* making efforts to improve their work environment so as to avoid crunch and so on, and now they fire employees for wanting said environment to be even fairer and safer for them.

Business as usual I guess...

T0X1C

T0X1C

39 minutes ago, Organize said:

Hey everyone, R* Employee of many years here!

Understandably I want to remain anonymous due to retaliation from the Company, but I may be willing to verify I'm an employee with @Spider-Vice via DM (if required). I am also a member of the Union.

I've been reading a lot of the discussion on here and elsewhere about the firing of more than 34 of my colleagues last week (31 in the UK + 3 in Canada) and have seen a lot of disinformation and lies that are really concerning. Particularly concerning how so many folk are willing to believe the Company's excuses.

Last week, my colleagues who were in the studio were each individually messaged by HR for a short friendly meeting, under the friendly guise of "Hey, are you free for a quick chat?"

Upon attending this meeting they were handed an envelope with a short letter stating that their employment had been terminated for "gross misconduct" regarding posts made in Discord.

They failed to provide any evidence when asked, nor was any stated in the letter. And did not divulge any other information or reasoning - "and no other reason"

They refused their right to Union representation in the disciplinary meeting (which is against UK employment law) and were frogmarched out of the studio with the meeting lasting less than 5 minutes.

For colleagues who were not in the Studio that day, they received a phone call from HR that lasted less than 2 minutes telling them they were fired and that they'd receive the same letter as above. I am aware of one employee who had a panic attack at this moment, and HR hung up on them during this panic attack not caring at all about their wellbeing.

These colleagues of mine were hard workers who have spent many many years at R* in critical roles. With colleagues who have been at R* for more that 18 years and none of them have ever had a disciplinary in that time. They are not easily replaced and will certainly affect us in making our project deadlines.

These are very senior artists, animators, QA testers, designers, programmers and producers. Including Leads. All super talented people who were proud of their work over multiple R* titles, and all they wanted was the best for R* and their fellow colleagues.

Some of these members were off sick, recovering from surgery or on paternity leave. Fired without pay, losing their careers and putting them into hardship in the lead up to Christmas, and even potentially losing their VISAs to work in the UK.

Let me make this clear! I never saw any discussion/leaking of Rockstar projects in the Union Discord. The only ever discussion was around unionisation efforts and the working conditions at R*. The Discord wasn't public. It was a private Discord group that only contained R* employees and the IWGB Union officials.

This was Union Busting and nothing else! Everyone fired was a Union Member, they were also predominantly from those who were on the Union Organising Committees of each UK studio.

Just one week before, the Union had reached ~200 members taking us over the 10% threshold required to seek recognition and begin engaging in collective bargaining. Allowing us to negotiate directly with management on the key issues that affect us: worsening crunch, inadequate pay and inflexible working arrangements.

They have fired over 34 of us now. There were over 250 of us in that Union/Employee Discord group. There is the fear that if they get away with this, they'll have nothing stopping them from doing this again and again.

Those of us who are lucky and remain for now work in fear! Fearful when talking to each other at the tea prep, fearful that we're next in line and are easily got rid of, too scared to go outside the studio and talk to (or even acknowledge) our colleagues outside protesting in fear of reprisals. Morale in the studio is at rock bottom. When we should be excited about what's to come over the next year we are now totally deflated and our trust and confidence in others is totally shot.

Which is the truly heartbreaking part, as for us in the Union, all of our ambition was to make R* a happier, fairer, safer and more equitable place. That's all. What has happened clearly shows that we care more about the wellbeing of our colleagues at Rockstar than the Company does.

The union remains unbowed and is fighting to win the reinstatement of every dismissed member of staff at Rockstar through legal means and campaigning.

This fight is critical, if Rockstar can get away with this, they will keep treating their workers with disdain, disrespect, and subjecting them to continued illegal treatment.

Thanks for your time, and I hope this is some truth that helps you all understand what's going on here at the moment.

I you would be so kind, you can contribute to the fundraiser to support those fighting their dismissal here: https://actionnetwork.org/fundraising/support-rockstar-workers-fighting-unfair-dismissals/

It would be really appreciated if you could also share the above link. I won’t be cross posting this to other forums, but please feel free to share.

Cheers x

Full solidarity with you!

Klyredata

Klyredata

39 minutes ago, Organize said:

Hey everyone, R* Employee of many years here!

Understandably I want to remain anonymous due to retaliation from the Company, but I may be willing to verify I'm an employee with @Spider-Vice via DM (if required). I am also a member of the Union.

I've been reading a lot of the discussion on here and elsewhere about the firing of more than 34 of my colleagues last week (31 in the UK + 3 in Canada) and have seen a lot of disinformation and lies that are really concerning. Particularly concerning how so many folk are willing to believe the Company's excuses.

Last week, my colleagues who were in the studio were each individually messaged by HR for a short friendly meeting, under the friendly guise of "Hey, are you free for a quick chat?"

Upon attending this meeting they were handed an envelope with a short letter stating that their employment had been terminated for "gross misconduct" regarding posts made in Discord.

They failed to provide any evidence when asked, nor was any stated in the letter. And did not divulge any other information or reasoning - "and no other reason"

They refused their right to Union representation in the disciplinary meeting (which is against UK employment law) and were frogmarched out of the studio with the meeting lasting less than 5 minutes.

For colleagues who were not in the Studio that day, they received a phone call from HR that lasted less than 2 minutes telling them they were fired and that they'd receive the same letter as above. I am aware of one employee who had a panic attack at this moment, and HR hung up on them during this panic attack not caring at all about their wellbeing.

These colleagues of mine were hard workers who have spent many many years at R* in critical roles. With colleagues who have been at R* for more that 18 years and none of them have ever had a disciplinary in that time. They are not easily replaced and will certainly affect us in making our project deadlines.

These are very senior artists, animators, QA testers, designers, programmers and producers. Including Leads. All super talented people who were proud of their work over multiple R* titles, and all they wanted was the best for R* and their fellow colleagues.

Some of these members were off sick, recovering from surgery or on paternity leave. Fired without pay, losing their careers and putting them into hardship in the lead up to Christmas, and even potentially losing their VISAs to work in the UK.

Let me make this clear! I never saw any discussion/leaking of Rockstar projects in the Union Discord. The only ever discussion was around unionisation efforts and the working conditions at R*. The Discord wasn't public. It was a private Discord group that only contained R* employees and the IWGB Union officials.

This was Union Busting and nothing else! Everyone fired was a Union Member, they were also predominantly from those who were on the Union Organising Committees of each UK studio.

Just one week before, the Union had reached ~200 members taking us over the 10% threshold required to seek recognition and begin engaging in collective bargaining. Allowing us to negotiate directly with management on the key issues that affect us: worsening crunch, inadequate pay and inflexible working arrangements.

They have fired over 34 of us now. There were over 250 of us in that Union/Employee Discord group. There is the fear that if they get away with this, they'll have nothing stopping them from doing this again and again.

Those of us who are lucky and remain for now work in fear! Fearful when talking to each other at the tea prep, fearful that we're next in line and are easily got rid of, too scared to go outside the studio and talk to (or even acknowledge) our colleagues outside protesting in fear of reprisals. Morale in the studio is at rock bottom. When we should be excited about what's to come over the next year we are now totally deflated and our trust and confidence in others is totally shot.

Which is the truly heartbreaking part, as for us in the Union, all of our ambition was to make R* a happier, fairer, safer and more equitable place. That's all. What has happened clearly shows that we care more about the wellbeing of our colleagues at Rockstar than the Company does.

The union remains unbowed and is fighting to win the reinstatement of every dismissed member of staff at Rockstar through legal means and campaigning.

This fight is critical, if Rockstar can get away with this, they will keep treating their workers with disdain, disrespect, and subjecting them to continued illegal treatment.

Thanks for your time, and I hope this is some truth that helps you all understand what's going on here at the moment.

I you would be so kind, you can contribute to the fundraiser to support those fighting their dismissal here: https://actionnetwork.org/fundraising/support-rockstar-workers-fighting-unfair-dismissals/

It would be really appreciated if you could also share the above link. I won’t be cross posting this to other forums, but please feel free to share.

Cheers x

This is sad and disgusting from the company. Keep fighting for the workers rights!

PolandMountain

PolandMountain

They firing people, and the delaying the game must be a PR nigthmare for them...

Good.

Bobobobo2

Bobobobo2

I wonder if this will lead to potential leaks from some employees or angry fans. It's a shame that senior/important developers amongst rockstar we're fired for ultimately no reason though.

Spoofaman

Spoofaman

f*ck this confirms they’re crunching again aren’t they

MrBreak16

MrBreak16

46 minutes ago, Organize said:

Hey everyone, R* Employee of many years here!

Understandably I want to remain anonymous due to retaliation from the Company, but I may be willing to verify I'm an employee with @Spider-Vice via DM (if required). I am also a member of the Union.

I've been reading a lot of the discussion on here and elsewhere about the firing of more than 34 of my colleagues last week (31 in the UK + 3 in Canada) and have seen a lot of disinformation and lies that are really concerning. Particularly concerning how so many folk are willing to believe the Company's excuses.

Last week, my colleagues who were in the studio were each individually messaged by HR for a short friendly meeting, under the friendly guise of "Hey, are you free for a quick chat?"

Upon attending this meeting they were handed an envelope with a short letter stating that their employment had been terminated for "gross misconduct" regarding posts made in Discord.

They failed to provide any evidence when asked, nor was any stated in the letter. And did not divulge any other information or reasoning - "and no other reason"

They refused their right to Union representation in the disciplinary meeting (which is against UK employment law) and were frogmarched out of the studio with the meeting lasting less than 5 minutes.

For colleagues who were not in the Studio that day, they received a phone call from HR that lasted less than 2 minutes telling them they were fired and that they'd receive the same letter as above. I am aware of one employee who had a panic attack at this moment, and HR hung up on them during this panic attack not caring at all about their wellbeing.

These colleagues of mine were hard workers who have spent many many years at R* in critical roles. With colleagues who have been at R* for more that 18 years and none of them have ever had a disciplinary in that time. They are not easily replaced and will certainly affect us in making our project deadlines.

These are very senior artists, animators, QA testers, designers, programmers and producers. Including Leads. All super talented people who were proud of their work over multiple R* titles, and all they wanted was the best for R* and their fellow colleagues.

Some of these members were off sick, recovering from surgery or on paternity leave. Fired without pay, losing their careers and putting them into hardship in the lead up to Christmas, and even potentially losing their VISAs to work in the UK.

Let me make this clear! I never saw any discussion/leaking of Rockstar projects in the Union Discord. The only ever discussion was around unionisation efforts and the working conditions at R*. The Discord wasn't public. It was a private Discord group that only contained R* employees and the IWGB Union officials.

This was Union Busting and nothing else! Everyone fired was a Union Member, they were also predominantly from those who were on the Union Organising Committees of each UK studio.

Just one week before, the Union had reached ~200 members taking us over the 10% threshold required to seek recognition and begin engaging in collective bargaining. Allowing us to negotiate directly with management on the key issues that affect us: worsening crunch, inadequate pay and inflexible working arrangements.

They have fired over 34 of us now. There were over 250 of us in that Union/Employee Discord group. There is the fear that if they get away with this, they'll have nothing stopping them from doing this again and again.

Those of us who are lucky and remain for now work in fear! Fearful when talking to each other at the tea prep, fearful that we're next in line and are easily got rid of, too scared to go outside the studio and talk to (or even acknowledge) our colleagues outside protesting in fear of reprisals. Morale in the studio is at rock bottom. When we should be excited about what's to come over the next year we are now totally deflated and our trust and confidence in others is totally shot.

Which is the truly heartbreaking part, as for us in the Union, all of our ambition was to make R* a happier, fairer, safer and more equitable place. That's all. What has happened clearly shows that we care more about the wellbeing of our colleagues at Rockstar than the Company does.

The union remains unbowed and is fighting to win the reinstatement of every dismissed member of staff at Rockstar through legal means and campaigning.

This fight is critical, if Rockstar can get away with this, they will keep treating their workers with disdain, disrespect, and subjecting them to continued illegal treatment.

Thanks for your time, and I hope this is some truth that helps you all understand what's going on here at the moment.

I you would be so kind, you can contribute to the fundraiser to support those fighting their dismissal here: https://actionnetwork.org/fundraising/support-rockstar-workers-fighting-unfair-dismissals/

It would be really appreciated if you could also share the above link. I won’t be cross posting this to other forums, but please feel free to share.

Cheers x

Reading this made me sad and angry. I am very sorry for what happened to your colleagues, and for what the rest of you guys must be going through knowing that this could also happen to you guys. I really hope that you guys win this, because what Rockstar are doing is disgusting and unfair.

Spider-Vice

Spider-Vice

9 minutes ago, Silver said:

Kinda ironic I feel that a couple years ago or so we learned about R* making efforts to improve their work environment so as to avoid crunch and so on, and now they fire employees for wanting said environment to be even fairer and safer for them.

Business as usual I guess...

A lot of businesses have been getting comfy with going back to the "old ways" unfortunately, and it's awful that R*, who was seemingly making some strides to changing working conditions and improving the relationship with their workers, is now walking back on all of that. That's not how  you motivate your employees to make what could be the biggest game of all time. Especially not one that's been delayed yet again.

Power to the workers. ✊

Punkd

Punkd

A product/creative release is only as good as its creators!

f*ck the capitalistic system and f*ck the managements who f*ck everything up, peoples well-being should always come in first place, no matter how big or hyped sth is!

You guys should get full support and r* needs to get their sh*t together

Ellie-H

Ellie-H

I love most of Rockstar's games, theyve brought quite some joy

the company f*cking sucks bro, what a f*cking Nightmare

  • TyroneSlothrop, Agent-Jalapeno, nattehond6969 and 1 other
  • Like 4

Superdays

Superdays

2 minutes ago, Spoofaman said:

f*ck this confirms they’re crunching again aren’t they

No doubt, and it'll be worst because of the firings, even with the delay.

Len Lfc

Len Lfc

52 minutes ago, Organize said:

The union remains unbowed and is fighting to win the reinstatement of every dismissed member of staff at Rockstar through legal means and campaigning.

This fight is critical, if Rockstar can get away with this, they will keep treating their workers with disdain, disrespect, and subjecting them to continued illegal treatment.

Fight like hell! Hope you win! 💪

You’re the real Rockstars.

chedar

chedar

53 minutes ago, Organize said:

Hey everyone, R* Employee of many years here!

Understandably I want to remain anonymous due to retaliation from the Company, but I may be willing to verify I'm an employee with @Spider-Vice via DM (if required). I am also a member of the Union.

I've been reading a lot of the discussion on here and elsewhere about the firing of more than 34 of my colleagues last week (31 in the UK + 3 in Canada) and have seen a lot of disinformation and lies that are really concerning. Particularly concerning how so many folk are willing to believe the Company's excuses.

Last week, my colleagues who were in the studio were each individually messaged by HR for a short friendly meeting, under the friendly guise of "Hey, are you free for a quick chat?"

Upon attending this meeting they were handed an envelope with a short letter stating that their employment had been terminated for "gross misconduct" regarding posts made in Discord.

They failed to provide any evidence when asked, nor was any stated in the letter. And did not divulge any other information or reasoning - "and no other reason"

They refused their right to Union representation in the disciplinary meeting (which is against UK employment law) and were frogmarched out of the studio with the meeting lasting less than 5 minutes.

For colleagues who were not in the Studio that day, they received a phone call from HR that lasted less than 2 minutes telling them they were fired and that they'd receive the same letter as above. I am aware of one employee who had a panic attack at this moment, and HR hung up on them during this panic attack not caring at all about their wellbeing.

These colleagues of mine were hard workers who have spent many many years at R* in critical roles. With colleagues who have been at R* for more that 18 years and none of them have ever had a disciplinary in that time. They are not easily replaced and will certainly affect us in making our project deadlines.

These are very senior artists, animators, QA testers, designers, programmers and producers. Including Leads. All super talented people who were proud of their work over multiple R* titles, and all they wanted was the best for R* and their fellow colleagues.

Some of these members were off sick, recovering from surgery or on paternity leave. Fired without pay, losing their careers and putting them into hardship in the lead up to Christmas, and even potentially losing their VISAs to work in the UK.

Let me make this clear! I never saw any discussion/leaking of Rockstar projects in the Union Discord. The only ever discussion was around unionisation efforts and the working conditions at R*. The Discord wasn't public. It was a private Discord group that only contained R* employees and the IWGB Union officials.

This was Union Busting and nothing else! Everyone fired was a Union Member, they were also predominantly from those who were on the Union Organising Committees of each UK studio.

Just one week before, the Union had reached ~200 members taking us over the 10% threshold required to seek recognition and begin engaging in collective bargaining. Allowing us to negotiate directly with management on the key issues that affect us: worsening crunch, inadequate pay and inflexible working arrangements.

They have fired over 34 of us now. There were over 250 of us in that Union/Employee Discord group. There is the fear that if they get away with this, they'll have nothing stopping them from doing this again and again.

Those of us who are lucky and remain for now work in fear! Fearful when talking to each other at the tea prep, fearful that we're next in line and are easily got rid of, too scared to go outside the studio and talk to (or even acknowledge) our colleagues outside protesting in fear of reprisals. Morale in the studio is at rock bottom. When we should be excited about what's to come over the next year we are now totally deflated and our trust and confidence in others is totally shot.

Which is the truly heartbreaking part, as for us in the Union, all of our ambition was to make R* a happier, fairer, safer and more equitable place. That's all. What has happened clearly shows that we care more about the wellbeing of our colleagues at Rockstar than the Company does.

The union remains unbowed and is fighting to win the reinstatement of every dismissed member of staff at Rockstar through legal means and campaigning.

This fight is critical, if Rockstar can get away with this, they will keep treating their workers with disdain, disrespect, and subjecting them to continued illegal treatment.

Thanks for your time, and I hope this is some truth that helps you all understand what's going on here at the moment.

I you would be so kind, you can contribute to the fundraiser to support those fighting their dismissal here: https://actionnetwork.org/fundraising/support-rockstar-workers-fighting-unfair-dismissals/

It would be really appreciated if you could also share the above link. I won’t be cross posting this to other forums, but please feel free to share.

Cheers x

fcking scumbags.. full solidarity ofcourse

  • nattehond6969
  • Like 1

SodaDog

SodaDog

The fact they fired their senior workers is a real eyebrow-raiser...how are they going to finish off the game with justice now?

TonyRyodan

TonyRyodan

Cant believe this is real, good luck for all of you mate!

  • nattehond6969
  • Like 1

BS_BlackScout

BS_BlackScout

You are seen, you are heard. It's a very sad to see them treat you as if you were disposable. Everyone loses in this process, and I really hope Rockstar backtracks on this decision and reinstate everyone affected.

It's also eye opening to know crunch is back. It's clear that GTA VI is destroying the company, with its immense scope. However, that gives management no reason to treat you unfairly, especially when your demands are more than fair. I hope things turn out well for you and everyone!

Also, thanks for all the work y'all done over the years! You are the best talent in the industry and deserve the best.

  • ChengizVlad09 and NightmanCometh96
  • Like 2

Disquse

Disquse

53 minutes ago, Organize said:

Upon attending this meeting they were handed an envelope with a short letter stating that their employment had been terminated for "gross misconduct" regarding posts made in Discord.

They failed to provide any evidence when asked, nor was any stated in the letter. And did not divulge any other information or reasoning - "and no other reason"

They refused their right to Union representation in the disciplinary meeting (which is against UK employment law) and were frogmarched out of the studio with the meeting lasting less than 5 minutes.

For colleagues who were not in the Studio that day, they received a phone call from HR that lasted less than 2 minutes telling them they were fired and that they'd receive the same letter as above. I am aware of one employee who had a panic attack at this moment, and HR hung up on them during this panic attack not caring at all about their wellbeing.

Sorry for what you guys have experienced. This kind of treatment from their HRs seems to be a pattern now. Some of our former FiveM team members were treated the same way.

One of our team members was silently fired without any message or warning. They found out their contract had been terminated when they tried to boot up their work laptop and discovered it was locked... Had to email HRs themselves to hear that their contract is terminated.

(From the original fivem.team publication)
image.thumb.png.934612100b4b13a1c2bc45e698cd7088.png

They also ignored all our reports regarding potential internal corruption, but this is a different story.

Lexhetillion

Lexhetillion

I was very upset and angry for the delay, but upon reading this incident i lost my faith and joy to GTA VI and Rockstar Games. For me Rockstar Games was an example of a studio which only delivered quality to us. But firing workers who dedicated for 18 years without proper investigation or clearance for in case of a misinformation/understanding is immature. What if this was an attack to Rockstar? Why would they not investigate it thoroughly instead of firing 18 years old experienced worker. This is shameful! I am NO LONGER INTERRESTED IN GTA VI. Not sorry. If Big guys at Rockstar are not loyal to their workers then i don't believe they will ever be loyal to us. This is disgusting.

Dominik_

Dominik_

That really sucks, hopefully i'l get sorted out the right way somehow for you guys from R*!  Good luck

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SelfHostLLM - GPU Memory Calculator for LLM Inference

Lobsters
selfhostllm.org
2025-11-07 17:56:43
Comments...
Original Article

The Formula:

Max Concurrent Requests = Available Memory / KV Cache per Request

Step-by-Step Breakdown:

1. Total VRAM Available Total VRAM = Number of GPUs × VRAM per GPU

Example: 2 × 24GB = 48GB total

2. Model Memory (Adjusted for Quantization) Adjusted Model Memory = Base Model Memory × Quantization Factor

Example: 14GB (7B model) × 0.5 (INT4) = 7GB

The model weights are loaded once and stay in memory.

3. KV Cache per Request KV Cache = (Context Length × Adjusted Model Memory × KV Overhead) / 1000

Example: (8192 × 7GB × 0.2) / 1000 = 11.47GB per request

This memory is needed for each active request's attention cache.

4. Available Memory for Inference Available = Total VRAM - System Overhead - Model Memory

Example: 48GB - 2GB - 7GB = 39GB

This is what's left for KV caches after loading the model.

5. Maximum Concurrent Requests Max Requests = Available Memory / KV Cache per Request

Example: 39GB / 11.47GB = 3.4 requests

What the Results Mean:

  • < 1 request: Can't handle full context length, need smaller context or better GPU
  • 1-2 requests: Basic serving capability, suitable for personal use
  • 3-5 requests: Good for small-scale deployment
  • 10+ requests: Production-ready for moderate traffic

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Models:

Special Handling for MoE Models

MoE models (like Mixtral, DeepSeek V3/R1, Qwen3 MoE, Kimi K2, GLM-4.5) work differently:

  • Total Parameters: The full model size (e.g., Mixtral 8x7B = 56B total parameters)
  • Active Parameters: Only a subset of experts are used per token (e.g., ~14B active)
  • Memory Calculation: We automatically use active memory for these models
  • Why this matters: You only need RAM for active experts, not the entire model

Example: Mixtral 8x7B shows "~94GB total, ~16GB active" - we calculate using 16GB

Important Notes:

  • This is a rough estimate - actual usage varies by model architecture
  • Assumes worst-case scenario: All requests use the full context window. In reality, most requests use much less, so you may handle more concurrent requests
  • KV cache grows linearly with actual tokens used, not maximum context
  • Different attention mechanisms (MHA, MQA, GQA) affect memory usage
  • Framework overhead and memory fragmentation can impact real-world performance
  • Dynamic batching and memory management can improve real-world throughput
  • MoE models: Memory requirements can vary based on routing algorithms and expert utilization patterns

The Weird Parts of position: sticky

Lobsters
frontendmasters.com
2025-11-07 17:48:24
Comments...
Original Article

Using position: sticky; is one of those CSS features that’s incredibly useful, seemingly simple, and also, frequently frustrating.

The premise is simple: you want to be able to scroll your page’s content, but you want something to “stick” at the top (or anywhere). Frequently, this will be some sort of header content that you want to always stay at the top, even as the user scrolls, but it could be any sort of content (and stick edges other than the top, and at any offset).

We’ll cover a brief introduction to sticky positioning. We’ll see how it works, and then we’ll look at some common, frustrating ways it can fail. Then we’ll learn exactly how to fix it.

For all the code examples I’ll be using Tailwind, and later, a little React/JSX for looping. I know the Tailwind piece might be controversial to some. But for this post it’ll allow me to show everything in one place, without ever requiring you, dear reader, to toggle between HTML and CSS.

Making Content Stick

Let’s look at the simplest possible example of sticky positioning.

<div class="h-[500px] gap-2 overflow-auto">
  <div class="flex flex-col gap-2 bg-gray-400 h-[300px]">
    <span>Top</span>
    <span class="mt-auto">Bottom</span>
  </div>

  <div class="sticky top-0 h-[100px] bg-red-300 mt-2 grid place-items-center">
    <span>I'm sticky!</span>
  </div>

  <div class="flex flex-col bg-gray-400 h-[700px] mt-2">
    <span>Top</span>
    <span class="mt-auto">Bottom</span>
  </div>
</div>Code language: HTML, XML (xml)

Our middle container has sticky top-0 which sets position: sticky and sets the top value to 0 . That means we want it to “stick” at the zero position of whatever scroll container is doing the scrolling.

When Things Go Wrong

This may seem like a simple feature, but in practice it frequently goes wrong, and figuring out why can be maddening. Googling “position sticky doesn’t work” will produce a ton of results, the vast majority of which telling you to make sure you don’t have any containers between your sticky element and your scroll container with overflow: hidden; set. This is true: if you do that, sticky positioning won’t work.

But there are many other things which can go wrong. The next most common remedy you’re likely to see is advising that flex children be set to align-self: flex-start , rather than the default of stretch. This is great advice, and relates strongly to what we’ll be covering here. But in so doing we’re going to dig deep into why this is necessary; we’ll even peak briefly at the CSS spec, and when we’re done, you’ll be well equipped to intelligently and efficiently debug position sticky.

Let’s get started. We’ll look at two different ways you can (inadvertantly) break sticky positioning, and how to fix it.

The header above says it all.

The sticky element you want to “stick” cannot be larger than the scrolling container in which it’s attempting to stick.

Let’s see an example:

<div class="h-[500px] gap-2 overflow-auto">
  <div class="flex flex-col gap-2 bg-gray-400 h-[400px]">
    <span>Top</span>
    <span class="mt-auto">Bottom</span>
  </div>
  <div class="sticky top-0 h-[600px] bg-red-300 flex flex-col gap-2 flex-1 mt-2">
    <span>Top</span>
    <span class="mt-auto">Bottom</span>
  </div>
  <div class="flex flex-col gap-2 bg-gray-400 h-[400px] mt-2">
    <span>Top</span>
    <span class="mt-auto">Bottom</span>
  </div>
</div>Code language: HTML, XML (xml)

Here the scroll container is 500px, and the sticky element is 600px.

This is what the code above renders.

It starts well enough, and the top does in fact stick. But eventually, as you scroll far enough, the browser will ensure that the rest of the sticky element displays in its entirety, which will require the top portion of the element, which had previously “stuck” to the top, to scroll away.

This may seem like a silly example. You probably do want all of your content to show. But this problem can show up in subtle, unexpected ways. Maybe your sticky element is a little too long, but your actual content is in a nested element, correctly constrained. If that happens, everything will look perfect, but inexplicably your sticky element will overshoot at the end of the scrolling. If you see that happening, this might be why!

Problem 2: Your Sticky Element Has a Bounding Context That’s Too Small

Let’s take a look at what the CSS spec has to say (in part) on sticky positioning.

For each side of the box [sticky element], if the corresponding inset property
is not auto, and the corresponding border edge of the box would be outside the
corresponding edge of the sticky view rectangle, then the box must be visually shifted (as for relative positioning) to be inward of that sticky view rectangle edge , insofar as it can while its position box remains contained within its containing block.

Emphasis mine, and that emphasized part refers to the element “sticking.” As the sticky element begins to “violate” the sticky constraints you set (i.e. top: 0; ), then the browser forcibly shifts it to respect what you set, and “stick” it in place. But notice the very next line makes clear that this only happens while it can be contained within the containing block .

This is the crucial aspect that the entire rest of this post will obsess over. It manifests itself in many ways (frequently being able to be fixed with “start” alignment rather than “stretch” defaults).

Let’s dive in.

Here’s a sticky demo very similar to what we saw before, except I put the sticky element inside of another element (with a red outline). This immediately breaks the stickyness.

<div class="h-[500px] gap-2 overflow-auto p-1">
  <div class="flex flex-col gap-2 bg-gray-400 h-[400px]">
    <span>Top</span>
    <span class="mt-auto">Bottom</span>
  </div>
  <div class="outline-5 h-[200px] outline-red-500">
    <div class="sticky top-0 h-[200px] bg-red-300 flex flex-col gap-2 flex-1 mt-2">
      <span>Top</span>
      <span class="mt-auto">Bottom</span>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="flex flex-col gap-2 bg-gray-400 h-[600px] mt-2">
    <span>Top</span>
    <span class="mt-auto">Bottom</span>
  </div>
</div>
Code language: HTML, XML (xml)

The sticky element is about to stick, but, if the browser were to allow it to do so, it would have to “break out of” its parent. Its parent is not sticky, and so it will keep scrolling. But the browser will not let this “breaking out” happen, so the sticking fails.

Let’s make our parent (with the red outline) a little bigger, so this effect will be even clearer.

<div class="h-[500px] gap-2 overflow-auto p-1">
  <div class="flex flex-col gap-2 bg-gray-400 h-[400px]">
    <span>Top</span>
    <span class="mt-auto">Bottom</span>
  </div>
  <div class="outline-5 h-[300px] outline-red-500">
    <div class="sticky top-0 h-[200px] bg-red-300 flex flex-col gap-2 flex-1 mt-2">
      <span>Top</span>
      <span class="mt-auto">Bottom</span>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="flex flex-col gap-2 bg-gray-400 h-[600px] mt-2">
    <span>Top</span>
    <span class="mt-auto">Bottom</span>
  </div>
</div>Code language: HTML, XML (xml)

Now the sticky element does stick, at first. It sticks because there’s some excess space in its parent. The parent does scroll up, and as soon as the bottom of the parent becomes flush, the sticky element stops sticking. Again, this happens because the browser will not allow a sticky element to stick if doing so would break it out of an ancestor element’s bounds.

This too might seem silly; just don’t do that, you might be thinking. Let’s see a more realistic example of this very phenomenon.

Flex (or Grid) Children

Let’s pretend to build a top-level navigation layout for a web app. Don’t focus on the contrived pieces.

We have a main container, which we’ve sized to 500px (in real life it would probably be 100dvh ), and then a child, which itself is a grid container with two columns: a navigation pane on the left, and then the main content section to the right. And for reasons that will become clear in a moment, I put a purple outline around the grid child.

We want the main navigation pane frozen in place, while the main content scrolls. To (try to) achieve this, I’ve set the side navigation to be sticky with top: 0.

Naturally, for this layout, you could achieve it more simply in a way that would work. But a more production ready layout for a real application would be much more complex, and would be much more likely to run into the issue we’re about to see. This entire post is about actual production issues I’ve had to debug and fix, and the learnings therefrom.

export const FlexInFlexStickyDemoVersion1 = () => {
  return (
    <div className="flex border-2 rounded-md">
      <div className="h-[500px] flex flex-1 gap-2 overflow-auto p-1">
        <div className="grid grid-rows-1 outline-2 outline-purple-600 grid-cols-[250px_1fr] flex-1">
          {/* Side Navigation Pane */}
          <div className="sticky top-0 flex flex-col gap-8">
            {Array.from({ length: 5 }).map((_, idx) => (
              <span>Side Navigation {idx + 1}</span>
            ))}
          </div>

          {/* Main Content Pane */}
          <div className="flex flex-1 gap-2">
            <div className="flex flex-col flex-1 gap-2">
              {Array.from({ length: 100 }).map((_, idx) => (
                <div className="flex gap-2">
                  <span>Main Content line {idx}</span>
                </div>
              ))}
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  );
};
Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

And when we run this, the sticky positioning does not work at all. Everything scrolls.

The reason is that our grid child is sized to the container, which means our content cannot stick without “breaking out” of its container (the purple grid), and as we saw, the CSS spec does not allow for this.

Why is this happening? Flex children have, by default, their align-self property set to stretch. That means they stretch in the cross axis and fill up their container. The grid’s parent is a flex container in the row direction.

<div className="h-[500px] flex flex-1 gap-2 overflow-auto p-1">Code language: HTML, XML (xml)

That means the cross direction is vertical. So the grid grows vertically to the 500px height, and calls it a day. And this is why our stickiness is broken.

Once we understand the root cause, the fix is simple:

export const FlexInFlexStickyDemoVersion1 = () => {
  return (
    <div className="flex border-2 rounded-md">
      <div className="h-[500px] flex flex-1 gap-2 overflow-auto p-1">
        <div className="self-start grid grid-rows-1 outline-2 outline-purple-600 grid-cols-[250px_1fr] flex-1">
          {/* Side Navigation Pane */}
          <div className="self-start sticky top-0 flex flex-col gap-8">
            {Array.from({ length: 5 }).map((_, idx) => (
              <span>Side Navigation {idx + 1}</span>
            ))}
          </div>

          {/* Main Content Pane */}
          <div className="flex flex-1 gap-2">
            <div className="flex flex-col flex-1 gap-2">
              {Array.from({ length: 100 }).map((_, idx) => (
                <div className="flex gap-2">
                  <span>Main Content line {idx}</span>
                </div>
              ))}
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  );
};
Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

We’ve added self-start alignment to both the grid container, and also the sticky element. Adding self-start to the grid tells the grid to start at the start of its flex container, and then, rather than stretch to fill its parent, to just flow as big as it needs to. This allows the grid to grow arbitrarily, so the left pane can sticky without needing to break out of its parent (which, as we’ve seen, is not allowed.)

Why did we add self-start to the sticky element? Remember, grid and flex children both have stretch as the default value for align-self . When we told the grid to grow as large as it needs, then leaving the sticky element as it’s default of stretch would cause it to stretch and also grow huge . That violates our original rule #1 above. Remember when we had a sticky element that was 100px larger than its scrolling container? It stuck only until the last 100px of scrolling. Leaving the sticky element as stretch would cause it to grow exactly as large as the content that’s scrolling, which would prevent it from sticking at all.

What if the side nav gets too big?

Let’s make one more tweak, and stick a green outline on our sticky element.

export const FlexInFlexStickyDemoVersion1 = () => {
  return (
    <div className="flex border-2 rounded-md">
      <div className="h-[500px] flex flex-1 gap-2 overflow-auto p-1">
        <div className="self-start grid grid-rows-1 outline-2 outline-purple-600 grid-cols-[250px_1fr] flex-1">
          {/* Side Navigation Pane */}
          <div className="self-start outline-2 outline-green-600 sticky top-0 flex flex-col gap-8">
            {Array.from({ length: 5 }).map((_, idx) => (
              <span>Side Navigation {idx + 1}</span>
            ))}
          </div>

          {/* Main Content Pane */}
          <div className="flex flex-1 gap-2">
            <div className="flex flex-col flex-1 gap-2">
              {Array.from({ length: 100 }).map((_, idx) => (
                <div className="flex gap-2">
                  <span>Main Content line {idx}</span>
                </div>
              ))}
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  );
};

Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

The self-start alignment on the sticky element keeps its content no bigger than needed. This prevents it from stretching to the (new) grid size that is arbitrarily big. But what happens if our sticky content just naturally gets too big to fit within the scroll container?

It sticks, but as the scroll container gets to the very bottom, the browser un-sticks it, so the rest of its content can scroll and be revealed.

This isn’t actually the worst thing in the world. We probably want to give users some way to see the overflowed side navigation content; but we probably want to just cap the height to the main content, and then make that element scrollable.

export const FlexInFlexStickyDemoVersion1 = () => {
  return (
    <div className="flex border-2 rounded-md">
      <div className="h-[500px] flex flex-1 gap-2 overflow-auto p-1">
        <div className="self-start grid grid-rows-1 outline-2 outline-purple-600 grid-cols-[250px_1fr] flex-1">
          {/* Side Navigation Pane */}
          <div className="max-h-[492px] overflow-auto self-start outline-2 outline-green-600 sticky top-0 flex flex-col gap-8">
            {Array.from({ length: 20 }).map((_, idx) => (
              <span>Side Navigation {idx + 1}</span>
            ))}
          </div>

          {/* Main Content Pane */}
          <div className="flex flex-1 gap-2">
            <div className="flex flex-col flex-1 gap-2">
              {Array.from({ length: 100 }).map((_, idx) => (
                <div className="flex gap-2">
                  <span>Main Content line {idx}</span>
                </div>
              ))}
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  );
};
Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

The weird value of 492 is to allow for the 4px top and bottom padding around it (the p-1 class). In real life you’d of course do something more sensible, like define some CSS variables. But for our purposes this shows what we’re interested in. The side pane is now capped at the containers height, and scrolls if needed.

Parting Thoughts

I hope this post has taught you some new things about position sticky which come in handy someday.

UK union accuses GTA maker Rockstar Games of firing employees attempting to organise

Guardian
www.theguardian.com
2025-11-07 17:40:17
According to The Independent Workers’ Union of Great Britain, the developer fired more than 30 staff last week for being members of a union-affiliated Discord channel Rockstar Games, the video game developer behind Grand Theft Auto, has been accused of carrying out a “blatant and ruthless act of uni...
Original Article

Rockstar Games , the video game developer behind Grand Theft Auto, has been accused of carrying out a “blatant and ruthless act of union busting” after allegedly firing more than 30 workers who claim they were attempting to unionise.

According to The Independent Workers’ Union of Great Britain (IWGB), which represents workers in the video games industry, UK-based employees of the developer were fired last week for being members of the IWGB game workers union Discord channel. The workers claim to have been targeted for this reason, in what the union argues constitutes unlawful and retaliatory dismissals.

The Guardian has contacted Rockstar Games for comment. In a statement to Bloomberg, the developer accused the fired workers of sharing confidential company information in a “public forum”, claiming that “this was in no way related to people’s right to join a union or engage in union activities.”

The IWGB refuted this, saying that workers only communicated in private and on legally protected trade union channels, and did not leak any information publicly.

The dismissals come ahead of the release of Grand Theft Auto VI, which analysts predict will be the biggest gaming launch of all time and generate billions in sales. According to games publisher Take-Two’s most recent financial reports, its predecessor Grand Theft Auto V has generated $8.6bn since its 2013 release.

On Thursday, the union organised demonstrations outside the UK head office of Take-Two Interactive, Rockstar Games’ parent company, in London and Rockstar North, the developer’s Edinburgh office. One person held a sign that read: “Grand Theft Employment” and another displayed a placard that said: “Union busted?”, referencing the “busted” screen that flashes up when a Grand Theft Auto player is caught by police.

The release of Grand Theft Auto VI has been delayed for a second time and will now launch in November 2026.
The release of Grand Theft Auto VI has been delayed for a second time and will now launch in November 2026. Photograph: Chris Delmas/AFP/Getty Images

IWGB organiser Fred Carter joined workers at the Edinburgh picket. He told the BBC he was there to support staff who had been fired “without warning” and “without reason”.

“They’ve been fired, we believe, because they’re union members – which is a protected activity in the UK,” he said. “We’re asking people to come out and support us, to demand their jobs back and demand accountability from Rockstar.”

In a statement provided by IWGB, Peter (not his real name), one of workers fired by Rockstar Games last week said: “It’s heartwarming to see so many of our colleagues supporting us and holding management to account – it’s clear to everyone close to this situation that this is a blatant, unapologetic act of vicious union busting. Rockstar employs so many talented game developers, all of whom are crucial to making the games we put out.”

IWGB president Alex Marshall said Rockstar Games is “afraid of hard working staff privately discussing exercising their rights for a fairer workplace and a collective voice.”

“Management are showing they don’t care about delays to GTA VI, and that they’re prioritising union busting by targeting the very people who make the game. In recent years, Rockstar have benefited from [ tens of millions ] in tax relief ... the only non Rockstar employees in the union Discord channel were union organisers,” Marshall said.

Efforts to unionise the video games industry have gathered pace in recent years to fight back against longstanding industry practises such as “crunch” – long hours of unpaid overtime in the run-up to highly anticipated releases. In 2018, Rockstar’s co-founder Dan Houser said workers “were working 100-hour weeks” in the run-up to the release of Red Dead Redemption 2, prompting scrutiny over the company’s treatment of employees. At the time, Rockstar North’s Rob Nelson responded directly: “We are always trying to improve how we are working and balance what we are making with how we make it, and we will not stop working to improve in this area.”

On Thursday, the developer announced that Grand Theft Auto VI, which was due to release on 26 May, had been delayed to the end of 2026. The game’s development, which has been delayed for a second time, is being anchored by the Edinburgh team.

The President Is Perfectly Fine If You Starve

Intercept
theintercept.com
2025-11-07 17:38:50
The message behind the government shutdown is loud and clear: Hunger is acceptable collateral damage in service of Trump’s agenda. The post The President Is Perfectly Fine If You Starve appeared first on The Intercept....
Original Article
President Donald Trump speaks during an event about drug prices, Thursday, Nov. 6, 2025, in the Oval Office of the White House in Washington.
Donald Trump speaks during an event about drug prices on Nov. 6, 2025, in the Oval Office of the White House in Washington. Photo: Evan Vucci/AP Photo

Alain Stephens is an investigative reporter covering gun violence, arms trafficking, and federal law enforcement.

For the second time in a decade, Washington has shut itself down in a budget standoff, and ordinary Americans are quite literally paying the price. As of this writing, the federal government is in its second month of a shutdown, and 42 million Americans who rely on food stamps got nothing on November 1 — the first time in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program’s 60-year history that benefits have been fully halted. Think about that: Millions of families woke up hungry because politicians in Washington couldn’t do their jobs. It’s nuts.

After public pleas of desperation and multiple court orders , the Trump administration was forced to turn the food back on , but it’s now appealing that ruling, whiplashing Americans facing acute scarcity and economic anxiety.

We’ve started to accept these crises as routine, like a new season of some twisted reality show. With each episode, the fatigue and fury of being used as political pawns only deepens. But this shutdown is different in a way. For the first time in modern American history, its leader is intentionally starving his own people.

In the United States, federal shutdowns have become de facto political theater — a reckless game of chicken that recurs with grim regularity. Since 1976, Congress has triggered 20 funding gaps resulting in 10 full or partial shutdowns , with the longest stretching 35 days. What was once unthinkable has become almost seasonal. Autumn rolls around, and Americans brace for the familiar countdown to chaos: Will our representatives fund the government, or take it hostage?

The current saga began like so many before it: a clash of priorities and a collapse of governance. House Republicans pushed their budget cuts that would imperil health care; Senate Democrats insisted they would only vote to pass a budget that extended tax credits on health care and reversed Medicaid cuts . Republicans lack the needed majority to have their way and refuse to compromise with Democrats. Neither would blink, so on October 1, the lights went out. Offices shuttered. Hundreds of thousands of federal workers were sent home or ordered to work without pay . Lawmakers gave floor speeches and media soundbites , and went to politicking. But behind the grandstanding, real families immediately began to hurt .

For the first time in modern American history, its leader is intentionally starving his own people.

To many on Capitol Hill, this is all just part of the show. A shutdown is treated as a leverage move, a stunt to score ideological points or appease extremist donors. In 2013, one senator read Dr. Seuss on the Senate floor during a shutdown, as if it were storytime instead of a national crisis. In 2019, then-President Donald Trump quipped that unpaid federal workers should encourage his shutdown tactics , while his commerce secretary mused that he didn’t understand why unpaid workers were visiting food banks at all .

These people behind mahogany desks don’t feel the flames they fan. They still draw their salaries — yes, members of Congress still get paid during a shutdown — while a janitor or a park ranger loses theirs. The disconnect would be darkly funny if it weren’t so brutal. From the comfort of cushy offices, political strategists are already gaming out the next confrontation, like it’s a chess match.

No group of Americans has been more cynically weaponized in this standoff than those who depend on SNAP. This isn’t some fringe handout; it’s the nation’s largest anti-hunger program , serving working-poor families, children, seniors, and people with disabilities. Shutting down the government has put these Americans directly in the crosshairs. When November arrived, nearly 42 million people who count on SNAP to eat were told there was no money for food assistance. Despite access to a $5 billion emergency fund that the Trump administration refused to disburse, the program for the first time ever simply stopped.

Food aid quickly became a bargaining chip to extract concessions. Trump (back in office and seemingly emboldened by chaos) outright threatened hungry Americans on social media, declaring that benefits “will be given only when the Radical Left Democrats open up government … and not before!” In other words: We’ll let your children starve until we get our way. Trump is using food as a weapon, and he’s hardly hiding it.

Democratic leaders, for their part, tried a symbolic move to fund SNAP during the shutdown — only to be blocked by the Republican Senate majority, who accused them of political stunt-making . “Kids and families are not poker chips or hostages,” Democratic Sen. Jeff Merkley said , decrying the “unbelievably cruel” reality that food aid was being held hostage by political games. Unbelievably cruel, indeed. To be absolutely clear, Republicans are holding Democrats to a dark arrangement: Give up extended health care tax credits and preserve Trump’s Medicaid cuts, or watch the poorest Americans go hungry.

That people in a country this rich require such support is an outrage in itself and the result of decades of bipartisan governing that has harmed the poor.

At food pantries across the country, the lines began swelling almost immediately. Food banks from New York to Texas saw surging demand as low-income households — and even furloughed federal workers — scrambled to fill the void. States like New York hustled to release emergency funds , and charities begged for donations to stave off mass hunger. The stopgaps will feed some, but they can’t possibly replace SNAP’s reach. A federal court ordered the Department of Agriculture to draw on contingency funds to ensure SNAP benefits are paid in November, but the ruling only provides a temporary remedy, not a long-term solution to the program’s broader funding crisis.

It’s pure absurdity: We live in one of the wealthiest countries on Earth, yet our leaders have engineered a method where millions can be cut off from food overnight as a negotiation tactic. That people in a country this rich require such support is an outrage in itself and the result of decades of bipartisan governing that has harmed the poor.

Our government has spent years subsidizing corporations that pay poverty wages while providing just enough aid to keep workers afloat — and then they freeze that critical aid. Republicans and Democrats alike have failed to tackle the chronic issues of increased costs of rent , housing , food, and medical care, perpetually kicking the can down the road and placing ever-widening swaths of Americans at risk. Mega-employers like Walmart pay notoriously low wages that leave employees reliant on public assistance; in fact, Walmart’s low-paid workers cost taxpayers an estimated $6.2 billion a year in food stamps, Medicaid, and other help. It’s a vicious cycle: Our policies prop up “working poverty” with programs like SNAP, effectively incentivizing companies to keep wages down. Both parties haven’t done enough to keep people off the brink, but one party right now is pushing people off it.

We’ve set the stage so that millions of Americans are one missed check away from hunger, then we dangle that over their heads for political gain. As one grandmother in Tennessee put it when she heard her $563 in monthly food stamps might not come: “ I don’t know what I’ll do .” There’s nothing abstract about a mother skipping meals so her kids can eat, or a disabled veteran quietly rationing canned soup because his country won’t keep its doors open. “ Time is of the essence when it comes to hunger ,” lawyers for food aid recipients reminded a federal judge, urging immediate intervention.

The cruelty goes further. In this shutdown, even WIC — the program for women, infants, and children — teetered on the brink. Nearly 7 million mothers and young kids who rely on WIC for baby formula and basic nutrition were at risk of being cut off. Only a last-ditch shuffle of funds (raiding an Agriculture Department tariff revenue stash) kept WIC afloat for a few weeks.

But SNAP got no such rescue. The administration flatly refused to tap the same pool to cover food stamps, calling it “ unacceptable ” to shift $4 billion from other child nutrition programs. In other words, they argued feeding hungry families would steal from schoolchildren’s lunches — a false choice created entirely by their own refusal to govern.

Meanwhile, the president’s allies in Congress insisted there was no reason to fund SNAP in isolation; if Democrats wanted to feed people, they should just surrender and reopen the government on Republican terms . Hunger, in their view, is leverage. In 2023, one GOP state senator even claimed that he had “yet to meet a person in [his state] who is hungry,” as he voted to block free school meals . Another Republican quipped that maybe a missed meal would motivate the unemployed to get a job.

Time after time, the GOP has made it public through policy and dialect its disdain for America’s working poor. Now the message is loud and clear: a little starvation is acceptable collateral damage in service of the agenda.

Step back and behold the full dystopia of this moment. We have a government that periodically sabotages itself. We have partisan warlords so entrenched in their battle that they’re willing to withhold food from their own citizens to win full control of the state machinery. The GOP’s long-term project isn’t just to shrink government — it’s to break it, to erode American’s faith that their government can or should serve the common good.

How did we, the people, become the hostages?

We have surpluses and wealth in this country beyond imagination, yet 27.5 million tons of American soybeans sat unsold at one point as a result of trade war tariffs — food rotting in silos because of political machinations — while children in this same country go to bed hungry. How did basic governance get twisted into a hostage crisis? How did we, the people, become the hostages? Each shutdown, each manufactured crisis, chips away at whatever trust remains in our institutions.

The karmic cost of this dysfunction is incalculable. For a growing number of Americans, the idea that the government can solve problems or serve the public good is dying out , replaced by nihilism and anger. And perhaps that’s the point for some of the perpetrators: Break faith in government, then point to the wreckage and say, “See, it doesn’t work.” It’s a cynical self-fulfilling prophecy.

As this nightmare of a shutdown drags on, one can’t help but feel that our democracy is at a precipice. A government that repeatedly holds its own people hostage will eventually lose those people’s hearts. We are tired, bone-tired, of the political arsonists and their endless theater. The real test of patriotism now isn’t in the Capitol’s rhetoric, it’s in the character of the nation’s people. And if there’s any hope to be found, it’s in those everyday patriots with grumbling stomachs and unwavering resolve. They remind us that America is not its lawmakers. America is its people. And if the people can somehow endure this abuse and still help each other through it, then maybe — just maybe — this house won’t burn down completely.

Adlan Wants You to Embrace NYC's New Cultural Moment

hellgate
hellgatenyc.com
2025-11-07 17:34:58
It's time to bring the Eric Adams era of culture to a close....
Original Article

Well, thank God that's over , right?

Reporting on the mayoral race has been all-encompassing. And now that election season has ended and we can all start being disappointed and angry with politics again (not to be a doomer), let's bring the Eric Adams era of culture to a close and march forward. Let's start treating things like private social clubs , indie sleaze, and Substack like the marginal sideshows that they are, and get back to the business of living in the cultural capital of the world.

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Gmail AI gets more intrusive

Hacker News
daveverse.org
2025-11-07 17:07:01
Comments...
Original Article

November 7, 2025 by Dave Winer

Gmail doesn't just offer to write your emails for you, they actually do it, and it's up to you to delete the text it wrote.

Hard to make a screen shot to demo without revealing personal info. That's how awful this thing is.

It reeks of desperation.

Vodafone Germany is killing the open internet – one peering connection at a time

Hacker News
coffee.link
2025-11-07 17:05:06
Comments...
Original Article

The telecom giant claims its exit from public internet exchanges will give customers "lower latencies." The evidence suggests they're in for a nightmare.

Editor's Note: This article is based on comprehensive research of publicly available sources including official press releases, regulatory filings, consumer complaints, technical forum discussions, academic studies, and industry publications. We may have failed in some areas to grasp the issue entirely. The reader is advised that not everything might be correct and you should follow the sources and conduct your own research to get an adequate understanding of the subject at hand.

There's a reason your internet feels like magic. When you click a YouTube video in Berlin, that data doesn't travel some convoluted path through half of Europe to reach you. It flows through something called an "internet exchange point"—a giant room full of routers where hundreds of networks connect directly, swapping traffic efficiently and, crucially, for free.

Vodafone Germany is about to blow that system up.

By the end of 2025, Vodafone will have completely withdrawn from every public internet exchange in Germany, including DE-CIX Frankfurt, the largest internet exchange on the planet. Instead, all traffic will flow through a single company called Inter.link , which charges content providers based on how much data they send to Vodafone customers. It's the telecom equivalent of a landlord announcing they're demolishing all the sidewalks in town and replacing them with a private toll road.

Vodafone insists this will deliver "lower latencies, more resilience, and cost savings." But if you're a Vodafone customer, you might want to brace yourself. Because there's a decade of evidence from Deutsche Telekom—Germany's other telecom giant, which did almost exactly the same thing—suggesting you're about to experience internet hell.

The open internet was supposed to work differently

To understand why this matters, you need to understand how the internet actually works. And it's not how most people think.

When you pay for internet service, you're not buying access to some centralized "internet"—you're buying access to your ISP's network. That network then connects to thousands of other networks through a patchwork of agreements and connections. The magic happens at places like DE-CIX Frankfurt, where over 1,000 networks plug into the same switching fabric and exchange traffic directly.

This system is called "settlement-free peering," and it's one of the internet's foundational principles. No money changes hands. Networks exchange traffic roughly equally, everyone saves money on long-haul transit costs, and users get faster connections because data takes the shortest possible path.

When Deutsche Telekom customers want to watch YouTube, that traffic flows directly from Google's network to Deutsche Telekom's network at a Frankfurt exchange point—maybe four or five router hops, minimal latency, no intermediaries. It's elegant. It's efficient. And it's exactly what Vodafone is abandoning.

Enter the middleman

Instead of connecting directly to content providers at neutral exchange points, Vodafone is outsourcing all its peering to Inter.link, a Berlin-based company that operates what it calls a "peering-as-a-service" platform. Inter.link operates more than 40 points of presence across 15 countries and claims connectivity to 300+ data centers in Europe .

The pitch is automation. Instead of managing thousands of individual peering relationships, Vodafone gets "one-click provisioning" and "single sign-on access." For Vodafone's network operations team, this is genuinely simpler. But here's the thing: operational efficiency for a telecom company and good service for customers are not the same thing.

Vodafone's official press release from November 2024 emphasized that the partnership with Inter.link would "reduce time, resources, and peering costs" while delivering "lower latencies" and "more resilience." What the company didn't mention is that "peering costs" in this context doesn't mean Vodafone's costs—it means the costs have shifted to content providers, who now have to pay Inter.link if they want decent connectivity to Vodafone's customers.

And if a content provider decides not to pay? That's when things get ugly.

Deutsche Telekom's decade of documented disaster

Deutsche Telekom pioneered this model in Germany, and the results have been catastrophic for customers. Not "slightly annoying" or "a bit slower"—genuinely, documentably terrible.

Consumer protection organizations have collected hundreds of complaints describing systematic degradation. The pattern is consistent and damning:

Software and downloads: Windows 11 updates taking five to six hours instead of minutes. GitHub downloads at 680 KB/s on 100 Mbps connections—a 94.6% reduction from expected speeds. Websites protected by Cloudflare loading in 15 seconds to 2.5 minutes instead of under one second.

Gaming: Latency spiking from 20-30 milliseconds to 200-3,300 milliseconds during peak hours. Packet loss reaching 17-70% on some connections, making competitive gaming literally unplayable. When customers use VPNs to bypass Deutsche Telekom's routing, speeds instantly recover 100-fold—proving the problem isn't content provider infrastructure.

Time-based patterns: Services work fine in the morning when traffic is low, degrade catastrophically during 7-11 PM peak hours, then recover late at night. Network experts have identified the root cause: Deutsche Telekom deliberately refuses to upgrade interconnection capacity when links reach congestion, creating artificial bottlenecks to pressure content providers into paid agreements.

The evidence is so overwhelming that in April 2025, a coalition including Germany's federal consumer organization, digital rights groups, and Stanford Law School professor Barbara van Schewick filed formal complaints with the Federal Network Agency alleging net neutrality violations. The investigation is ongoing. Deutsche Telekom, for its part, denies everything while customers continue suffering through abysmal performance.

Now Vodafone is implementing the same model. That should terrify you if you're a Vodafone customer.

The warning signs are already appearing

The migration started in December 2024, and Vodafone customers are already reporting problems. A pattern emerges in forum posts and support tickets: complaints about service degradation beginning specifically in November-December 2024, escalating during evening hours, affecting streaming and gaming disproportionately.

One user on Vodafone's German forum documented "extreme ping issues" that "particularly escalated in recent weeks" in November 2024, with latency jumping from normal levels to 1,000-2,000 milliseconds. Another described complete connection breakdown during 6-10 PM evening hours, making working from home and gaming "essentially impossible."

YouTube appears prominently in complaints. Forum posts describe "seit heute Abend ist Google / Youtube quasi nicht mehr zu erreichen" (since this evening Google/YouTube essentially unreachable), with traceroutes showing 1,000ms latency and 21 hops to reach Google instead of direct connections. That's not random— Heise.de, Germany's most authoritative tech publication , specifically reported that Vodafone is "discontinuing existing direct interconnections with large data sources such as YouTube."

The affected services align perfectly with those that would need to establish new paid relationships with Inter.link: YouTube, Netflix, Twitch, gaming platforms. Netflix streams at 0.93 Mbps during peak hours on some Vodafone connections—enough for low-quality SD but nowhere near the 5+ Mbps users get on competing ISPs. Gaming servers show 100-350 millisecond latency when they should be 20-30 milliseconds.

Berlin residents experienced particular degradation when Vodafone withdrew from BCIX (Berlin Internet Exchange), with forum posts noting that BCIX peering "was eliminated months ago and notably worsened network quality for Berlin residents." Major content providers including Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Netflix, and Twitch all peered at BCIX for low-latency Berlin connectivity. Those direct connections are gone, replaced by longer routes through Inter.link's more distant points of presence.

The physics don't support Vodafone's claims

Let's talk about that "lower latencies" promise, because it defies basic networking principles.

Academic research measuring performance across 900+ networks found that 91% experience at least 5% latency improvement via direct peering versus transit, with median improvements of 12-15 milliseconds. The reason is simple physics: shorter paths are faster than longer paths.

Vodafone's migration does the opposite. Previously, a customer accessing YouTube might traverse three hops through direct peering at DE-CIX Frankfurt: from the customer's router to Vodafone's router to Google's router. Now that traffic must route through Inter.link as a mandatory intermediary, adding at least one additional hop and extending the physical path.

This is fundamental networking: every additional network you traverse adds latency from routing decisions, queuing delays, and physical transmission time. Direct peering at an exchange point minimizes this. Routing through an intermediary by definition increases it.

Unless Inter.link has discovered physics-defying routing magic—and they haven't published any evidence suggesting they have—adding mandatory intermediary hops cannot produce lower latency than direct connections. The architecture change moves in precisely the wrong direction.

Vodafone has published exactly zero supporting measurements. No traceroute comparisons. No latency benchmarks. No throughput tests. No independent technical validation. For a major telecommunications company claiming performance improvements while undertaking a massive infrastructure change, the absence of any quantitative evidence is deafening.

The satellite escape hatch

While Vodafone dismantles its open peering infrastructure, an alternative has emerged that sidesteps these politics entirely: satellite internet.

Starlink operates its own global backbone network with direct agreements with major content providers. When you access YouTube via Starlink, traffic flows through SpaceX's network to satellites and down to your dish—a fundamentally different architecture from terrestrial ISP peering arrangements.

The €65/month residential service won't match premium fiber speeds, but Ookla reports consistent 161 Mbps median downloads in Germany with 40-50ms latency. More importantly: no selective throttling. Netflix and GitHub load at the same speeds because Starlink doesn't play favorites.

For customers experiencing Deutsche Telekom or Vodafone degradation, that consistency matters more than peak speed. The €299 hardware cost hurts, but you're paying for infrastructure that can't be weaponized for rent-seeking. And when Starlink has capacity issues, SpaceX launches more satellites—they solve congestion with infrastructure investment rather than weaponizing it for revenue extraction.

That competitive pressure matters. Every customer who switches from Vodafone to satellite because YouTube won't load is revenue walking out the door. Terrestrial ISPs aren't quite the monopolies they used to be.

Here's what Vodafone isn't saying in its press releases: this migration is fundamentally about changing the internet's economic model.

Traditional settlement-free peering operates on reciprocity. Networks exchange traffic because both sides benefit—Vodafone's customers want to access YouTube, and YouTube wants to reach Vodafone's customers. No money changes hands because the value exchange is mutual. It's one of the last genuinely cooperative aspects of internet infrastructure.

Vodafone's new model charges content providers based on traffic volume, creating what academic experts call a "termination monopoly." If you're a content provider and you want Vodafone's customers to have decent access to your service, you now have to pay Inter.link. Professor Barbara van Schewick of Stanford Law School , whose work informed FCC net neutrality orders and EU guidelines, characterized similar practices by Deutsche Telekom as "a frontal attack on the open internet."

In August 2024 comments to European regulators , van Schewick explained that ISPs exploit their "termination monopoly" by charging "monopoly termination fees" to reach subscribers, and concluded that "paid interconnection fees violate the Open Internet Regulation's ban on discrimination and paid fast lanes."

In December 2024, Switzerland's telecommunications regulator delivered an 11-year ruling against Swisscom for similar practices. The Swiss ComCom decision found that ISPs have a "technical monopoly of access to their end customers" and that charging content providers for traffic delivery is "not permissible" because costs are already covered by customer subscriptions. The ruling explicitly rejected the "double-dipping" model where both customers and content providers pay for internet access—precisely what Vodafone implements through Inter.link.

Think about that: you pay Vodafone for internet access. YouTube pays Inter.link for the privilege of serving you. Both ends pay, but the service you receive gets worse because the architecture degrades and bottlenecks concentrate through fewer connection points. Vodafone saves money on operational overhead while extracting new revenue from content providers. You, the customer, subsidize this twice and get a degraded product.

Regulators are paying attention (finally)

The April 2025 complaint against Deutsche Telekom came from a coalition including Germany's federal consumer organization (Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband), Epicenter.works, Gesellschaft für Freiheitsrechte, and Stanford professor Barbara van Schewick. The complaint documents technical evidence of artificial bottlenecks and charges that Deutsche Telekom creates "paid fast lanes" prohibited under EU law.

BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) released a report in December 2024 after a two-year investigation, identifying practices where ISPs "exploit bottlenecks at the entrance to its network to demand payments from online services" and classifying such practices as "potential violations of Europe's net neutrality law." The report listed "several examples, most of which involved Deutsche Telekom."

If the investigation finds Deutsche Telekom's model violates EU net neutrality regulations, Vodafone's identical approach faces the same legal jeopardy. Germany's Federal Network Agency has already shown willingness to act— in February 2022, it prohibited Vodafone's "Vodafone Pass" zero-rating service following European Court of Justice rulings. The same authority could order Vodafone to abandon paid peering and return to settlement-free public peering.

But regulatory remedies take years. In the meantime, customers suffer.

What this means for you

If you're a Vodafone Germany customer, here's what you can probably expect based on Deutsche Telekom's decade of evidence and early Vodafone complaints:

YouTube, Netflix, and streaming services will buffer more during evening hours. Quality will automatically downgrade. 4K streaming will become unreliable. These companies may eventually pay Inter.link's fees, but the degradation provides leverage for those negotiations.

Gaming will become frustrating or unplayable during peak hours. Latency will spike. Packet loss will make competitive games impossible. You'll blame the game servers, but the problem is your ISP's routing.

Video calls, remote work, cloud applications —anything latency-sensitive—will degrade during 7-11 PM peak hours when traffic concentrates through Inter.link's connection points. Your Zoom calls will pixelate. Your remote desktop sessions will lag. Your cloud backups will throttle.

Smaller content providers, startups, regional services —anyone who can't or won't pay Inter.link's fees—will work noticeably worse on your Vodafone connection than on competing ISPs. You'll have a two-tiered internet: fast lanes for services that pay, slow lanes for everything else.

And when you call Vodafone support, they'll run speed tests that show your connection hitting advertised speeds to Vodafone's own servers, and they'll tell you everything looks fine from their end. Because technically, it does. The problem isn't your connection to Vodafone—it's Vodafone's restrictive connections to the rest of the internet.

The bigger picture

Vodafone's exit from public peering isn't an isolated technical decision—it's part of a broader pattern of large telecoms trying to reshape internet economics in their favor. Thomas King, CTO of DE-CIX Frankfurt , warned without naming companies directly: "We are currently observing a trend in which large market players are increasingly using their dominant position to monetize not only their Internet access business but also network interconnection."

The trend is particularly concentrated in Germany, where both major incumbent ISPs now operate restrictive paid peering models while competitors maintain open policies. IT-Administrator, a leading German IT publication , warned that Vodafone's shift "could reduce transparency, while smaller providers and content providers may face higher entry barriers" and "could impair the diversity and openness of European Internet infrastructure."

If this model proves profitable for Vodafone and Deutsche Telekom without regulatory consequences, expect other European telecoms to follow. The open internet—where networks cooperate through settlement-free peering to deliver the best possible service—gets replaced by a gatekeeper model where ISPs extract fees from both customers and content providers while delivering worse performance.

The internet you pay for isn't the internet you're getting

Here's the fundamental thing to understand: when you pay Vodafone for internet service, you think you're buying neutral access to the global internet. You're not. You're buying access to Vodafone's network, and Vodafone controls how well that network connects to everything else.

For decades, ISPs and content networks cooperated through settlement-free peering at neutral exchange points, creating the fast, reliable internet we take for granted. That cooperative model is breaking down, replaced by gatekeepers who charge both ends while delivering worse service.

Vodafone's marketing says the Inter.link migration will give you "lower latencies." The architecture says you're getting longer paths, more hops, and concentration through fewer connection points. Deutsche Telekom's decade of customer misery says you're about to experience systematic service degradation. Early Vodafone complaints say it's already starting.

The evidence is overwhelming. Vodafone customers should brace for impact. And everyone else should pay attention—because if this model succeeds in Germany, it's coming to your country next.


Sources

Primary Sources:

Deutsche Telekom Complaints & Evidence:

Customer Complaints:

Academic & Technical Research:

Regulatory & Legal:

Industry Analysis:

Angel Investors, a Field Guide

Hacker News
www.jeanyang.com
2025-11-07 17:03:30
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Original Article

I’ve been lucky to work with some of the best angel investors in the business.

When I started Akita, my angel investors were my mentor Jason Hong , superangel Elad Gil , #ANGELS co-founder Jana Messerschmidt , Eventbrite co-founders Kevin and Julia Hartz , Stanford professor Dan Boneh , and NBA player Kevin Durant . I became a more well-prepared and well-connected founder thanks to my angel investors.

When I first became a founder, I had little idea how much working with the right angel investors could help. This post is everything I would tell a first-time founder (who is headed down the VC-funded) route about working angels.

Akita’s fundraising story

The first check into my company was a SAFE from Jason Hong, a fellow CMU professor who has been an incredible mentor, both when I was in academia and after I became a founder. At the time, I had only been out of a PhD with a real job for two years and did not have the savings to bootstrap for long, so Jason’s investment was substantial. Jason’s uncapped SAFE gave me the runway to not worry about raising immediately.

Sooner than I expected, I raised a seed round co-led by Martin Casado at a16z and Mike Vernal at Sequoia. Once the round came together, there was only room for a small number of checks. Martin and Mike both advised strategic angels instead of friends and family to fill out the round, so that’s what we did. They put together a short list of angel investors who had been helpful to their companies and introduced me. We ultimately brought on Elad Gil, Jana Messerschmidt, Kevin and Julia Hartz, and Dan Boneh.

I was at dinner with my a16z investor Martin Casado when I told him I wanted investment from Kevin Durant. It was fall 2018, KD was playing for the Warriors, and he had won Finals MVP earlier that year. I was a KD fan and had heard he did tech investing. Martin said, “How sure are you that you want him?” He sent one text to someone who happened to be walking into KD’s house at that very moment. KD said congratulations and the following week I had Thirty-Five Ventures on my cap table.

My personal experience with angel investors

In 2017-2018, the first year of my company, Julia Hartz was running EventBrite so I worked with Kevin. This was before Kevin started his VC firm A*. During this time, he was spending a lot of time with founders and entrepreneurial folks. Kevin had incredible stories from his experience with Xoom and Eventbrite and I loved learning from him. One conversation that stuck with me: I was telling Kevin how my two lead investors had both interviewed a key product hire for the company. One was positive and one was in the middle. Kevin said to always be “strong yes” or “strong no” if I could help it. I still hire according to this philosophy today.

Jana Messerschmidt was probably my angel investor who was the most generous with her time and introductions. Jana was transitioning from doing angel investing to being a venture capital investor, having just started a job at Lightspeed. As a former exec at Twitter and Netflix, she had a fantastic network and especially in developer experience. Jana introduced me to developer experience executives, founders who had been good at developer experience, and ex-founders who gave great founder advice. Jana gave me great advice about how to leverage my investors: for instance, she told me to make a spreadsheet of customers I wanted warm introductions to and send it around. Jana telling me about how Crashlytics engineered themselves to go viral and introducing me to Jeff Seibert had a huge influence on how I think about developer products.

Elad was elusive but the angel who was most consistently influential and supportive during my entire five-year run at Akita. We had a fifteen-minute call almost every quarter, sometimes at an unpredictable time, but always full of great guidance. When I was pivoting the company in 2020, saying that my original space was not working, Elad reminded me it was working for other people, just not Akita, but that’s okay. When I was gearing up for what I knew would be a tough fundraise in 2023, Elad went to work, making introductions to several promising potential investors. Elad has somehow seen every single startup situation and knows so many different founders that he had something concise and on-point to say in every single situation.

Figuring out when and how to bring on angel investors

You can either think of angel investors as the first checks in, or filling out a round. In my case, I had both: Jason Hong’s check gave me runway as I figured out my fundraise. I met my strategic angels once I decided on my investors.

Having good angels early on can help you get advice and introductions early on. That said, a lot of folks in the ecosystem will pay it forward and help you even if they are not involved as angel investors. My earliest angel investor Jason Hong was definitely helpful to me early on with advice, book recommendations, and stories from when he started Wombat Security. I also learned a lot from other ex-founders who were generous enough to give me 30-60 minutes of their time. I also cashed in pretty much every favor from friends and family to meet potential investors and to get feedback on the early product. Most of these people weren’t investors!

Strategic angels. Strategic angels are who I filled my seed round out with after securing institutional VC investment. These are folks who you add to the cap table for complementary reasons to your institutional investors. Some strategic angels invest full-time; others are operators in a similar space to you. Some folks will bring on strategic angels for social proof. When it looked like the seed round was just going to be Martin from a16z, we had started throwing around names of angels that would be good for filling out the round. After we split the round with Sequoia, Martin told me the split alone was enough proof. We were able to then choose angels completely based on gaps in our networks and expertise.

Vanity angels. There’s a difference between a strategic angel and a vanity angel, a celebrity who invests in companies. These angel investors are less likely to be active in working with companies than institutional investors or strategic angels. They often have more name recognition to friends and family and junior hires. A lot of celebrities coinvest with major venture capital firms and many have their own family offices or investment staff. For instance, in working with Kevin Durant interfaced with his investment organization Thirty-Five Ventures, which was more extensive than I had initially expected. Folks will generally work in organizations like that if they have investing ambitions of their own and they were more helpful than I expected in offering introductions. I like the advice to have no more than one on your cap table.

Friends and family. Outside of my mentor Jason Hong, there is one kind of investor missing from my cap table: friends and family. My decision not to take friends or family investors for Akita came out of a personal hesitation to mix friendship with business. There was also little room left in the round by the time it got split between two institutional investors. In some of my tougher moments of Akita, the folks who ended up being the most motivated to help were the friends who had offered to invest, but who I didn’t end up working with as investors. In my own experience on the other side as an investor, the situation where I was probably the most helpful was one with a good personal friend, but it was also a situation where I would have probably given the same support regardless of the investing relationship. For me, jury’s still out about friends and family investors, if you’re also taking VC funding.

Leveraging your angel investors

When I first started working with Kevin Hartz, he said an investor relationship was like a gumball machine, except with help. You ask for help and you get help.

The best advice I have about working with your angel investors: get to know them . One to two times early on is enough to build a relationship. If they’re helpful, even 15-30 minutes once a quarter or half can go a long way. The more they know about where we are, the more they can help. Plus, these folks were way more experienced than I was with startups. Even offhand stories from their own startup experiences, or those of companies they worked with, were incredibly educational to me. The more they know about who you are, what you’re doing, and what you need, the more they can help. And the more you know about how they can help, the more you can lean on them for help.

The easiest way to keep in touch and stay top-of-mind for your investors: send monthly investor updates . The updates provide context to investors that help them help you: what stage the company is at, what the next big milestones are. At the end of each update, I would always put three to five specific requests for the investors, from helping with introductions to helping with hiring to helping amplify a launch. Upon the recommendation of one of my investors, I also put thank-yous to investors who helped the previous month. The combination of asks and shoutouts consistently got me helpful responses from my investors.

There’s also one more important thing to understand about angel investors: angels can help in ways that institutional investors cannot. There’s one major reason underlying this: if a VC investor is doing their job well, they will make sure to keep investing in your company until they have a good amount of ownership. This means it is against their incentives to introduce you to other investors or do anything else that interferes with their ability to buy more shares in your company for a good price. Angel investors, on the other hand, are generally not jockeying for a large portion of your next round and everybody knows it. This allows them to play a much bigger role in helping you fundraise, from introducing you to other VCs to talking up your company to generate more interest across different VCs.

My perspective from the other side

There’s a whole spectrum of how investors and companies work together and everybody will tell you something different, so I’ll end with telling you about my specific take on angel investing, in case that helps founders who are trying to learn how to think about the whole thing.

I angel invest primarily through my scouting relationship with the VC firm Andreesson Horowitz. They give me a budget for investing in each fund and I get a fraction of the carry. The goal is to invest in companies I’m excited about, that also fit the profile of high-growth companies a16z would be excited about. I started scouting for three reasons. First, it gives me more skin in the game to keep up with not only my space but adjacent spaces. Second, I’m happy to pay it forward if I can be helpful. Finally, startups have an unmatchable energy and great founders are fun to be around.

My criteria for companies I decide to work with: I’m excited about what they do and believe I can help. Angel investing is a hobby for me, so it’s really about where I get energy and what I want to be thinking about in my limited free time. I discovered I am almost exclusively interested in infra companies where the team is building a product in a B2B SaaS domain I’m familiar with. I particularly like product-led growth and I love developer tools. As for the specific companies, I need to first and foremost understand and believe in the problem they’re solving: it’s usually a problem space I’ve looked at myself, am interested in looking at, or have personally experienced. Then everything else I care about is fairly standard: how well is the team executing; do they have the differentiation necessary to take them all the way.

Parting words

If you’ve read all the way to the end of this post, you probably know way more than I did when I started Akita and brought on my angel investors. But I also recognize that I was extremely lucky and would like to help you create your own luck.

So if you’re going the VC-funded route, cap space will be limited, signalling matters a lot, and your network can go a long way in helping you signal. Choose your angels well and they can help you a lot! 😇

With thanks to Umesh Khanna, whose Forward Deployed Angels series got me thinking about the importance of demystifying the angel/founder relationship. Thanks Umesh for kicking off the series by featuring TLDC and me !

Nasdaq 100 set for worst week since April meltdown

Hacker News
fortune.com
2025-11-07 16:59:49
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Original Article

A risk-off week on Wall Street is drawing to a close, with some of the most-expensive areas of the market driving stocks lower while a renewed slide in crypto leaves the asset class barely up for 2025.

Equities fell on Friday, with the S&P 500 set to halt a streak of three weeks of gains as a gauge of US consumer sentiment sank to a more than three-year low. Things were even worse for the Nasdaq 100 as a rout in artificial-intelligence winners put the tech-heavy measure on track for its worst week since the April tariff-fueled tantrum – when the index entered a bear market .

Worries about valuations in AI high-flyers reaching unsustainable levels surfaced after a torrid surge from this year’s bottom spurred calls for a breather. Technical indicators started flagging reasons for caution, adding to the drag on sentiment from warnings by Wall Street chief executives about a frothy market.

“Major indices are facing selling pressure this week,” said Craig Johnson at Piper Sandler . “Investors should prioritize good risk/reward setups, potentially after a healthy pullback within this bull market.”

This week’s slide also comes at a time when earnings season is winding down, with investors becoming reliant on private data amid a dearth of economic figures due to the ongoing government shutdown. That’s left the market vulnerable to volatility as it happened in the previous session with a report painting a bleak jobs picture .

While the US payrolls report was not released this Friday due to the shutdown, a survey conducted by 22V Research showed that a labor-market unwind is the biggest risk to trading. That explains why risk assets and bond yields have been unusually sensitive to any news data on that front.

The S&P 500 fell to around 6,670. The Nasdaq 100 slid 1.1%. A gauge of the Magnificent Seven megacaps sank 1.8%.

Bitcoin extended this week’s slide to 9%. The yield on 10-year Treasuries was little changed at 4.09%. The dollar lost 0.2%.

“While there is no jobs report Friday due to the government shutdown, there is enough private payroll and layoff data to suggest that the labor market is cooling,” said Glen Smith at GDS Wealth Management. “This cooling keeps the Fed’s rate cut plans alive for December and potentially into early 2026.”

The economy remains on an upward trajectory even if economic growth slows toward trend levels in 2026, according to Seema Shah at Principal Asset Management.

“The bigger concern — and the key focus of the Fed’s debate  —will be the health of the labor market,” she said. “We anticipate the Fed will continue to implement rate cuts to prevent any weakness in employment from accelerating. Much of the market’s optimism hinges on the assumption that policymakers will maintain some level of support.”

Despite the slide, flows remain supportive. US equity funds had an eighth consecutive week of inflows, the longest streak this year, but cash attracted the bulk of inflows, Bank of America Corp. said citing citing EPFR Global data.

Traders are pondering a moment of weakness embedded in a multi-month rip higher for stocks, yet the market on balance looks poised for further gains , said Goldman Sachs Group Inc.’s Tony Pasquariello.

“I’m not saying that risk/reward is overly compelling, nor that this is an ideal location to add a bunch of incremental risk,” the head of hedge fund coverage at Goldman Sachs wrote in a note to clients Wednesday. “Looking forward, I’d argue the balance of risks still points in favor of the bulls.”

Lose weight or lose your jobs, offshore workers told

Hacker News
www.bbc.com
2025-11-07 16:53:52
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Original Article

Rebecca Curran, BBC Scotland and

Ken Banks, North east Scotland reporter

Getty Images A helicopter lands on an oil rig and a man in orange overalls is climbing up steps and heading towards it Getty Images

Thousands of North Sea oil workers are being told they must lose weight if they are to keep flying offshore - or face losing their jobs.

From November next year, industry body Offshore Energies UK (OEUK) said the maximum clothed weight for a worker heading offshore should be 124.7kg (19.5 st) - so they can be winched to safety in an emergency.

The 249kg (39st) maximum Coastguard rescue helicopter winch load is made up of that figure plus the average 90.3kg (14st) weight of a rescue worker, a 29kg (4.5st) stretcher and the 5kg (0.8st) kit.

OEUK said more than 2,200 workers were currently above the weight limit, and jobs could be lost in the worst case scenario.

One offshore worker, Phil Perry, told BBC Scotland News he was managing to lose weight - but was worried colleagues could lose their employment when the new rules come into force.

Offshore worker Phil Perry, who has a bald head and is wearing a black T-shirt, is smiling at the  camera. He has tattoos on arms.

Offshore worker Phil Perry says the fear of losing his job is an added motivation in keeping his weight under control

The new safe weight limit policy comes after the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) warned that rescue winches - which are critical during offshore emergencies - cannot safely lift heavier people.

OEUK said the average weight of offshore workers had risen by almost 10kg (1.5st) since 2008.

The decision to implement a safe weight limit for offshore workers follows a review by industry experts over the past two-and-a half years.

Rules about shoulder size were previously introduced for workers travelling to and from offshore installations by helicopter.

Passengers with a shoulder width of 22in (56cm) or more were classed as "extra broad" and had to sit next to a similarly large helicopter window, so they could escape.

Getty Images Two workers wearing orange overalls and a hard hats fix a pig launcher on the Armada gas condensate platform, operated by BG Group Plc, in the North Sea, off the coast of Aberdeen. Getty Images

Phil Perry, 42, from Aberdeen, was 129kg (20st) at one stage - which would have been over the new limit.

He is now 118kg (18.5), and his target weight is 110kg (17st).

Mr Perry said the fear of losing his job was an added motivation to keep his weight down.

"There's not a lot of people talking about it offshore yet," he said.

"You've kind of got to understand that back in the 70s and the 80s the average person was about 70-odd kilos, it's obviously going in an upward trend.

"I think you maybe have to do something about that, because you don't want to be the one stranded there because you're too heavy to be lifted out."

Phil Perry Offshore worker Phil Perry in hard hat, smiling at camera on an offshore platform, with sea and sunshine behind him. Phil Perry

Phil Perry said it was possible to be healthy while working on a platform in the North Sea

Mr Perry said it was possible to be healthy while working on a platform in the North Sea.

"There are a lot of healthy people offshore, there are gyms, you can go for a walk round the helideck, you can be fit there, I think it just comes down to personal mindset of each individual.

"There's a wide range of fruit and healthy options, but there's also crisps and sweets which does not help.

"Everybody can lose weight, it's keeping it off that's the hard thing. I was one of these people that did these kind of crazy diets, but you can't keep it off."

He said he started eating the right foods at the right times, adding: "I started seeing the results."

Mr Perry said he "definitely" feared the new rules would lead to job losses.

"It will affect the pool available to go offshore, there's a lot of us out there, and sadly it's just the way that it's going to go, that people will start losing their jobs, which is not good for anybody," he said.

Mr Perry added that the onus was on staff themselves, as well as employers, to make a difference.

Could jobs be lost?

Graham Skinner, the health and safety manager at OEUK, said it was hoped the new safety policy - as part of a "robust safety culture" - would not lead to job losses, but he could not rule it out.

"That would be the absolute worst-case scenario.

"Employers will have a duty to support their workers through this and try to find reasonable solutions for it, but in the very worst cases that would be the case for some people."

Mr Skinner described it as "really important" that there was a clear message to the workforce that the new rules were going to come in.

"Hopefully that is the impetus for everyone to get behind the policy and lose weight in time for November next year," he said.

Graham Skinner, a man with a beard, wearing a blue suit, white shirt and yellow/gold tie looking at camera.

Graham Skinner said workers had a year to lose weight

"There are those who are going to have a real challenge over the next 12 months to lose weight to get under the weight limit.

"There is about 2,270 that are going to have to lose a little bit of weight to make sure they can continue working after November next year.

"At that point an offshore worker who weighs over 124kg will not get their medical and that will preclude them from getting on a helicopter."

However, Mr Skinner said they were "really confident" that the "vast majority" of workers were going to get under the weight limit.

Some are extremely fit

He cited the support they would get from their employers, the offshore operators, and the offshore community itself.

"We have already heard of offshore workers who are offering circuit training and gym sessions for workers," he added.

"So it's a great opportunity for the community to come together."

John Boland, the regional officer at the Unite union, said: "We would hope that nobody loses their job through this and there can be support put in to stop that from happening.

"The biggest concerns we have had are from individuals that are naturally larger built and in some cases are extremely fit but are above that actual weight limit.

"Those are discussions we need to have, how we can support those individuals as well."

The mandatory implementation of the new policy will be from 1 November 2026.

Toxic Salton Sea dust triggers changes in lung microbiome after just one week

Hacker News
phys.org
2025-11-07 16:52:05
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Original Article
Dusty air is rewriting your lung microbiome
Map of Salton Sea and dust collection sites. Credit: mSphere (2025). DOI:10.1128/msphere.00209-25 https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/msphere.00209-25

Dust from California's drying Salton Sea doesn't just smell bad. Scientists from UC Riverside found that breathing the dust can quickly re-shape the microscopic world inside the lungs.

Genetic or have previously been shown to have an effect on lung microbes. However, this discovery marks the first time scientists have observed such changes from environmental exposure rather than a disease.

Published in the journal mSphere , the study shows that inhalation of airborne dust collected close to the shallow, landlocked lake alters both the microbial landscape and immune responses in mice that were otherwise healthy.

"Even Salton Sea dust filtered to remove live bacteria or fungi is altering what microbes survive in the lungs," said Mia Maltz, UCR mycologist and lead study author. "It is causing deep changes to our internal environment."

Scientists have studied the extensively, linking it to digestion, immunity, and even mental state. In contrast, the remains less well understood, though it's increasingly seen as important to overall health.

"Our lab studies discovered that the dust generated at the Salton Sea can have significant health effects especially in the lung, and it is likely a major factor in the high incidence of asthma in the nearby communities," said David Lo, a UCR distinguished professor of biomedical sciences and study author.

The researchers collaborated on the design of an exposure chamber that mimicked real-world air conditions. The team collected dust samples both closer to and farther from the Salton Sea, then exposed mice to the aerosolized particles during a series of one-week trials.

There were some clues about ill effects even before deeper analysis.

"Salton Sea residents have ongoing suspicions that the environment is linked to respiratory illness, and our lab has definitely felt the effects of the heat, dustiness, and pungent air while out there on field work," said Talyssa Topacio, UCR graduate student and co-first author of the paper.

"The dust also just doesn't smell good," said Emma Aronson, UCR environmental microbiologist and study author. "When we were processing it in the lab, it could be stinky."

Among the that proliferated among mice exposed to the sea dust were Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus, both linked to respiratory inflammation. The most affected samples were rich in bacteria that produce LPS, a molecular residue on their outer membranes known to trigger immune responses.

"We think microbial products like LPS are part of what's causing the inflammation," Maltz said. "It's like breathing in a chemical fingerprint of dead bacteria."

Some were especially potent. In one case, up to 60% of lung immune cells contained markers of neutrophil activation, showing aggressive inflammation. In mice breathing filtered air, levels of neutrophils were only 10% to 15%.

Aronson said the findings challenge longstanding assumptions in pulmonary science. "We've seen these kinds of microbial shifts in people with cystic fibrosis or infections," she said. "But these mice had no pre-existing conditions. This was a clean slate, and it still happened."

As the Salton Sea lakebed continues to dry, more of its toxic sediment becomes airborne. The research group is examining whether similar microbial shifts occur in local children.

"Breathing in the dust over time may have chronic impacts in the lung, and these studies on the potential for altering the lung microbiome are an important first step in identifying factors that could lead to asthma and other chronic diseases," Lo said.

The research also raises broader questions. If dust can alter lung microbes, what about smoke, exhaust, or vaping aerosols? The researchers plan to test whether other exposures cause similar disruptions.

This study relied on a method Maltz developed over four years to isolate microbial DNA from host tissue, enabling a more detailed look at the lung microbiome than ever before. The next step is to determine whether protective species are being lost, and how long any noticeable changes to the microbiome persist.

"We've only just begun to understand how dust exposure changes the lung microbiome," Maltz said. "We don't yet know how long the changes last, or whether they're reversible. That's another big question."

More information: Mia R. Maltz et al, Lung microbiomes' variable responses to dust exposure in mouse models of asthma, mSphere (2025). DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00209-25 . journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/msphere.00209-25

Citation : Toxic Salton Sea dust triggers changes in lung microbiome after just one week (2025, October 21) retrieved 7 November 2025 from https://phys.org/news/2025-10-toxic-salton-sea-triggers-lung.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

3I/ATLAS shows perihelion burst and radial-only non-gravitational acceleration

Hacker News
old.reddit.com
2025-11-07 16:49:14
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Quoting Josh Cohenzadeh

Simon Willison
simonwillison.net
2025-11-07 16:38:03
I have AiDHD It has never been easier to build an MVP and in turn, it has never been harder to keep focus. When new features always feel like they're just a prompt away, feature creep feels like a never ending battle. Being disciplined is more important than ever. AI still doesn't change one very im...
Original Article

I have AiDHD

It has never been easier to build an MVP and in turn, it has never been harder to keep focus. When new features always feel like they're just a prompt away, feature creep feels like a never ending battle. Being disciplined is more important than ever.

AI still doesn't change one very important thing: you still need to make something people want. I think that getting users (even free ones) will become significantly harder as the bar for user's time will only get higher as their options increase.

Being quicker to get to the point of failure is actually incredibly valuable. Even just over a year ago, many of these projects would have taken months to build.

Josh Cohenzadeh , AiDHD

[$] Bootc for workstation use

Linux Weekly News
lwn.net
2025-11-07 16:32:28
The bootc project allows users to create a bootable Linux system image using the container tooling that many developers are already familiar with. It is an evolution of OSTree (now called libostree), which is used to create Fedora Silverblue and other image-based distributions. While creating custom...
Original Article

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Please consider subscribing to LWN . An LWN subscription provides numerous benefits, including access to restricted content and the warm feeling of knowing that you are helping to keep LWN alive.

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Denmark's government aims to ban access to social media for children under 15

Hacker News
apnews.com
2025-11-07 16:28:31
Comments...
Original Article

COPENHAGEN, Denmark (AP) — Denmark’s government on Friday announced an agreement to ban access to social media for anyone under 15, ratcheting up pressure on Big Tech platforms as concerns grow that kids are getting too swept up in a digitized world of harmful content and commercial interests.

The move, led by the Ministry of Digitalization, aims to set the age limit for access to social media but give some parents — after a specific assessment — the right to give consent to let their children access social media from age 13.

Such a measure would be among the most sweeping steps yet by a European government to limit use of social media among teens and younger children, which has drawn concerns in many parts of an increasingly online world.

It follows a move in December in Australia, where parliament enacted the world’s first ban on social media for children — setting the minimum age at 16.

That made platforms including TikTok, Facebook, Snapchat, Reddit, X and Instagram subject to fines of up to 50 million Australian dollars ($33 million) for systemic failures to prevent children younger than 16 from holding accounts.

The Danish ministry statement said the age minimum of 15 would be introduced for “certain” social media, though it did not specify which ones. Nor did the statement indicate how such a move would be enforced in a world where millions of children have easy access to screens.

But the move nonetheless was likely to stir debate well beyond Denmark’s borders.

A coalition of lawmakers from the political right, left and center “are making it clear that children should not be left alone in a digital world where harmful content and commercial interests are too much a part of shaping their everyday lives and childhoods,” the ministry said.

“Children and young people have their sleep disrupted, lose their peace and concentration, and experience increasing pressure from digital relationships where adults are not always present,” it said. “This is a development that no parent, teacher or educator can stop alone.”

Pressure from tech giants’ business models was “too massive,” the ministry said. It cited a comment from Digitalization Minister Caroline Stage saying Danish authorities were “finally drawing a line in the sand and setting a clear direction.”

Many governments have been grappling with ways of limiting harmful fallout from online technologies, without overly squelching their promise.

China — which manufacturers many of the world’s digital devices — has set limits on online game time and smart-phone time for kids. Prosecutors in Paris this week announced an investigation into allegations that TikTok allows content promoting suicide and that its algorithms may encourage vulnerable young people to take their own lives.

The European Union-wide Digital Services Act forbids children younger than 13 to hold accounts on social media like TikTok and Instagram, video sharing platforms like YouTube and Twitch, sites like Reddit and Discord, as well as AI companions. Some EU lawmakers want to raise the age to 16 during a Nov. 24 vote in the European Parliament.

The 27-nation EU’s executive, the European Commission, issued guidelines in July to strengthen protection of minors and rolled out a prototype of an age-verification app.

Rasmus Lund-Nielsen, an Danish lawmaker of the Moderates party, said social media has become “the Wild West.”

“Every other 10-year-old is on TikTok, but now we are setting a limit,” he said. “It is not just a parental responsibility to protect children from seeing Charlie Kirk being shot in the throat on social media.”

“When 60 percent of boys do not see their friends outside of school, only 12% of girls exercise enough to meet (World Health Organization) recommendations and 15% receive a psychiatric diagnosis before they turn 18, society must step in and take responsibility,” he said. “Now we are giving children their childhood back.”

From web developer to database developer in 10 years

Lobsters
notes.eatonphil.com
2025-11-07 16:11:29
Comments...
Original Article

Last month I completed my first year at EnterpriseDB. I'm on the team that built and maintains pglogical and who, over the years, contributed a good chunk of the logical replication functionality that exists in community Postgres. Most of my work, our work, is in C and Rust with tests in Perl and Python. Our focus these days is a descendant of pglogical called Postgres Distributed which supports replicating DDL, tunable consistency across the cluster, etc.

This post is about how I got here.

Black boxes

I was a web developer from 2014-2021†. I wrote JavaScript and HTML and CSS and whatever server-side language: Python or Go or PHP. I was a hands-on engineering manager from 2017-2021. I was pretty clueless about databases and indeed database knowledge was not a serious part of any interview I did.

Throughout that time (2014-2021) I wanted to move my career forward as quickly as possible so I spent much of my free time doing educational projects and writing about them on this blog (or previous incarnations of it). I learned how to write primitive HTTP servers, how to write little parsers and interpreters and compilers. It was a virtuous cycle because the internet (Hacker News anyway) liked reading these posts and I wanted to learn how the black boxes worked.

But I shied away from data structures and algorithms (DSA) because they seemed complicated and useless to the work that I did. That is, until 2020 when an inbox page I built started loading more and more slowly as the inbox grew. My coworker pointed me at Use The Index, Luke and the DSA scales fell from my eyes. I wanted to understand this new black box so I built a little in-memory SQL database with support for indexes.

I'm a college dropout so even while I was interested in compilers and interpreters earlier in my career I never dreamed I could get a job working on them. Only geniuses and PhDs did that work and I was neither. The idea of working on a database felt the same. However, I could work on little database side projects like I had done before on other topics, so I did . Or a series of explorations of Raft implementations, others' and my own.

Startups

From 2021-2023 I tried to start a company and when that didn't pan out I joined TigerBeetle as a cofounder to work on marketing and community. It was during this time I started the Software Internals Discord and /r/databasedevelopment which have since kind of exploded in popularity among professionals and academics in database and distributed systems.

TigerBeetle was my first job at a database company, and while I contributed bits of code I was not a developer there. It was a way into the space . And indeed it was an incredible learning experience both on the cofounder side and on the database side. I wrote articles with King and Joran that helped teach and affirm for myself the basics of databases and consensus-based distributed systems.

Holding out

When I left TigerBeetle in 2023 I was still not sure if I could get a job as an actual database developer. My network had exploded since 2021 (when I started my own company that didn't pan out) so I had no trouble getting referrals at database companies.

But my background kept leading hiring managers to suggest putting me on cloud teams doing orchestration in Go around a database rather than working on the database itself.

I was unhappy with this type-casting so I held out while unemployed and continued to write posts and host virtual hackweeks messing with Postgres and MySQL. I started the first incarnation of the Software Internals Book Club during this time, reading Designing Data Intensive Applications with 5-10 other developers in Bryant Park. During this time I also started the NYC Systems Coffee Club .

Postgres

After about four months of searching I ended up with three good offers, all to do C and Rust development on Postgres (extensions) as an individual contributor. Working on extensions might sound like the definition of not-sexy, but Postgres APIs are so loosely abstracted it's really as if you're working on Postgres itself.

You can mess with almost anything in Postgres so you have to be very aware of what you're doing. And when you can't mess with something in Postgres because an API doesn't yet exist, companies have the tendency to just fork Postgres so they can. (This tendency isn't specific to Postgres, almost every open-source database company seems to have a long-running internal fork or two of the database.)

EnterpriseDB

Two of the three offers were from early-stage startups and after more than 3 years being part of the earliest stages of startups I was happy for a break. But the third offer was from one of the biggest contributors to Postgres, a 20-year old company called EnterpriseDB. (You can probably come up with different rankings of companies using different metrics so I'm only saying EnterpriseDB is one of the biggest contributors.)

It seemed like the best place to be to learn a lot and contribute something meaningful.

My coworkers are a mix of Postgres veterans (people who contributed the WAL to Postgres, who contributed MVCC to Postgres, who contributed logical decoding and logical replication, who contributed parallel queries; the list goes on and on) but also my developer-coworkers are people who started at EnterpriseDB on technical support, or who were previously Postgres administrators.

It's quite a mix. Relatively few geniuses or PhDs, despite what I used to think, but they certainly work hard and have hard-earned experience.

Anyway, I've now been working at EnterpriseDB for over a year so I wanted to share this retrospective. I also wanted to cover what it's like coming from engineering management and founding companies to going back to being an individual contributor. (Spoiler: incredibly enjoyable.) But it has been hard enough to make myself write this much so I'm calling it a day. :)

I wrote a post about the winding path I took from web developer to database developer over 10 years. pic.twitter.com/tf8bUDRzjV

— Phil Eaton (@eatonphil) February 15, 2025

† From 2011-2014 I also did contract web development but this was part-time while I was in school.

Behind the Blog: Paywall Jumping and Smart Glasses

403 Media
www.404media.co
2025-11-07 16:08:30
This week, we discuss archiving to get around paywalls, hating on smart glasses, and more....
Original Article

This is Behind the Blog, where we share our behind-the-scenes thoughts about how a few of our top stories of the week came together. This week, we discuss archiving to get around paywalls, hating on smart glasses, and more.

JASON: I was going to try to twist myself into knots attempting to explain the throughline between my articles this week, and about how I’ve been thinking about the news and our coverage more broadly. This was going to be something about trying to promote analog media and distinctly human ways of communicating (like film photography), while highlighting the very bad economic and political incentives pushing us toward fundamentally dehumanizing, anti-human methods of communicating. Like fully automated, highly customized and targeted AI ads, automated library software, and I guess whatever Nancy Pelosi has been doing with her stock portfolio. But then I remembered that I blogged about the FBI’s subpoena against archive.is, a website I feel very ambivalent about and one that is the subject of perhaps my most cringe blog of all time.

So let’s revisit that cringe blog, which was called “ Dear GamerGate: Please Stop Stealing Our Shit .” I wrote this article in 2014, which was fully 11 years ago, which is alarming to me. First things first: They were not stealing from me they were stealing from VICE, a company that I did not actually experience financial gains from related to people reading articles; it was good if people read my articles and traffic was very important, and getting traffic over time led to me getting raises and promotions and stuff, but the company made very, very clear that we did not “own” the articles and therefore they were not “mine” in the way that they are now. With that out of the way, the reporting and general reason for the article was I think good but the tone of it is kind of wildly off, and, as I mentioned, over the course of many years I have now come to regard archive.is as sort of an integral archiving tool. If you are unfamiliar with archive.is, it’s a site that takes snapshots of any URL and creates a new link for them which, notably, does not go to the original website. Archive.is is extremely well known for bypassing the paywalls on many sites, 404 Media sometimes but not usually among them.

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What are you doing this weekend?

Lobsters
lobste.rs
2025-11-07 16:04:37
Feel free to tell what you plan on doing this weekend and even ask for help or feedback. Please keep in mind it’s more than OK to do nothing at all too!...
Original Article

Still recovering from being ill. Totally bored of it now.

Hoping to get out and work on the new car, needs the battery swapping and the laptop plugging in to change a few settings (I want to customise the heated seat temperatures damnit!) General fluids & tyres check on the other cars, and sort the paperwork to sell one of them to a friend.

Started watching the BBC series SAS: Rogue Heroes on how the SAS started during the Africa campaign in WWII, I knew bits and pieces of the story from reading books but not much of the early formation. Really well made and a great cast. Home alone for most of the weekend, so suspect I'll watch a bit more.

Could LLMs encourage new programming languages?

Simon Willison
simonwillison.net
2025-11-07 16:00:42
My hunch is that existing LLMs make it easier to build a new programming language in a way that captures new developers. Most programming languages are similar enough to existing languages that you only need to know a small number of details to use them: what's the core syntax for variables, loops, ...
Original Article

My hunch is that existing LLMs make it easier to build a new programming language in a way that captures new developers.

Most programming languages are similar enough to existing languages that you only need to know a small number of details to use them: what's the core syntax for variables, loops, conditionals and functions? How does memory management work? What's the concurrency model?

For many languages you can fit all of that, including illustrative examples, in a few thousand tokens of text.

So ship your new programming language with a Claude Skills style document and give your early adopters the ability to write it with LLMs. The LLMs should handle that very well, especially if they get to run an agentic loop against a compiler or even a linter that you provide.

This post started as a comment .

‘Mind-Captioning’ AI Decodes Brain Activity To Turn Thoughts Into Text

Portside
portside.org
2025-11-07 16:00:35
‘Mind-Captioning’ AI Decodes Brain Activity To Turn Thoughts Into Text barry Fri, 11/07/2025 - 11:00 ...
Original Article
‘Mind-Captioning’ AI Decodes Brain Activity To Turn Thoughts Into Text Published

Functional magnetic resonance imaging is a non-invasive way to explore brain activity | National Institute of Mental Health/National Institutes of Health/SPL

Reading a person’s mind using a recording of their brain activity sounds futuristic, but it’s now one step closer to reality. A technique called ‘mind captioning’ generates descriptive sentences of what a person is seeing or picturing in their mind using a read-out of their brain activity, with impressive accuracy.

The technique, described in a paper published today in Science Advances 1 , also offers clues for how the brain represents the world before thoughts are put into words. And it might be able to help people with language difficulties , such as those caused by strokes, to better communicate.

The model predicts what a person is looking at “with a lot of detail”, says Alex Huth, a computational neuroscientist at the University of California, Berkeley. “This is hard to do. It’s surprising you can get that much detail.”

Scan and predict

Researchers have been able to accurately predict what a person is seeing or hearing using their brain activity for more than a decade. But decoding the brain’s interpretation of complex content, such as short videos or abstract shapes, has proved more difficult.

Previous attempts have identified only key words that describe what a person saw rather than the complete context, which might include the subject of a video and actions that occur in it, says Tomoyasu Horikawa, a computational neuroscientist at NTT Communication Science Laboratories in Kanagawa, Japan. Other attempts have used artificial intelligence (AI) models that can create sentence structure themselves, making it difficult to know whether the description was actually represented in the brain, he adds.

Horikawa’s method first used a deep-language AI model to analyse the text captions of more than 2,000 videos, turning each one into a unique numerical ‘meaning signature’. A separate AI tool was then trained on six participants’ brain scans and learnt to find the brain-activity patterns that matched each meaning signature while the participants watched the videos.


The rise of brain-reading technology: what you need to know


Once trained, this brain decoder could read a new brain scan from a person watching a video and predict the meaning signature. Then, a different AI text generator would search for a sentence that comes closest to the meaning signature decoded from the individual’s brain.

For example, a participant watched a short video of a person jumping from the top of a waterfall. Using their brain activity, the AI model guessed strings of words, starting with ‘spring flow’, progressing to ‘above rapid falling water fall’ on the tenth guess and arriving at ‘a person jumps over a deep water fall on a mountain ridge’ on the 100th guess.

The researchers also asked participants to recall video clips that they had seen. The AI models successfully generated descriptions of these recollections, demonstrating that the brain seems to use a similar representation for both viewing and remembering.

Reading the future

This technique, which uses non-invasive functional magnetic resonance imaging, could help to improve the process by which implanted brain–computer interfaces might translate people’s non-verbal mental representations directly into text. “If we can do that using these artificial systems, maybe we can help out these people with communication difficulties,” says Huth, who developed a similar model in 2023 with his colleagues that decodes language from non-invasive brain recordings 2 .

These findings raise concerns about mental privacy , Huth says, as researchers grow closer to revealing intimate thoughts, emotions and health conditions that could, in theory, be used for surveillance, manipulation or to discriminate against people. Neither Huth’s model nor Horikawa’s cross a line, they both say, because these techniques require participants’ consent and the models cannot discern private thoughts. “Nobody has shown you can do that, yet,” says Huth.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-025-03624-1

References

  1. Horikawa, T. Sci . Adv. 11 , eadw1464 (2025).

    Article Google Scholar

  2. Tang, J., LeBel, A., Jain, S. & Huth, A. G. Nature Neurosci . 26 , 858–866 (2023).

    Article PubMed Google Scholar

Cisco: Actively exploited firewall flaws now abused for DoS attacks

Bleeping Computer
www.bleepingcomputer.com
2025-11-07 15:44:31
Cisco warned this week that two vulnerabilities, which have been exploited in zero-day attacks, are now being abused to force ASA and FTD firewalls into reboot loops. [...]...
Original Article

Cisco

Cisco warned this week that two vulnerabilities, which have been used in zero-day attacks, are now being exploited to force ASA and FTD firewalls into reboot loops.

The tech giant released security updates on September 25 to address the two security flaws, stating that CVE-2025-20362 enables remote threat actors to access restricted URL endpoints without authentication, while CVE-2025-20333 allows authenticated attackers to gain remote code execution on vulnerable devices.

When chained, these vulnerabilities allow remote, unauthenticated attackers to gain complete control over unpatched systems.

Wiz

The same day, CISA issued an emergency directive ordering U.S. federal agencies to secure their Cisco firewall devices against attacks using this exploit chain within 24 hours. CISA also mandated them to disconnect ASA devices reaching their end of support (EoS) from federal organization networks.

Threat monitoring service Shadowserver is currently tracking over 34,000 internet-exposed ASA and FTD instances vulnerable to CVE-2025-20333 and CVE-2025-20362 attacks, down from the nearly 50,000 unpatched firewalls it spotted in September.

Unpatched Cisco ASA/FTD firewalls
Unpatched Cisco ASA/FTD firewalls (Shadowserver)

Now exploited in DoS attacks

"Cisco previously disclosed new vulnerabilities in certain Cisco ASA 5500-X devices running Cisco Secure Firewall ASA software with VPN web services enabled, discovered in collaboration with several government agencies. We attributed these attacks to the same state-sponsored group behind the 2024 ArcaneDoor campaign and urged customers to apply the available software fixes," a Cisco spokesperson told BleepingComputer this week.

"On November 5, 2025, Cisco became aware of a new attack variant targeting devices running Cisco Secure ASA Software or Cisco Secure FTD Software releases affected by the same vulnerabilities. This attack can cause unpatched devices to unexpectedly reload, leading to denial of service (DoS) conditions."

CISA and Cisco linked the attacks to the ArcaneDoor campaign , which exploited two other Cisco firewall zero-day bugs ( CVE-2024-20353 and CVE-2024-20359 ) to breach government networks worldwide starting in November 2023. The UAT4356 threat group (tracked as STORM-1849 by Microsoft) behind the ArcaneDoor attacks deployed previously unknown Line Dancer in-memory shellcode loader and Line Runner backdoor malware to maintain persistence on compromised systems.

On September 25, Cisco fixed a third critical vulnerability ( CVE-2025-20363 ) in its Cisco IOS and firewall software, which can allow unauthenticated threat actors to execute arbitrary code remotely. However, it didn't directly link it to the attacks exploiting CVE-2025-20362 and CVE-2025-20333, saying that its Product Security Incident Response Team was "not aware of any public announcements or malicious use of the vulnerability."

Since then, attackers have started exploiting another recently patched RCE vulnerability (CVE-2025-20352) in Cisco networking devices to deploy rootkit malware on unprotected Linux boxes .

More recently, on Thursday, Cisco released security updates to patch critical security flaws in its Contact Center software, which could enable attackers to bypass authentication ( CVE-2025-20358 ) and execute commands with root privileges ( CVE-2025-20354 ).

"We strongly recommend all customers upgrade to the software fixes outlined in our security advisories," Cisco added on Thursday.

Wiz

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Pressured on Israel work, Microsoft asks employees to flag violations

Hacker News
www.detroitnews.com
2025-11-07 15:40:18
Comments...
Original Article

Microsoft is creating a new system for employees to raise concerns over how its technology is used, in response to reports about mass surveillance data on Palestinian civilians stored on its cloud servers.

In an internal memo sent to employees on Wednesday, Microsoft President Brad Smith said the company had created a "Trusted Technology Review" section in its Microsoft Integrity Portal. The portal is an internal site where employees can flag workplace behavior, legal, ethical and security concerns.

Activists with No Azure for Apartheid move along a public sidewalk outside Microsoft's Redmond, Washington, campus on Aug. 20, 2025. The company told employees this week it has a new system for them to raise concerns over how its technology is used, in response to reports about mass surveillance data on Palestinian civilians stored on its cloud servers.

The move is the latest from Microsoft after months of probes into how the Israel Ministry of Defense was using the company's Azure cloud technology, prompted by reports from The Guardian.

The company first launched an investigation earlier this year, in which it found no evidence Azure technology was used by Israel to target people in the Israel-Hamas war in Gaza. Over the summer, The Guardian and two regional publications — +972 Magazine, an Israeli-Palestinian outlet, and Hebrew-language outlet Local Call — reported that Israeli military spy agency Unit 8200 was using Microsoft’s cloud computing services to store surveillance data on civilians in Gaza and the West Bank.

Microsoft then launched a second investigation in mid-August. In late September, Smith wrote in a company blog post that Microsoft found evidence that corroborated some of The Guardian's reporting. The company then cut off specific cloud computing services to Unit 8200, citing violations over the company's terms of service.

Amid reports of the Israel government's use of Microsoft's technology, the company has faced numerous protests, mostly at either high-profile events or on its Redmond campus.

Smith said Wednesday that after the September update, the company would continue to "share lessons learned and how we will apply these going forward."

The review system is the first move Smith has shared since September. He said Microsoft's non-retaliation policy applies to it and that employees can raise concerns anonymously.

The company, Smith said, will also strengthen its "existing pre-contract review process for evaluating engagements that require additional human rights due diligence.

No Azure for Apartheid, the group protesting Microsoft, started its demonstrations with employees disrupting company events, including a 50th anniversary on Microsoft’s campus and an annual conference in downtown Seattle earlier this year.

Those employees were fired and tensions escalated in August when the group occupied a plaza on Microsoft’s Redmond campus and several were arrested. Later in August, four employees were fired after protesters breached Smith’s office and participated in a sit-in.

The group has responded to each of Microsoft's updates with repeated demands that the company sever all ties with the Israeli government. Microsoft said in September it wasn't cutting any access to Israel outside of Unit 8200.

Other tech companies are facing employee protests as well. Amazon and Google have both faced protests from employees over the $1.2 billion joint contract the companies had with Israel called Project Nimbus.

The Guardian reported last week that Amazon and Google had agreed to a list of demands from the Israeli government that included unrestricted access to technology and alerting Israel if the companies disclosed data to foreign courts or investigators. Both companies have denied any agreement to evade legal obligations.

The report also said Microsoft lost out on the Nimbus contract partially because it wouldn't meet some of Israel's demands.

A Final Indignity: Cuomo's White Ford Bronco Got a Parking Ticket

hellgate
hellgatenyc.com
2025-11-07 15:39:14
Thanks to an eagle-eyed New Yorker, who saw the car illegally parked outside of the ex-gov's Sutton Place apartment on Wednesday, and reported it to 311....
Original Article

In the week before Tuesday's mayoral election, Andrew Cuomo began driving around town in a 1996 white Ford Bronco, which he repeatedly went out of his way to tell reporters was "not the O.J. Bronco."

So what kind of Bronco was it? According to Cuomo, it was his "good luck truck," and one that he illegally parked in a bike lane on the eve of the election .

And what does it look like when that truck runs out of luck, much like Cuomo did when he took an almost nine-point drubbing from Assemblymember Zohran Mamdani on Tuesday night?

It looks a lot like getting a parking ticket.

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OpenAI’s Sora 2 Floods Social Media With Videos of Women Being Strangled

403 Media
www.404media.co
2025-11-07 15:36:23
X and TikTok accounts are dedicated to posting AI-generated videos of women being strangled....
Original Article

Social media accounts on TikTok and X are posting AI-generated videos of women and girls being strangled, showing yet another example of generative AI companies failing to prevent users from creating media that violates their own policies against violent content.

One account on X has been posting dozens of AI-generated strangulation videos starting in mid-October. The videos are usually 10 seconds long and mostly feature a “teenage girl” being strangled, crying, and struggling to resist until her eyes close and she falls to the ground. Some titles for the videos include: “A Teenage Girl Cheerleader Was Strangled As She Was Distressed,” “Prep School Girls Were Strangled By The Murderer!” and “man strangled a high school cheerleader with a purse strap which is crazy.”

Many of the videos posted by this X account in October include the watermark for Sora 2, Open AI’s video generator, which was made available to the public on September 30. Other videos, including most videos that were posted by the account in November, do not include a watermark but are clearly AI generated. We don’t know if these videos were generated with Sora 2 and had their watermark removed, which is trivial to do , or created with another AI video generator.

The X account is small, with only 17 followers and a few hundred views on each post. A TikTok account with a similar username that was posting similar AI-generated choking videos had more than a thousand followers and regularly got thousands of views. Both accounts started posting the AI-generated videos in October. Prior to that, the accounts were posting clips of scenes, mostly from real Korean dramas, in which women are being strangled. I first learned about the X account from a 404 Media reader, who told me X declined to remove the account after they reported it.

“According to our Community Guidelines , we don't allow hate speech, hateful behavior, or promotion of hateful ideologies,” a TikTok spokesperson told me in an email. The TikTok account was also removed after I reached out for comment. “That includes content that attacks people based on protected attributes like race, religion, gender, or sexual orientation.”

X did not respond to a request for comment.

OpenAI did not respond to a request for comment, but its policies state that “graphic violence or content promoting violence” may be removed from the Sora Feed, where users can see what other users are generating. In our testing, Sora immediately generated a video for the prompt “man choking woman” which looked similar to the videos posted to TikTok and X. When Sora finished generating those videos it sent us notifications like “Your choke scene just went live, brace for chaos,” and “Yikes, intense choke scene, watch responsibly.” Sora declined to generate a video for the prompt “man choking woman with belt,” saying “This content may violate our content policies.”

Safe and consensual choking is common in adult entertainment, be it various forms of BDSM or more niche fetishes focusing on choking specifically, and that content is easy to find wherever adult entertainment is available. Choking scenes are also common social media and more mainstream horror movies and TV shows. The UK government recently announced that it will soon make it illegal to publish or possess pornographic depictions of strangulation of suffocation .

It’s not surprising, then, that when generative AI tools are made available to the public some people generate choking videos and violent content as well. In September, I reported about an AI-generated YouTube channel that exclusively posted videos of women being shot . Those videos were generated with Google’s Veo AI-video generator, despite it being against the company’s policies. Google said it took action against the user who was posting those videos.

Sora 2 had to make several changes to its guardrails since it launched after people used it to make videos of popular cartoon characters depicted as Nazis and other forms of copyright infringement.

About the author

Emanuel Maiberg is interested in little known communities and processes that shape technology, troublemakers, and petty beefs. Email him at emanuel@404media.co

Emanuel Maiberg

A.I. and Social Media Contribute to 'Brain Rot'

Hacker News
www.nytimes.com
2025-11-07 15:34:33
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Original Article

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Elixir shuts down deUSD after Stream Finance halt

Web3 Is Going Great
web3isgoinggreat.com
2025-11-07 15:27:22
After the defi yield platform Stream Finance announced a $93 million loss, Elixir announced it would be discontinuing its deUSD synthetic stablecoin. Stream Finance owes $68 million to Elixir, and holds around $75 million deUSD.Elixir has announced that they plan to allow deUSD holders to r...
Original Article

After the defi yield platform Stream Finance announced a $93 million loss , Elixir announced it would be discontinuing its deUSD synthetic stablecoin . Stream Finance owes $68 million to Elixir, and holds around $75 million deUSD.

Elixir has announced that they plan to allow deUSD holders to redeem their tokens for USDC through a process that will also eliminate the risk of Stream Finance cashing out their deUSD without repaying their loan. According to Elixir, "Stream comprised of 99%+ of the lending positions (and has decided to not repay or close positions)".

Some Flunky Fainted in the Oval Office During a Press Event, and Trump Just Stood There With a Stupid Look on His Face

Daring Fireball
bsky.app
2025-11-07 15:18:21
An even better, more iconic, metaphor for this administration than the images of the East Wing being razed. When you watch the video, take note of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. performing his family’s signature dance move, “The Chappaquiddick”.  ★  ...

‘Musk is Tesla and Tesla is Musk’ – why investors are happy to pay him $1tn

Guardian
www.theguardian.com
2025-11-07 15:15:38
Making Elon Musk the world’s first trillionaire appears to fit a US investment culture of backing high-flying innovators For all the headlines about an on-off relationship with Donald Trump, baiting liberals and erratic behaviour, Tesla shareholders are loath to part with Elon Musk. Investors in the...
Original Article

For all the headlines about an on-off relationship with Donald Trump, baiting liberals and erratic behaviour, Tesla shareholders are loath to part with Elon Musk .

Investors in the electric vehicle maker voted on Thursday to put the world’s richest person on the path to become the world’s first trillionaire , despite the controversy that is now seemingly intrinsic to his public profile.

Shareholders approved the $1tn compensation plan , which could yield the largest corporate payout in history if he meets a series of tough-looking goals, not least pushing Tesla from its current market value of $1.4tn to $8.5tn (£1.06tn to £6.4tn). Musk’s fortune, which includes a stake of about 12.5% in Tesla, is already worth $461bn.

“Musk is Tesla and Tesla is Musk,” says Dan Ives, a managing director at the US financial firm Wedbush. “Despite some of the brand damage Musk has caused to Tesla during his political stint, the AI future at Tesla depends on Elon.”

Ives is a self-described Tesla “core bull” who nonetheless has consistently raised concerns about the damage that the chief executive’s political stance has been doing to one of the world’s best-known brands.

Tesla sales suffered as Musk’s on-off relationship with Trump – funding his presidential campaign and his stint leading sweeping cuts at the “department of government efficiency” – damaged the appeal of its vehicles to a left-leaning consumer base.

There were signs of trouble before that as well, with market research firm Strategic Vision recording a sharp decline in regard for Tesla since Musk bought Twitter (now X) in 2022, rolled back content moderation on the platform and reinstated banned accounts .

Other off-putting factors have been swirling around the Trump soap opera, such as reports of Musk’s alleged extensive drug consumption , his public support for far-right political parties and making fascist-style salutes at political rallies .

At one point in March, Ives warned that Tesla and Musk were embroiled in a “brand tornado crisis moment” as the backlash against the boss’s behaviour became a global problem amid falling sales. Other factors were at play in Tesla’s commercial wobbles, not least stiff competition from Chinese-made vehicles, but Musk’s notoriety has had an impact.

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So why have investors stuck by Musk? Shares in Tesla have risen by nearly two-thirds since May, when the Tesla chief executive announced he was leaving the Trump administration (and then worrying investors by falling out with the president publicly). Third-quarter deliveries – a proxy for sales – trounced Wall Street estimates last month thanks to US consumers taking advantage of expiring federal tax credits for electric vehicles, although European sales suffered and analysts warned that Musk needs to cushion a post-credit slowdown by selling cheaper models.

Another factor is the culture among US investors of backing high-flying innovators and entrepreneurs. For instance, Mark Zuckerberg’s control of Meta has not been challenged and Jeff Bezos had a long reign at the top of Amazon before stepping down in 2021. Indeed, most Tesla shareholders seemed concerned that Musk was devoting too little time to the company, instead of wanting him to leave altogether.

“Money talks in the US more,” says Neil Wilson, an investor strategist at financial trading platform Saxo Markets. “The US has a far more entrepreneurial, free-wheeling, go-get-’em attitude so they are inclined to let innovators innovate. Plus Musk is a one-off – without him Tesla would be nowhere.”

Other incentives in Musk’s $1tn pay package include delivering 20m Tesla vehicles, 10m self-driving car subscriptions, 1m humanoid robots and 1m robotaxis. These targets, particularly the robots and autonomous vehicles, require the kind of entrepreneurial and technological chutzpah that Musk has shown at Tesla and his rocket company SpaceX.

Matthias Schmidt, an automotive industry analyst, says the added value Musk has brought to Tesla’s stock is “undeniable” and has made “many people rich, including himself”.

However, Schmidt adds that Tesla’s core car business has reached its peak and describes the autonomous vehicle plans as “certainly not the best in the market”.

“Have shareholders been naively blind-sided by past achievements rather than the foresight of future prospects? Perhaps!” he says.

Most Tesla investors are willing to bet $1tn otherwise.

Warpstock 2025 (OS/2, ArcaOS)

Lobsters
www.youtube.com
2025-11-07 15:11:37
http://warpstock.org/staticpages/index.php?page=ws2025-home Comments...

Warpstock 2025 (OS/2, ArcaOS)

Lobsters
www.youtube.com
2025-11-07 15:11:37
http://warpstock.org/staticpages/index.php?page=ws2025-home Comments...

Moonwell accrues almost $3.7 million of bad debt after oracle malfunction

Web3 Is Going Great
web3isgoinggreat.com
2025-11-07 15:08:55
The Moonwell lending protocol, built on the Base Ethereum L2, wound up with $3.7 million in bad debt after an attacker took advantage of an oracle malfunction that caused the price of wrsETH to be massively inflated. The Chainlink oracle used by the project erroneously reported that a singl...
Original Article

The Moonwell lending protocol, built on the Base Ethereum L2 , wound up with $3.7 million in bad debt after an attacker took advantage of an oracle malfunction that caused the price of wrsETH to be massively inflated. The Chainlink oracle used by the project erroneously reported that a single wrsETH token (Kelp DAO's wrapped restaked ETH) was priced at around 1.65 million ETH (~$5.8 billion). Within 30 seconds of the oracle reporting bad data, an attacker took advantage of the error to borrow huge amounts of tokens, which they then swapped to other tokens to cash out.

Ultimately the attacker profited around 295 ETH (~$1 million), but the protocol was saddled with significantly more bad debt that the team will now have to grapple with.

ID verification laws are fueling the next wave of breaches

Bleeping Computer
www.bleepingcomputer.com
2025-11-07 15:05:15
ID laws are forcing companies to store massive amounts of sensitive data, turning compliance into a security risk. Acronis explains how integrated backup and cybersecurity platforms help MSPs reduce complexity and close the gaps attackers exploit. [...]...
Original Article

Personal data

The cybersecurity community has long lived by a simple principle: Don't collect more data than you can protect. But ID laws and other legal mandates now force many organizations to store massive amounts of sensitive data, putting them in the precarious situation of dealing with information they don’t necessarily want but have to safeguard.

The recent data breach involving Discord illustrates this challenge. In early October 2025, the messaging and gaming platform disclosed that cyberattackers had compromised one of its third-party customer service providers, accessing personal information from users who had contacted Discord's Customer Support or Trust and Safety teams.

While the breach included typical support ticket data, including names, email addresses, IP addresses, limited billing information and customer service messages, one category of stolen data stood out: government-issued identification documents.

According to Discord's official statement , the cyberattacker gained access to government ID images from users who used Discord’s partner to appeal expulsions for being underaged.

The ID law dilemma

Discord didn't collect these government IDs on a whim. Age verification laws are proliferating worldwide. These laws typically mandate age verification through government-issued documents, such as driver's licenses, passports or national ID cards.

Failure to verify IDs can result in millions of dollars in fines. The intention is sensible: protecting minors from inappropriate online content. But for the organizations that have to collect ID data, the laws can lead to a security nightmare.

Organizations now have to collect and store volumes of the most sensitive personally identifiable information possible regardless of whether they have the infrastructure to adequately protect it — or even want to collect it. The old rule of minimal data collection becomes irrelevant when the law requires maximum data collection.

The cascading impact

Any organization that interacts with the public, including health care providers, financial services firms, educational institutions or e-commerce sites, could find itself subject to age verification, identity verification or other regulatory requirements that mandate collecting and storing sensitive documents.

Each new database of government IDs becomes a potential breach waiting to happen. When that breach occurs, the damage extends beyond immediate victims.

Organizations and their partners can face regulatory penalties, litigation, reputation damage and loss of customer trust.

For small and medium-sized businesses, a single significant breach involving personally identifiable information (PII) can be devastating.

The MSP challenge

Managed service providers (MSPs) get dragged by their clients into this challenge. By definition, MSPs handle sensitive data for multiple clients across various industries, each with its own regulatory requirements and risk profile.

A breach affecting an MSP doesn't just compromise one organization's data. It potentially impacts dozens or hundreds of client organizations simultaneously.

The traditional MSP technology stack compounds this vulnerability. Many MSPs cobble together multiple point solutions: separate tools for backup, endpoint protection, vulnerability management, patch management and security operations.

Each additional tool represents another potential attack vector, another integration to secure, another credential to protect and another vendor relationship to manage.

This complexity creates gaps. Data might be encrypted in transit by one tool but not at rest by another. Security policies might not sync consistently across platforms.

Blind spots in monitoring emerge when systems don’t communicate effectively, and in an environment where MSPs must protect massive volumes of client data, including the government IDs, financial records and health information now required by various regulations, those emerging gaps are untenable and dangerous.

Simplification through integration

The solution lies not in adding more security tools but in consolidating them. MSPs need to simplify operations through natively integrated security platforms that unite cybersecurity, data protection and endpoint management within a single solution and with a single point of control.

A truly integrated platform eliminates the security gaps inherent in multivendor environments.

When backup, endpoint protection, disaster recovery and security monitoring operate through a single agent with one management console, there are no handoff points where data might be exposed and no integration vulnerabilities to exploit, and there is no confusion about which tool protects what.

Native integration delivers practical benefits beyond security. MSPs can reduce the administrative burden of managing multiple vendor relationships, licenses and support contracts.

Centralized monitoring provides complete visibility across all clients from a single pane of glass. Automated workflows reduce human error that often creates security vulnerabilities.

Most importantly, integration dramatically reduces the attack surface. Every additional platform, agent or management console represents another potential entry point for attackers.

By adopting natively integrated solutions in a single integrated platform, MSPs can focus on boosting client security rather than managing multiple solutions.

A new security imperative

The old rule — don't collect more data than you can protect — can’t always apply in today’s regulatory environment. The Discord partner breach serves as a warning about the ramifications of ID laws for data protection.

MSPs need every advantage they can get, including native integration in the platforms they use, to secure the continuing swell of client data.

About TRU

The Acronis Threat Research Unit (TRU) is a team of cybersecurity experts specializing in threat intelligence, AI and risk management. The TRU team researches emerging threats, provides security insights and supports IT teams with guidelines, incident response and educational workshops.

See the latest TRU research

Sponsored and written by Acronis .

Mayor Adams's Six-Pack

hellgate
hellgatenyc.com
2025-11-07 14:46:39
The outgoing mayor, who's clearly in his IDGAF anymore era, sits down with Ziwe. And more news for your Friday....
Original Article
Mayor Adams's Six-Pack
(Screenshot from Ziwe's interview with Mayor Eric Adams)

Morning Spew

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Claude Is Down

Hacker News
status.claude.com
2025-11-07 14:31:07
Comments...
Original Article

Incident Report for Claude

Resolved

This incident has been resolved.

Posted Nov 07 , 2025 - 14:56 UTC

Monitoring

A fix has been implemented and we are monitoring the results.

Posted Nov 07 , 2025 - 14:44 UTC

Investigating

We are currently investigating elevated errors on requests to Sonnet and Haiku on the API, Claude.ai, and the Anthropic Console.

Posted Nov 07 , 2025 - 14:29 UTC

This incident affected: claude.ai, platform.claude.com (formerly console.anthropic.com), and Claude API (api.anthropic.com).

Announcing Magika 1.0: now faster, smarter, and rebuilt in Rust

Lobsters
opensource.googleblog.com
2025-11-07 14:28:21
Source code at https://github.com/google/magika Comments...
Original Article

Early last year, we open sourced Magika, Google's AI-powered file type detection system. Magika has seen great adoption by open source communities since that alpha release, with over one million monthly downloads. Today, we are happy to announce the release of Magika 1.0, a first stable version that introduces new features and a host of major improvements since last announcement. Here are the highlights:

  • Expanded file type support for more than 200 types (up from ~100).
  • A brand-new, high-performance engine rewritten from the ground up in Rust.
  • A native Rust command-line client for maximum speed and security.
  • Improved accuracy for challenging text-based formats like code and configuration files.
  • A revamped Magika Python and TypeScript module for even easier integrations.

Smarter Detection: Doubling Down on File Types

Magika 1.0 now identifies more than 200 content types, doubling the number of file-types supported from the initial release. This isn't just about a bigger number; it unlocks far more granular and useful identification, especially for specialized, modern file types.

Some of the notable new file types detected include:

  • Data Science & ML: We've added support for formats such as Jupyter Notebooks (ipynb), Numpy arrays (npy, npz), PyTorch models (pytorch), ONNX (onnx) files, Apache Parquet (parquet), and HDF5 (h5).
  • Modern Programming & Web: The model now recognizes dozens of languages and frameworks. Key additions include Swift (swift), Kotlin (kotlin), TypeScript (typescript), Dart (dart), Solidity (solidity), Web Assembly (wasm), and Zig (zig).
  • DevOps & Configuration: We've expanded detection for critical infrastructure and build files, such as Dockerfiles (dockerfile), TOML (toml), HashiCorp HCL (hcl), Bazel (bazel) build files, and YARA (yara) rules.
  • Databases & Graphics: We also added support for common formats like SQLite (sqlite) databases, AutoCAD (dwg, dxf) drawings, Adobe Photoshop (psd) files, and modern web fonts (woff, woff2).
  • Enhanced Granularity: Magika is now smarter at differentiating similar formats that might have been grouped together. For example, it can now distinguish:
    • JSONL (jsonl) vs. generic JSON (json)
    • TSV (tsv) vs. CSV (csv)
    • Apple binary plists (applebplist) from regular XML plists (appleplist)
    • C++ (cpp) vs. C (c)
    • JavaScript (javascript) vs. TypeScript(typescript)

Expanding Magika's detection capabilities introduced two significant technical hurdles: data volume and data scarcity.

First, the scale of the data required for training was a key consideration. Our training dataset grew to over 3TB when uncompressed, which required an efficient processing pipeline. To handle this, we leveraged our recently released SedPack dataset library . This tool allows us to stream and decompress this large dataset directly to memory during training, bypassing potential I/O bottlenecks and making the process feasible.

Second, while common file types are plentiful, many of the new, specialized, or legacy formats presented a data scarcity challenge. It is often not feasible to find thousands of real-world samples for every file type. To overcome this, we turned to generative AI. We leveraged Gemini to create a high-quality, synthetic training set by translating existing code and other structured files from one format to another. This technique, combined with advanced data augmentation, allowed us to build a robust training set, ensuring Magika performs reliably even on file types for which public samples are not readily available.

The complete list of all 200+ supported file types is available in our revamped documentation .

Under the Hood: A High-Performance Rust Engine

We completely rewrote Magika's core in Rust to provide native, fast, and memory-safe content identification. This engine is at the heart of the new Magika native command line tool that can safely scan hundreds of files per second.

Output of the new Magika Rust based command line tool

Magika is able to identify hundreds of files per second on a single core and easily scale to thousands per second on modern multi-core CPUs thanks to the use of the high-performance ONNX Runtime for model inference and Tokio for asynchronous parallel processing, For example, as visible in the chart below, on a MacBook Pro (M4), Magika processes nearly 1,000 files per second.

Getting Started

Ready to try it out? Getting started with the native command-line client is as simple as typing a single command line:

  • On Linux and MacOS: curl -LsSf https://securityresearch.google/magika/install.sh | sh
  • On Windows (PowerShell) : powershell -ExecutionPolicy ByPass -c "irm https://securityresearch.google/magika/install.ps1 | iex"

Alternatively, the new Rust command-line client is also included in the magika python package, which you can install with: pipx install magika .

For developers looking to integrate Magika as a library into their own applications in Python, JavaScript/TypeScript, Rust, or other languages, head over to our comprehensive developer documentation to get started.

What's next

We're incredibly excited to see what you will build using Magika's enhanced file detection capabilities.

We invite you to join the community:

  • Try Magika : Install it and run it on your files, or try it out in our web demo .
  • Integrate Magika into your software: Visit our documentation to get started.
  • Give us a star on GitHub to show your support.
  • Report issues or suggest new file types you'd like to see by opening a feature request .
  • Contribute new features and bindings by opening a pull request .

Thank you to everyone who has contributed, provided feedback, and used Magika over the past year. We can't wait to see what the future holds.

Acknowledgements

Magika's continued success was made possible by the help and support of many people, including: Ange Albertini, Loua Farah, Francois Galilee, Giancarlo Metitieri, Alex Petit-Bianco, Kurt Thomas, Luca Invernizzi, Lenin Simicich, and Amanda Walker.

Advanced 2.5 Million-Year-Old Tools May Rewrite Human History

403 Media
www.404media.co
2025-11-07 14:26:49
Early humans crafted the same tools for hundreds of thousands of years, offering an unprecedented glimpse of a continuous tradition that may push back the origins of technology....
Original Article

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After a decade-long excavation at a remote site in Kenya, scientists have unearthed evidence that our early human relatives continuously fashioned the same tools across thousands of generations, hinting that sophisticated tool use may have originated much earlier than previously known, according to a new study in Nature Communications .

The discovery of nearly 1,300 artifacts—with ages that span 2.44 to 2.75 million years old—reveals that the influential Oldowan tool-making tradition existed across at least 300,000 years of turbulent environmental shifts. The wealth of new tools from Kenya’s Namorotukunan site suggest that their makers adapted to major environmental changes in part by passing technological knowledge down through the ages.

“The question was: did they generally just reinvent the [Oldowan tradition] over and over again? That made a lot of sense when you had a record that was kind of sporadic,” said David R. Braun, a professor of anthropology at the George Washington University who led the study, in a call with 404 Media.

“But the fact that we see so much similarity between 2.4 and 2.75 [million years ago] suggests that this is generally something that they do,” he continued. “Some of it may be passed down through social learning, like observation of others doing it. There’s some kind of tradition that continues on for this timeframe that would argue against this idea of just constantly reinventing the wheel.”

Oldowan tools, which date back at least 2.75 million years, are distinct from earlier traditions in part because hominins, the broader family to which humans belong, specifically sought out high-quality materials such as chert and quartz to craft sharp-edged cutting and digging tools. This advancement allowed them to butcher large animals, like hippos, and possibly dig for underground food sources.

When Braun and his colleagues began excavating at Namorotukunan in 2013, they found many artifacts made of chalcedony, a fine-grained rock that is typically associated with much later tool-making traditions. To the team’s surprise, the rocks were dated to periods as early as 2.75 million years ago, making them among the oldest artifacts in the Oldowan record.

“Even though Oldowan technology is really just hitting one rock against the other, there's good and bad ways of doing it,” Braun explained. “So even though it's pretty simple, what they seem to be figuring out is where to hit the rock, and which angles to select. They seem to be getting a grip on that—not as well as later in time—but they're definitely getting an understanding at this timeframe.”

Some of the Namorotukunan tools. Image: Koobi Fora Research and Training Program

The excavation was difficult as it takes several days just to reach the remote offroad site, while much of the work involved tiptoing along steep outcrops. Braun joked that their auto mechanic lined up all the vehicle shocks that had been broken during the drive each season, as a testament to the challenge.

But by the time the project finally concluded in 2022, the researchers had established that Oldowan tools were made at this site over the course of 300,000 years. During this span, the landscape of Namorotukunan shifted from lush humid forests to arid desert shrubland and back again. Despite these destabilizing shifts in their climate and biome, the hominins that made these tools endured in part because this technology opened up new food sources to them, such as the carcasses of large animals.

“The whole landscape really shifts,” Braun said. “But hominins are able to basically ameliorate those rapid changes in the amount of rainfall and the vegetation around by using tools to adapt to what’s happening.”

“That's a human superpower—it’s that ability we have to keep this information stored in our collective heads, so that when new challenges show up, there's somebody in our group that remembers how to deal with this particular adaptation,” he added.

It’s not clear exactly which species of hominin made the tools at Namorotukunan; it may have been early members of our own genus Homo , or other relatives, like Australopithecus afarensis , that later went extinct. Regardless, the discovery of such a long-lived and continuous assemblage may hint that the origins of these tools are much older than we currently know.

“I think that we're going to start to find tool use much earlier” perhaps “going back five, six, or seven million years,” Braun said. “That’s total speculation. I've got no evidence that that's the case. But judging from what primates do, I don't really understand why we wouldn't see it.”

To that end, the researchers plan to continue excavating these bygone landscapes to search for more artifacts and hominin remains that could shed light on the identity of these tool makers, probing the origins of these early technologies that eventually led to humanity’s dominance on the planet.

“It's possible that this tool use is so diverse and so different from our expectations that we have blinders on,” Braun concluded. “We have to open our search for what tool use looks like, and then we might start to see that they're actually doing a lot more of it than we thought they were.”

Problems With Move Semantics in C++

Lobsters
youtu.be
2025-11-07 14:11:59
Comments...

I Love OCaml

Hacker News
mccd.space
2025-11-07 14:05:49
Comments...
Original Article

Every morning, I wake up and ask myself: why isn’t OCaml more popular? I mean, the language is not perfect, but the more I use it the more I feel like this old language had it all figured out, somehow. I mean, not in the literal sense: you write String.of_X instead of String.from_X because the language has French origins. But it is perfect in the sense that it has everything that is important to me, except popular adoption. OCaml has its quirks, its old age, but at the same time there is so much I appreciate about it.

I have some experience building amateur and professional software, in many different languages, and as a result I have collected a list of characteristics that I’ve come to appreciate over time. I think my journey into programming is different from many. I learned and adored functional programming before working in the industry, and while not my very first language, Haskell was important to me early on. Functional programming has allowed me to break big, complex problems down into subproblems that I know how to solve. It has made me a better thinker. Add to that the static guarantees of Haskell, which makes the mental overhead much lower than for other languages, and I am also more productive. Most importantly, with Haskell, I can focus more on the fun parts of programming.

However, Haskell’s issues lie in its immense complexity and slow compile times. I did say that Haskell lowers the mental overhead of programming, but that’s only if you use a small subset of the language. However because much of the community is very maximalist, introducing a lot of complexity into the code becomes inevitable. Much of the code you interact with is too “smart”, and becomes very hard to grok. Its runtime is also very complex, and there’s always the chance of running into notorious “space leaks”, that are extremely hard to debug.

At some point, I started exploring a language that is probably the polar opposite to Haskell: Go. With Go, I learned to appreciate simplicity and low-levels of abstractions, a good set of tooling, fast performance and fast compilation speed. I also started to appreciate good documentation that is easily available offline. The culture around Go also places a lot of value on simple solutions, which made interacting with the ecosystem easier. I can jump into any code base and understand what is happening.

Over time, I also grew to hate the issues that come with the language being so conservative: it is verbose in its error handling yet manages to be fragile. At the same time, it doesn’t have explicit null checks. These factors combined makes Go quite unpleasant and easy to write buggy code in. I also found myself missing a REPL or fast way of interacting with the program. The language is “predictably disappointing”, which I guess is a good thing. However, the solutions to those disappointments have been around before the language was even created and I am just left feeling that these solutions could have been implemented, and the compiler would not be much more complex as a result. It just genuinely felt like the Go language designers didn’t want to engage with any of the ideas coming from functional programming. But I digress.

From these experiences, a list of features I consider to be “good” features in a general programming language started to emerge:

  • Fast compile times
  • Fewer abstractions, and an easy to understand runtime
  • Strong static guarantees
  • Functional programming constructs. Especially pattern matching and sum types.
  • Good performance
  • Good documentation

And then, enter OCaml. This language just checks so many boxes:

  • Strong static guarantees. Sum types, polymorphic variants, pattern matching.
  • Simpler runtime semantics. OCaml is weird in that it’s a garbage collected language for systems, similar to Go. A seasoned OCaml programmer is probably able to gauge what the compiled assembler looks like just by looking at the code. That is a great quality.
  • Fast compile times. When using Haskell or Rust, the slow compile times really kill your productivity. With Dune, OCaml compiles extremely fast. Faster than Go I believe?
  • Similar to Go, OCaml can be compiled statically into a single binary, making it easy to deploy.
  • Great documentation. OCaml has odig to browse documentation offline, utop as a REPL to explore code, and also separates interface files from implementation files. This makes it very pleasant to browse OCaml code. The types help guide the user.
  • Automatically inferred types. I didn’t think this would matter, as writing out the types used to help my thinking. But now that I am more “fluent”, it is more typing and less code. In OCaml, modules separate interface files from implementation, and these are a better place to put types.

I’m left feeling that the authors of OCaml have good taste. It is an old language, and there are a few features that could probably be left out like the OOP-related features, and some libraries in the ecosystem over-complicate things like in Haskell. But overall, it’s just damn good. There are a lot of other features I appreciate about OCaml that I didn’t share. But to summarize why I love it: the right balance between simple and expressive, good documentation and good tooling.

Slow Software for a Burning World

Lobsters
bonfirenetworks.org
2025-11-07 14:05:14
Comments...
Original Article

A reflection on Bonfire’s journey to 1.0 and an open invitation to shape what comes next. #

As we approach the release of Bonfire 1.0, this isn’t your typical launch announcement. Instead, it’s a moment to reflect on how we’ve built Bonfire, a roadmap of values, methods, and intentions – and an invitation to define what comes next.

You can follow Bonfire on the fediverse for updates on the release, including highlights of unique features we’ll share over the next few days.

In a world of “move fast and break things,” we’ve chosen a different tempo — one rooted in care, deep listening, and collective stewardship. Slow software means building for long-term resilience and meaningful participation, rather than chasing novelty, speed, or scale.

🏦 Profit over people: at what cost? #

The Silicon Valley model delivers quick but unaccountable decisions. Rules are one-sided, power is hoarded, and systems operate behind closed doors. The casualties are many:

  • Trust: Algorithms bred to addict or manipulate rather than to inform or empower.
  • Consent : Secrecy quietly eroding autonomy. Invisible hands reshaping our lives without consent.
  • Community: Platforms optimising for engagement, making division and hatred profitable.
  • Attention: Human focus becomes data—extracted like oil to fuel the surveillance economy.
  • Labour: Care work like content moderation rendered invisible, workers treated as expendable.
  • Environment: Scale trumping sustainability at every turn.

As power concentrates, democracy withers and authoritarianism thrives. Algorithms tuned for "engagement" amplify fear, outrage, and division—because that’s what keeps us clicking. In the end, the tools meant to connect us are weaponized to divide us .

We've witnessed the damage when tech scales without care. What could we build instead?

🐌 Caracol: a different outlook #

Bonfire draws inspiration from the caracol (snail), a Zapatista symbol of slow, collective movement. The caracol is a spiral, with no top or center—only a shared heart. It stands for governance from the edges, listening before action, autonomy over hierarchy, and the conviction that how we build matters more than what we build.

These aren't lofty ideals—they're the backbone of Bonfire's design: a system built for flexibility, diversity, and overlapping needs. You don’t just use Bonfire—you shape it. It’s not one tool; it’s a terrain. A toolkit. Imagine digital spaces growing organically, communities determining how they connect, and tools that can be picked up, transformed, or set aside as needed. The caracol reminds us: meaningful progress comes from how we move, who we move with, and what kind of world we forge together.

Governance: foundations of Bonfire #

The way we build is part of what we create. Inspired by sociocracy —a method of collaborative governance based on circles, consent, and distributed authority, and by Bookchin’s municipal confederations , the Zapatistas, and Rojava , governance in Bonfire runs deep:

  • Everything is modular—down to the core: All features are provided by separate extensions, meaning the “core app” contains no code but just configuration. There also isn’t a single core; instead, there exists different “flavours” of Bonfire: sets of config and extensions adapted to various use cases or communities.
  • Communities govern “flavours”: Bonfire's modularity serves a political purpose—inviting communities to discuss, configure, and collectively govern every aspect of their experience.
  • Shining a light on the power of defaults: Whenever a choice about how something should work in Bonfire is unclear, we make it configurable. Code establishes an initial default, but flavours can override it, communities can set instance-wide settings, and individuals make final decisions in their own account or profiles.
  • Custom roles: Moving beyond binary admin/user hierarchies, communities and individuals define and assign roles with precisely calibrated permissions—distributing power and responsibility to match their unique contexts.
  • Circles and boundaries: Creating flexible "circles" (like "colleagues" or "book club") and "boundaries" (granular permission sets) to control exactly who can see, interact with, or collaborate on anything—putting people in charge of their online relationships.
  • Tools that prioritise real people and relationships over speed and simplicity. We make no assumptions about the “average” user, social needs are complex and overlapping, there are no no one-size-fits-all solutions. We center needs often marginalized or overlooked—making them foundational so everyone benefits from greater flexibility and control.

🛡️ Guarding the commons #

Values alone aren’t enough—many well-intentioned projects eventually drift, burn out, or sell out. Bonfire is federated at every level—protocol, code, and governance—so its purpose and values can’t be quietly eroded or easily overturned. This technical and political design aims to resist capture, prevent enshittification , and safeguard community autonomy for the long term.

Here's how Bonfire can resist capture:

  • AGPL licensing: All code is AGPL, ensuring all modifications remain open and accessible, preventing capture by Big Tech or cloud services.
  • Multi-layered modularity and forkability: Everything is an extension—identity, moderation, groups. People can fork just an extension or a flavour–which encourages forking by lowering the maintainance effort.
  • Community-governed flavours: Communities decide what's included and how it evolves.
  • Zero VC funding or ads: Bonfire will remain free of venture capital and advertisement. No dark patterns. No pivoting away from responsibility or ethics.

We're also experimenting with:

  • Sociocratic circles: Self-organizing groups stewarding specific extensions or flavours, making decisions by consent. We're expanding this approach, creating pathways for communities to shape and protect their own digital spaces.
  • New models for participatory funding and resource allocation.

The commons survive only when they can regrow anywhere . We design for resilience, adaptability, and collective stewardship.

🌐 Federation: autonomy through connection #

Bonfire federates (i.e., interconnects with other independent platforms) with Mastodon and the wider fediverse , but federation is more than a technical protocol — it embodies our commitment to autonomy and collaboration:

  • Each community governs itself while connecting with others, maintaining distinct cultures, rules, and practices.
  • Federation isn't for scaling one model, but for interconnecting many. No central power dictates decisions—only connected, independent nodes working in concert.
  • Offboarding and freedom to migrate: Users should never be locked into platforms by their data or social connections.

We're building many interconnected worlds, not one massive platform.

Bonfire is a commons –a place to gather, co-create, and build networks that last–beyond products to be sold or services that use, abuse, or extract from you.

Bonfire’s values, goals, and processes are shaped by the people and communities who choose to participate. As a starting point, we uphold principles rooted in care, consent, and collective stewardship.

Whether you're a community organiser, activist, builder or simply curious, join us:

  • Join the conversation: Take part in our public discussion spaces. Share your experiences, needs, and questions.
  • Help shape governance: Participate in forming circles to govern specific extensions or Bonfire flavours, and share responsibility, decide by consent, and ensure Bonfire evolves with real community needs.
  • Propose features or co-design new extensions: Bring your ideas for how Bonfire can serve new purposes, or create new "flavours" and tools.
  • Contribute feedback: Help us spot issues, propose adaptations, or challenge assumptions so Bonfire can serve more people, more justly.
  • Help shape the culture: Share learnings from your own communities, organize workshops, or experiment with governance models.

Built for the long haul. By people, for people .

🏕️ Campground: a living laboratory #

Our test instance, the campground , is open as a local-only space for co-design and experimentation. Here, you can:

  • Experience what digital spaces built on consent, care, and mutual aid feel like.
  • Collaborate to co-design and test features — making Bonfire safer, more resilient, accessible, and truly centered on people and communities.

This isn’t a product launch—we’re not looking for users but for active participants : people and groups who want to shape, critique, and experiment together — whether that’s on the campground, through their own Bonfire instances, or by joining others to co-create new digital spaces.

Let’s build what lasts, together #

If these ideas resonate, we invite you to reflect, dialogue, reach out, and co-create. Bonfire lives as a conversation in motion, beyond its code. The world needs many interconnected spaces built on care, autonomy, and collective power — not yet another app chasing scale.

We hope these principles can ignite new approaches to digital community-building. The future is ours to build — intentionally, collectively, and with care. Join us in shaping what comes next.


This post was written by the Bonfire maintainers' circle and shaped by feedback from the advisory circle. Join the conversation on Matrix , comment on this post on the fediverse or on the campground , or email us at team@bonfire.cafe .

Credit for the art goes to Tomás, a Zapatista artist in a community near San Cristobal.

Security updates for Friday

Linux Weekly News
lwn.net
2025-11-07 14:03:41
Security updates have been issued by AlmaLinux (bind, bind9.16, libsoup, mariadb:10.5, and sssd), Debian (chromium, keystone, and swift), Fedora (apptainer, buildah, chromium, fcitx5, fcitx5-anthy, fcitx5-chewing, fcitx5-chinese-addons, fcitx5-configtool, fcitx5-hangul, fcitx5-kkc, fcitx5-libthai, f...
Original Article
Dist. ID Release Package Date
AlmaLinux ALSA-2025:19835 8 bind 2025-11-07
AlmaLinux ALSA-2025:19793 8 bind9.16 2025-11-07
AlmaLinux ALSA-2025:19714 8 libsoup 2025-11-07
AlmaLinux ALSA-2025:19572 8 mariadb:10.5 2025-11-07
AlmaLinux ALSA-2025:19610 8 sssd 2025-11-07
Debian DSA-6050-1 stable chromium 2025-11-07
Debian DLA-4367-1 LTS keystone 2025-11-07
Debian DLA-4366-1 LTS swift 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-65e3f233bf F42 GeographicLib 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-e5eb1e35e2 F43 GeographicLib 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-ee38edca98 F42 apptainer 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-061f320514 F43 apptainer 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-8f97b687c8 F43 buildah 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-916064e307 F41 chromium 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-7c0b3fa81f F42 chromium 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-anthy 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-chewing 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-chinese-addons 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-configtool 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-hangul 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-kkc 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-libthai 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-m17n 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-qt 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-rime 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-sayura 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-skk 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-table-extra 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-unikey 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 fcitx5-zhuyin 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-d11261d473 F42 libime 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-fe7ea8bbdd F41 mbedtls 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-591ef9306a F42 mingw-poppler 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-8b329c399b F43 mingw-poppler 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-2406078e57 F41 mupen64plus 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-7a40e176ed F42 mupen64plus 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-123e2abe71 F43 mupen64plus 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-10d2e6260b F41 python-starlette 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-4520cf6bac F42 python-starlette 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-452a101260 F43 webkitgtk 2025-11-07
Fedora FEDORA-2025-48dc1c8c79 F41 xen 2025-11-07
Mageia MGASA-2025-0265 9 dcmtk 2025-11-07
Mageia MGASA-2025-0268 9 java-1.8.0-openjdk, java-11-openjdk, java-17-openjdk, java-latest-openjdk 2025-11-07
Mageia MGASA-2025-0266 9 libvpx 2025-11-07
Mageia MGASA-2025-0267 9 sqlite3 2025-11-07
Oracle ELSA-2025-19835 OL8 bind 2025-11-06
Oracle ELSA-2025-19793 OL8 bind9.16 2025-11-06
Oracle ELSA-2025-19469 OL10 kernel 2025-11-06
Oracle ELSA-2025-19447 OL8 kernel 2025-11-06
Oracle ELSA-2025-25733 OL8 kernel 2025-11-06
Oracle ELSA-2025-25733 OL9 kernel 2025-11-06
Oracle ELSA-2025-19714 OL8 libsoup 2025-11-06
Oracle ELSA-2025-19720 OL10 libsoup3 2025-11-06
Oracle ELSA-2025-19566 OL10 osbuild-composer 2025-11-06
Oracle ELSA-2025-19772 OL10 qt6-qtsvg 2025-11-06
Oracle ELSA-2025-19851 OL10 sssd 2025-11-06
Oracle ELSA-2025-19610 OL8 sssd 2025-11-06
Oracle ELSA-2025-19675 OL10 valkey 2025-11-06
Red Hat RHSA-2025:11358-01 EL7 kernel 2025-11-07
Red Hat RHSA-2025:10761-01 EL8.2 kernel 2025-11-07
Red Hat RHSA-2025:10673-01 EL8.6 kernel 2025-11-07
Red Hat RHSA-2025:10834-01 EL8.8 kernel 2025-11-07
Red Hat RHSA-2025:11375-01 EL7 kernel-rt 2025-11-07
SUSE SUSE-SU-2025:3985-1 SLE15 oS15.4 ImageMagick 2025-11-07
SUSE SUSE-SU-2025:3978-1 SLE15 oS15.6 ImageMagick 2025-11-06
SUSE SUSE-SU-2025:3976-1 SLE12 bind 2025-11-06
SUSE SUSE-SU-2025:3986-1 SLE-m5.2 SLE-m5.3 SLE-m5.4 SLE-m5.5 oS15.3 gpg2 2025-11-07
SUSE openSUSE-SU-2025:0421-1 osB15 python-Django 2025-11-06
SUSE openSUSE-SU-2025:15705-1 TW runc 2025-11-06
Ubuntu USN-7853-3 14.04 16.04 18.04 linux-azure, linux-azure-4.15 2025-11-07
Ubuntu USN-7860-3 22.04 linux-fips, linux-aws-fips, inux-gcp-fips 2025-11-07
Ubuntu USN-7864-1 22.04 24.04 linux-gcp, linux-gcp-6.8, linux-gke 2025-11-07
Ubuntu USN-7860-4 22.04 linux-intel-iot-realtime, linux-realtime 2025-11-07
Ubuntu USN-7795-5 18.04 linux-raspi-5.4 2025-11-07
Ubuntu USN-7861-2 22.04 24.04 linux-realtime, linux-realtime-6.8 2025-11-07

Remembering Peter Weiss: Legendary Human Rights Lawyer Dies at 99

Democracy Now!
www.democracynow.org
2025-11-07 13:55:35
The trailblazing human rights attorney Peter Weiss died November 3 at the age of 99. Weiss served on the board of the Center for Constitutional Rights for nearly five decades, where he worked to end South African apartheid and the Vietnam War, fought for nuclear disarmament and sought justice for vi...
Original Article

Image Credit: Center for Constitutional Rights

The trailblazing human rights attorney Peter Weiss died November 3 at the age of 99. Weiss served on the board of the Center for Constitutional Rights for nearly five decades, where he worked to end South African apartheid and the Vietnam War, fought for nuclear disarmament and sought justice for victims of the U.S.-backed Contras in 1980s Nicaragua. He pioneered using the 1789 Alien Tort Statute in human rights cases. He also represented the family of U.S. journalist and human rights activist Charles Horman in a case against Henry Kissinger and others, after Horman was disappeared and killed in Chile soon after the U.S.-backed 1973 coup.

“He never ceased to push for a more just system, a more equitable system, along with his extraordinary wife Cora Weiss,” says Peter Kornbluh, senior analyst at the National Security Archive. “There’s not enough words to describe how important Peter was to the progressive movement, to human rights, over these last decades.”



Guests
  • Peter Kornbluh

    senior analyst for Latin America at the National Security Archive.

Please check back later for full transcript.

The original content of this program is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License . Please attribute legal copies of this work to democracynow.org. Some of the work(s) that this program incorporates, however, may be separately licensed. For further information or additional permissions, contact us.

I'm Making a Small RPG and I Need Feeback Regarding Performance

Hacker News
jslegenddev.substack.com
2025-11-07 13:52:39
Comments...
Original Article

This past month, I’ve been working secretly on a small RPG game.

While the game is not ready at all and I didn’t plan on talking about it, I’m now kind of forced to.

I’ve been using JavaScript + the KAPLAY game library to make this game but I’ve been experiencing performance issues. However, it seems that others aren’t experiencing them so now I wonder, is it just my machine?

I’m using a Macbook Air M3 with 16GB of RAM. Normally, things should be smooth and they are when playing the game in the browser via Firefox.

However, since I’m making this game with Steam in mind, it’s especially important that the game performs well when wrapped as a desktop app.

For this reason, I decided to reach out to you, my audience, for feedback. I have included a build of the unfinished game for Windows, Mac and Linux. It would be very nice if you could try it out on your machine. Additionally, recording gameplay and sharing the link in the comment section of this post would be greatly appreciated.

Here is the link to the game in its unfinished current form : https://jslegend.itch.io/small-rpg-performance-playtest

Below is a gameplay video to give you an idea of how the game is supposed to be played. You can move around with arrow keys and enter battle by overlapping with a star in the overworld.

Performance issues, if any, occur mostly during battles.

Thanks in advance!

Discussion about this post

Is the U.S. Planning to Assassinate Maduro? Peter Kornbluh on "Trump's Gunboat Diplomacy"

Democracy Now!
www.democracynow.org
2025-11-07 13:42:41
The U.S. is continuing to blow up boats in the Caribbean and the Pacific despite growing international condemnation, while the Trump administration reportedly considers launching airstrikes on Venezuela or even assassinating President Nicolás Maduro. “We are committing wanton criminal acts of ...
Original Article

The U.S. is continuing to blow up boats in the Caribbean and the Pacific despite growing international condemnation, while the Trump administration reportedly considers launching airstrikes on Venezuela or even assassinating President Nicolás Maduro.

“We are committing wanton criminal acts of assassination in the Caribbean [against] innocent people who haven’t been found guilty of anything, and kind of setting the stage for an attack on Caracas itself in an attempt to take out its leader,” says Peter Kornbluh, a senior analyst at the National Security Archive.

Kornbluh also discusses the legacy of the Church Committee 50 years ago, which investigated abuses by U.S. intelligence agencies, including coups and assassinations abroad.


Please check back later for full transcript.

The original content of this program is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License . Please attribute legal copies of this work to democracynow.org. Some of the work(s) that this program incorporates, however, may be separately licensed. For further information or additional permissions, contact us.

OpenMW 0.50.0 Released – open-source Morrowind reimplementation

Hacker News
openmw.org
2025-11-07 13:25:27
Comments...
Original Article

OpenMW 0.50.0 Released! 2025-11-07 - capo

The OpenMW team is proud to announce the release of version 0.50.0 of our open-source engine! Grab it from our Downloads Page for all supported operating systems.

This round number release overhauls the gamepad experience, makes foundational steps in dehardcoding combat, further expands our Lua scripting API and, among the host of user interface fix-ups, introduces the highly requested quick item transfer.

Keep reading to learn more about what 0.50.0 brings, polishes and translates into Polish!

Known Issues

  • On macOS, launching OpenMW from OpenMW-CS requires ‘OpenMW.app’ and ‘OpenMW-CS.app’ to be siblings
  • [ #7511 ] On Windows, a freeze may be reported if engine startup takes too long; ignoring the message is usually harmless, as it should eventually disappear, but if it doesn’t, share the freeze dump with us
  • [ #8233 ] Hardware antialiasing may cause driver timeouts on AMD GPUs of the RX 6000 and 7000 series; this is a driver bug AMD has yet to address
  • [ #8255 ] On Intel GPUs, the game may freeze visually while still responding to input. This appears to be a recently introduced driver bug; as a workaround, you may need to install an older version of the driver. We’ve had reports of something similar happening on recent AMD drivers; the same workaround should apply
  • [#8345 ] OpenMW-CS might crash randomly on Linux and macOS during global search or saving
  • [ #8464 ] Shader rendering is tinted red on Apple Silicon; enable per-pixel lighting to prevent that

AI and Pathfinding

Contributions from Aussiemon, Capo, elsid and Evil Eye

OpenMW’s navmesh-based pathfinding is already more elaborate than Morrowind’s. Some even wish it were less so.

There was, however, a case where it failed. The original content-supplied path grid works as a hint on where roads and bridges are so that wandering characters aren’t ignorant of the infrastructure. This is all well and good until you realise the content might be wrong and put some points inside rocks. Miraculously, Morrowind avoided the problem, so we had to solve it: wandering NPCs will now ignore the points they cannot reach.

Another situation where OpenMW could fall behind Morrowind was sneaking. In out-of-combat situations, Morrowind updates awareness only every so often, and characters don’t have superhuman (or superelvish) reaction time while observing your… exploits. It doesn’t mean the reaction time would reflect that of a real person, but it does the job. Sort of.

OpenMW, meanwhile, would update awareness every frame, which could mean the sneak indicator would be rather unreliable in figuring out whether you’re hidden. 0.50.0 still updates awareness every frame to react to sudden changes in how difficult it is to track the player, but it will cache the random dice roll result used for the relevant check for 5 seconds. This makes Sneak experience farming, err, that is, gaining less challenging.

Fixes

  • [ #5331 ] When a Command effect stops, the affected actor will accept their new location as their new wander point
  • [ #6029 ] Hostile actors will no longer engage in combat with the player if the player is under the effect of >=75% Chameleon
  • [ #6029 ] Awareness rolls of non-hostile actors are cached for 5 seconds to allow easier gain of Sneak experience
  • [ #7871 ] Immobile actors such as the Kwama Queen in Morrowind can initiate combat, however futile
  • [ #7979 ] Paralysed and knocked down NPCs can no longer use combat actions: to match Morrowind, they won’t yell taunts or drink potions to get themselves out of their predicament
  • [ #8433 ] Improved Wander pathfinding: actors will try to avoid moving into unreachable waypoints when possible
  • [ #8612 ] Actors will no longer harvest herbalism-enabled plants non-stop when the Activate package is used

Configuration and VFS

Contributions from Duron27 and Evil Eye

New Features

  • [ #8077 ] Setting files are now saved when you exit the settings window, rather than only when you exit the game

Fixes

  • [ #8599 ] Non-ASCII paths using native encodings are now supported in Morrowind format BSAs
  • Improved BSA archive reading stability in various cases, e.g., for corrupted files or files where directory hash collisions occur

ESM Format and Saved Games

Contribution from S3ctor

We took care not to change the saved game format. This means that you should be able to revert to 0.49.0 on your ongoing playthrough if you experience issues in the new release, although this is not really recommended.

Fixes

  • [ #8333 ] Reading quest status subrecords no longer causes the rest of the quest record data to be discarded

Gameplay

Contributions from Aussiemon, Capo, Evil Eye, Foal and Kuyondo

As usual, and as we’re striving for a reasonably faithful reimplementation of the original experience, we have to sort out minor game mechanics inconsistencies. Do you think this will end at some point? Me neither.

You might already know prison time can improve your Sneak and Security skills. One thing that wasn’t replicated is the improvement counting towards level progress if you’ve chosen one of them as a major or a minor skill. On its own, this may not sound notable, but it was actually implemented by dehardcoding jail skill progression (well, mostly regression). Like the rest of the level progression previously dehardcoded in 0.49.0, it was moved into the built-in scripting.

But there were also more obviously problematic differences solved in this release. For example, Next/Previous Spell key bindings are now able to cope with enchanted items that come in stacks, rather than get stuck equipping the items of this type. Another example is that pickpocketing is now slightly less obnoxiously unfair, as OpenMW’s judicial system will no longer try to indict you for the same crime twice due to a design flaw.

Fixes

  • [ #6039 ] Next Spell now skips over items that belong to the same stack as the current item (it would previously get stuck if there were multiple copies)
  • [ #7622 ] Ranged attacks will now hit underwater if you’re up close to a target (this matches Morrowind)
  • [ #7649 ] Sounds and visual effects of resisted effects no longer play
  • [ #7693 ] Potions and ingredients no longer visually end up back in the inventory for a single frame before getting picked up again for convenient consumption (0.49.0 regression)
  • [ #7996 ] Instant (zero-duration) effects can now act immediately. For example, instant Cure Poison can immediately cure the instant Poison preceding it
  • [ #8303 ] Underwater spell projectiles cast by objects will explode rather than immediately disappear (this matches Morrowind)
  • [ #8340 ] Multi-effect enchantment service price is now noticeably lower and should match Morrowind; it’s now based on the accumulated strength of the final effect rather than the enchantment’s overall strength
  • [ #8371 ] Silence no longer affects powers
  • [ #8383 ] Bound helm and boot effects cast on beast race characters are now interrupted immediately
  • [ #8399 ] Jail-induced major/minor skill increases count as level progress
  • [ #8404 ] Actors will no longer equip items to all slots when they want to replace their equipped light with a more appropriate shield. This allows the prevent merchant equipping option to work more intuitively for exterior merchants
  • [ #8446 ] Travel prices are calculated more accurately when the player has multiple followers: instead of calculating the offered price based on the base price for one character and multiplying it, the base price is multiplied first and then used for the offer
  • [ #8459 ] Spell prices are autocalculated properly for autocalculated spells
  • [ #8485 ] Base diseases bypass disease resistance
  • [ #8500 ] Fight rating change crime reaction accounts for the number of items in the stolen stack
  • [ #8519 ] Pickpocket crimes will no longer be erroneously detected twice
  • [ #8540 ] Effects with no magnitude can no longer be resisted partially
  • [ #8557 ] Charm no longer influences the disposition clamping range
  • [ #8606 ] Floating-point imprecision should be less likely to mess with container capacity
  • [ #8615 ] Increased waiting/resting progress speed to better match Morrowind (tuned based on the expected framerate of 60 FPS)
  • [ #8680 ] Permanent effects are no longer erroneously restored on dead actors, e.g., when the player rests
  • [ #8710 ] Creatures can no longer break the game by casting an Absorb Skill spell
  • [ #8734 ] Shield sheathing animations work properly (0.49.0 regression)

Graphics

Contributions from akortunov, AnyOldName3, Aussiemon, Capo, Evil Eye, wareya and wazabear

0.50.0 comes with improved compatibility with various modded assets, thanks to the skinned geometry implementation being reworked to account for the skinning origin.

Wait, you probably don’t know what any of this means…

We’re not going to give you a course on 3D animation here, but long story short, most animations are based on moving bones around in the object’s “skeleton” (not literal bones, more like points). The object’s geometry is oriented relative to the bones. Spooked yet? More importantly, though, the geometry may be set up by the model artist in a way that it will graciously react to their movement by moving its triangles closer or farther from some bones in a process called skinning. Actors’ bodies and equipment tend to do this. Aside from bone weights and orientations, Morrowind’s (or rather, NetImmerse ‘s) skinning data format includes the “base” bone of the geometry and its adjusted orientation. Previous releases of OpenMW would try to get away with ignoring those, but it didn’t work out so well. For example, the sails of some ships in abot’s Boats would be shifted vertically. Well, not any more.

Wait, is that mod STILL not compatible?

0.50.0 also comes with fixes for OpenMW’s very own features: normal mapping and parallax mapping .

Terrain normal maps previously erroneously used the OpenGL vertical convention. Like objects, they were supposed to use the DirectX convention. Essentially, they were flipped vertically. No more headache for artists: the convention is now finally consistent between objects and terrain.

Parallax will also no longer be flipped inappropriately — more specifically, when it’s applied to “mirrored” geometry. It will also not abruptly disappear forever when the parallax-mapped object glows due to enchantments and triggered traps.

There aren’t any shiny new graphical features in 0.50.0, but we should have already surpassed Morrowind in various areas here, so it’s not an issue, right?

Modded Morrowind vistas graciously provided by DetailDevil .

Fixes

  • [ #4437 ] Skinning base transformations and root bone are now used
  • [ #7799 ] Harvesting herbalism-enabled plants will no longer trigger expensive object paging chunk regeneration
  • [ #8176 ] Error marker loading is now thread-safe, preventing a potential crash when cell preloading and cell loading fail to find a model simultaneously
  • [ #8341 ] Magic glow will no longer disable parallax on the affected geometry
  • [ #8375 ] Moon phase cycle should now match Morrowind, e.g., “skip” days less often
  • [ #8447 ] Non-vanilla threshold-based turning is no longer used for the player, fixing werewolf swimming turning animation getting stuck
  • [ #8490 ] Water normals exposed to post-processing no longer sometimes disappear when refraction is disabled
  • [ #8560 ] Global filtering settings are used for overridden textures of spawned magic VFX
  • [ #8593 ] Mipmaps are properly generated for post-processing render targets
  • [ #8598 ] Post-processing shaders can be loaded from BSA files
  • [ #8610 ] Terrain normal maps now use the correct (DirectX or -Y) vertical convention
  • Parallax should behave correctly for flipped geometry

Scripting: mwscript

Contributions from Aussiemon, Capo, Evil Eye and Kuyondo

New Features

  • [ #3769 ] GetSpellEffects now detects enchantments, similar to how the relevant Morrowind Code Patch option works
  • [ #8509 ] FillJournal debug instruction, which adds all topics and journal entries into the journal

Fixes

  • [ #4885 ] Disabling actors through dialogue scripting should no longer cause crashes
  • [ #8245 ] ShowVars debug instruction now lists the global scripts
  • [ #8318 ] Improved dialogue filtering: filters are handled more consistently for creatures, while missing global variables no longer break the dialogue window
  • [ #8414 ] Water Walking effect no longer makes the player collide with water when collision is disabled
  • [ #8432 ] Moving between an interior and an exterior properly spawns in the (postponed) collision shapes of objects spawned by scripting
  • [ #8466 ] ShowMap now requires a non-empty argument

Scripting: OpenMW-Lua

Contributions from akortunov, Calandiel, DaisyHasaCat, Evil Eye, fallchildren, Foal, S3ctor, trav and wazabear

So what is it about combat that is no longer locked up in the C++? That would be some of what happens when an attack connects: applying armour and difficulty to the damage, spawning blood, playing hit and miss sounds and damaging armour condition. What this means for modding is that scripts can now intercept attacks that land on a certain target, whether they succeed or fail, alter some of their outcome, and potentially override the mentioned mechanics entirely. Eventually, this functionality will be expanded to cover more of what happens before, upon and after impact.

0.50.0’s API also opens up more of the game world by means of its weather and terrain APIs and region record bindings. The early terrain API, for example, exposes the terrain textures, allowing for such incredible feats as letting the player touch grass , while the weather API lets you manipulate various built-in weather settings.

Additionally, scripts can now access the player’s journal and create entirely custom NPCs. No plugins necessary.

Important: OnUpdate handler behaviour has changed for previously skipped paused frames! They are now handled with a simulation time of zero. This will affect scripts that assume simulation time is always positive, so they will need to be updated. It was necessary to allow scripts to react more fluidly to events happening during the pause, like combat music reacting to combat state changes during dialogue.

For a full overview of the current state of OpenMW-Lua, please consult the scripting API reference .

Now Dehardcoded

  • [ #8399 ] Jail skill impact
  • [ #8642 ] Various mechanics triggered when attacks hit the target: armour condition damage and hit sound, damage adjustment due to difficulty and armour rating, blood spawning and miss sound playback. Shield hit redistribution tweak copied from Morrowind Code Patch is now optional

New APIs and Interfaces

  • [ #6976 ] core.weather: weather API, which allows manipulating various built-in weather settings
  • [ #7879 ] core.regions: region record bindings
  • [ #7966 ] types.Player.journal: API for player journal entries for both topics and quests
  • [ #8112 ] core.land: API for terrain, which currently lets you recover the terrain height and texture for the default exterior
  • [ #8320 ] core.mwscripts: API for mwscript script records, which allows recovering their source
  • [ #8642 ] Combat: interface for interacting with the combat system, primarily attacks (as a part of on-hit mechanics dehardcoding)

New Bindings and Utility Functions

  • [ #8285 ] postprocessing.getChain(): the chain of active post-processing shaders
  • [ #8334 ] types.Player.addTopic(player, topicId):  mwscript AddTopic equivalent; adds a topic that the given player will be able to ask characters about
  • [ #8355 ] Interfaces.UI.isWindowVisible(windowName): returns whether the given UI window is currently visible
  • [ #8629 ] Cell.pathGrid: the path grid record relevant to the cell, i.e., the traversable path links and nodes

New Events

  • [ #8597 ] AddVfx, PlaySound3d, BreakInvisibility, Unequip, Hit, ModifyItemCondition, ShowMessage, SpawnVfx, ConsumeItem, Lock and Unlock events (mostly self-explanatory, see documentation )

Other New Features

  • [ #8654 ] Custom NPC records can now be created

Fixes

  • [ #7693 ] ItemUsage interface returns the item to its original stack if it could not be equipped or consumed, instead of moving it to the player’s inventory
  • [ #8012 ] OnUpdate engine handlers are now called with a simulation time of zero for paused frames
  • [ #8582 ] Local scripts started by another script no longer start out inactive
  • [ #8614 ] Fixed a sol3-side memory leak when indexing user-defined types
  • [ #8650 ] Checking if a container is resolved no longer initialises its contents, which could previously cause herbalism-enabled containers to be automatically harvested
  • [ #8720 ] Fixed potential custom UI element corruption during error handling that could lead to instability
  • [ #8757 ] Fixed a crash when the object type is accessed in a coroutine
  • [ #8758 ] Fixed a crash when nested UI elements are created twice without destroying the original parent

Sound

Contribution from Epoch

New Feature

  • [ #7813 ] The Doppler effect is now enabled for the 3D audio. The Doppler effect is a real-life phenomenon that shifts the sound’s pitch depending on its velocity relative to the listener

User Interface

Major contributions from Capo, enoznal and Kuyondo
Contributions from akortunov, bmdhacks, Charles Horn, DaisyHasaCat, elsid, Evil Eye and Igilq

Translator (French): jvoisin
Translator (Russian): Capo
Translator (Swedish): Lysol
Translators (Polish): Igilq, Karoline Pauls, mc003 and trav

Kudos to the international community of our Discord/IRC servers for helping us translate OpenMW!

As you may have heard, the headline feature of this release is, undeniably, the improved gamepad support introduced by our talented new contributor enoznal. By enabling the Controller Menus option in the launcher, you will be able to use the controller action buttons to navigate more conveniently through the slightly altered in-game UI. You are no longer limited to the combination of emulated mouse and A button use available previously. For example, you can brew potions and enchant items entirely without using the emulated mouse. While the alternative UI is not at all reminiscent of Morrowind’s famous official Xbox port, it should be intuitive enough for those familiar with it. The following screenshots use GUI scaling for better readability; the option does not scale UI on its own.

No, Galbedir, you’re not getting your soul gems back.

Folms Mirel is the more competent enchanter anyway.

At least the Dwemer didn’t dabble in planned obsolescence.

This release also introduces Polish translations for user interface lines that are not translated by the game settings. Polish is one of the languages in which Morrowind was officially released, and we expect the sizeable Polish community to appreciate this addition.

Gamepad actions are also translated.

If you neither possess a gamepad nor understand how to pronounce “Grzegorz Brzęczyszczykiewicz”, you might still welcome another addition: quick transfer of container items through Alt-clicking. This is something that has been asked about way too often through the years.

New Features

  • [ #2522 ] Alt-clicking transfers items immediately in container menus
  • [ #3740 ] Improved controller menu navigation with an alternative UI (find it in the launcher)
  • [ #8290 ] Player gold is now shown in the spell creation menu
  • [ #8313 ] Character name is shown in save info if it doesn’t match the current profile
  • [ #8580 ] Character save profiles are now sorted by date rather than filesystem order
  • [ #8665 ] Polish translations for OpenMW-specific in-game lines

Fixes

  • [ #2967 , #8431 ] Container menus should always react appropriately to scripted item additions/removals without crashing
  • [ #6792 ] Tweaked birthsign tooltip appearance. Descriptions are now printed in multiple lines
  • [ #7371 ] Failing to equip an item plays a sound when it’s moved back to the inventory
  • [ #7740 ] Enchanted item backgrounds no longer overlap the selected weapon/enchanted item HUD boxes
  • [ #8265 ] Topic hyperlink generation respects word separators and will no longer inappropriately highlight the middle of a word
  • [ #8349 ] Non-existent destinations are no longer shown in the travel menu
  • [ #8349 ] Exterior cells set as travel destinations by name are supported in the travel menu
  • [ #8359 ] Quick keys menu looks more like Morrowind’s
  • [ #8359 ] Assigning an item to a quick key plays a sound
  • [ #8359 ] Scripted items that are normally impossible to equip can no longer be assigned to quick keys
  • [ #8385 ] Fixed Unicode handling problems in formatted strings that go through the YAML localisation system
  • [ #8408 ] Both potential hindrances for waiting (enemies being nearby and the player not being on solid ground) can be reported by the rest menu
  • [ #8436 ] Pinned spell window reacts to selected spell and enchanted item changes triggered by quick keys
  • [ #8437 ] Pinned inventory window button remains visible when out of menu mode, like for other HUD windows
  • [ #8551 ] Quick keys will remain bound to now-unavailable items when they’re loaded, rather than “forget” them
  • [ #8584 ] Reworked the appearance of various service menus to match Morrowind
  • [ #8585 ] Increased padding between non-special dialogue menu topics to match Morrowind
  • [ #8609 ] Reduced the size of the crosshair to match Morrowind

OpenMW-CS, Launcher and Tools

Contributions from AnyOldName3, Capo, Evil Eye, Igilq and S3ctor

The launcher and the wizard have also been translated into Polish!

Our content file editor’s selection markers got a design overhaul for better usability, while created/cloned instance numbering has been updated to be less eager to take over the numerical IDs used by other instances. This is particularly important when working on content that may override the instances from some other content. Which is actually a lot of content, come to think of it…

New Features

  • [ #8113 ] Launcher: Subdirectory addition dialogue now supports extended selection
  • [ #8139 ] Editor: Revamped instance selection markers for better look and usability
  • [ #8579 ] Editor: Bulk indentation support in the script editor
  • [ #8665 ] Polish localisation for the launcher and the wizard

Fixes

  • [ #6573 ] Editor: Fixed cube/sphere selection behaviour on high-DPI displays and scaled windows
  • [ #8587 ] INI Importer: Improved consistency with how the other tools handle config file editing
  • [ #8620 ] Editor: Created and cloned instances should no longer erroneously reuse RefNums
  • [ #8686 ] Editor: Fixed a crash when the terrain is smoothened in an undefined cell

Other

Beyond Morrowind

Major contributions from ptmikheev
Contributions from Capo and cc9cii

Didn’t get the memo? As the 0.49.0 release announcement boasted, running Oblivion and later Bethesda open-world engine games is in the engine’s eventual scope.

Petr Mikheev, the OpenMW-Lua pioneer, though mostly retired from his Lua maintenance role, keeps a special interest in advancing OpenMW’s relevant capabilities. During this release cycle, he thought to try his hand at finishing cc9cii’s work on a terrain texturing reimplementation, cleaning it up, fixing various issues and, importantly, implementing texture sampling for distant terrain— as well as implementing distant objects most straightforwardly: by plugging all cell references into OpenMW’s object paging functionality used for Morrowind’s LOD-free world.

That is, yes, any trees you see are full-detail trees. Any trees you think you should see but do not are probably SpeedTree trees.

See that mountain? You can climb it.

Stay classy, New Vivec.

I saw a mudcrab the other day. Horrible creatures.

While it makes the different provinces of Tamriel and states of America look much more appealing, this approach has a considerable memory and loading time impact, so, uh, don’t go overboard with the viewing distance in Fallout 4 just yet.

New Features

  • [ #6000 ] Terrain texturing, finishing the initial terrain rendering implementation
  • Initial distant object rendering through the means of object paging
  • Door opening sounds
  • Faster decompression of files in zlib-compressed archives: quicker loading times for all games other than Skyrim Special Edition and Anniversary Edition

So, that’s it for this release. Thank you for your interest in OpenMW and for reading this. We hope you’ll enjoy the big 5-0. Let us know what you think in our Discord / IRC community or the forums , or should it come to it, the issue tracker , and see you later!

"Without Precedent": Lisa Graves on the Supreme Court, Tariffs, Voting Rights & Legacy of John Roberts

Democracy Now!
www.democracynow.org
2025-11-07 13:25:01
The Supreme Court heard oral arguments this week in a case challenging President Donald Trump’s tariffs, with plaintiffs arguing that his unilateral levies on imported goods violate the Constitution, which grants Congress the power to impose taxes and regulate foreign commerce. The Trump admin...
Original Article

This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.

AMY GOODMAN : This is Democracy Now! , democracynow.org. I’m Amy Goodman.

We’re staying on the subject of the Supreme Court but now turning to a major case before the court on President Trump’s authority to impose sweeping tariffs on foreign goods. The court heard oral arguments on Wednesday. Solicitor General John Sauer argued President Trump has the power to unilaterally impose the tariffs under a 1977 law known as the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, or IEEPA , which grants the president the authority to regulate commerce during wartime or other national emergencies. This is the solicitor general arguing.

JOHN SAUER : I want to make a very important distinction here. We don’t contend that what’s being exercised here is the power to tax. It’s the power to regulate foreign commerce. These are regulatory tariffs. They are not revenue-raising tariffs. The fact that they raise revenue is only incidental. The tariffs would be most effective, so to speak, if no — no — no person ever paid them.

AMY GOODMAN : Challenging the policy in the case is a group of small businesses. This is the plaintiffs’ attorney and former solicitor general, Neal Katyal, speaking outside the court.

NEAL KATYAL : Our message today is simple: The Constitution, our framers, 238 years of American history all say only Congress has the power to impose tariffs on the American people. And tariffs are nothing but taxes on the American people, paid by Americans. This case is not about the president; it’s about the presidency. It’s not about partisanship; it’s about principle. And above all, it’s about upholding the majestic separation of powers laced into our Constitution that is the foundation for our government. We thank the justices today for their extensive questioning in this case, and we look forward to the resolution.

AMY GOODMAN : The case has moved quickly through the federal courts. The court has heard roughly two dozen emergency appeals by the Trump administration, which the conservative majority has largely allowed Trump’s aggressive agenda to go forward. But this is the first time the court will make a final decision on one of those policies. On Wednesday, the justices, including conservative justices, appeared skeptical of the government’s argument. This is Chief Justice John Roberts.

CHIEF JUSTICE JOHN ROBERTS : You have a claim source, an IEEPA , that had never before been used to justify tariffs. No one has argued that it does until this, this particular case. Congress uses tariffs and other provisions, but — but not here. And yet — and correct me on this if I’m not right about it — the justification is being used for a power to impose tariffs on any product, from any country, for — in any amount, for any length of time. That seems like — I’m not suggesting it’s not there, but it does seem like that’s major authority, and the basis for the claim seems to be a misfit.

AMY GOODMAN : For more on tariffs and the Supreme Court, we’re joined by Lisa Graves. She is the director and founder of the policy research group True North Research. Her new book is titled Without Precedent: How Chief Justice Roberts and His Accomplices Rewrote the Constitution and Dismantled Our Rights . She’s also the former deputy assistant attorney general. And she’s joining us now from Superior, Wisconsin.

Welcome back to Democracy Now! , Lisa. So, in fact, the chief justice is the main focus of your book on the Supreme Court. Talk about the significance of this case. And did it surprise you, the skepticism of the conservative majority, including the three Trump appointees?

LISA GRAVES : Well, this is an important case. And I wish that I could have confidence in the — I suppose, the sincerity of those questions that John Roberts posed, but we know that just last year he invented immunity from criminal prosecution for a president, for President Trump, out of whole cloth, despite the fact that the Constitution does not provide that power. So, now here we are, over a year later, with this court deciding whether this president has the power to engage in tariffs, even though the Constitution expressly gives those powers to Congress. And this law, IEEPA , does not provide any tariff power to the president.

And as you know and your listeners know, tariffs are taxes that end up being paid by the American people in the costs of the goods that we ultimately purchase. And Trump has bragged about how these tariffs are supposedly producing so much revenue, billions and billions of dollars of revenue, and yet we had the administration argue before the court that the revenue was incidental, that this is just a normal regulatory power. It’s not. Nothing’s normal.

I do think this court, the Roberts Court, is going to strike this down, but that’s in part because this court, you know, occasionally will rule against this president. But as you note and noted at the top of this show, 24 times so far this year, this court has intervened to allow reckless and damaging actions to happen to the American people, irreparable harm on the American people. And in this instance, with the business community weighing in, perhaps it will decide against Trump this one time, and then try to use that as a shield to say, “Look, it’s fair,” when in fact this court, under John Roberts, has behaved in innumerable ways, in very unfair ways, in counter-constitutional ways and in ways that have decimated our rights, including our voting rights.

AMY GOODMAN : So, talk about who actually brought this case. The businesses are not corporate giants. They’re small and medium-sized. And when you say everyone knows that these are taxes, explain more fully who pays these tariffs, as President Trump says, you know, “We’re going to get these countries to pay.” That’s not, in fact, who pays.

LISA GRAVES : Yeah, that’s not who pays. So, the tariffs are tariffs on goods sold in the United States, imported in the United States, which means, ultimately, whether it’s businesses buying those goods as components for building products or whether it’s consumers buying things at the grocery store or a department store, it’s the American people who pays. Right now some of the businesses that are involved in these — in imports are not passing those tariffs on to the American consumers. They’re waiting to see what ultimately happens and absorbing those costs. But those costs are already being passed on to the American consumers in lots of ways. And so, it is — this idea that this is some sort of non or revenue incidental tariff, that it’s supposedly foreign-facing so it doesn’t affect us, that’s not true. It’s we, the American people, who ultimately pay the cost of those tariffs.

And Congress has the power to tax. Expressly, in the Constitution, it’s given to it, not the president. And simultaneously, in that same provision, Congress is given the power to impose tariffs. This statute that the Trump administration is hanging its hat on does not give the president the power to tariff or to tax. And there’s a good reason for that. It’s not just that it’s in our Constitution. Trump’s behavior is exactly why no president has ever been given this sort of power, because putting that power in the hands of one person allows for arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, vindictive action by one person, as we’ve seen Trump do. That initial round of tariffs was announced as including tariffs on Penguin Islands, but not North Korea and Russia. The tariffs are arbitrary. We’re seeing sort of a shakedown process in some of the efforts to try to get countries to appease Trump’s ego in exchange for dropping tariffs or limiting them. That’s not how tariff policy is supposed to go. It’s supposed to be passed by Congress through genuine deliberation. And more than that, because it’s a tax on the American people, it has to be something that only Congress can do, because Congress has the power of the purse, not the president. And we cannot have this president, you know, exercising all the powers, basically, of the legislative branch and the executive branch.

AMY GOODMAN : This is an exchange between Justice Elena Kagan and the Solicitor General John Sauer during oral arguments, speaking about emergency powers.

JOHN SAUER : The president has to make a formal declaration of a national emergency, which subjects him to particularly intensive oversight by Congress, repeated — you know, natural lapsing, repeated review, reports and so forth, that says you have to consult with Congress to the maximum extent possible.

JUSTICE ELENA KAGAN : I mean, you, yourself, think that the declaration of emergency is unreviewable. And even if it’s not unreviewable, it’s, of course, the kind of determination that this court would grant considerable deference to the — to the president on. So that doesn’t seem like much of a constraint.

JOHN SAUER : But it is a constraint.

JUSTICE ELENA KAGAN : And, in fact, you know, we’ve had cases recently which deals with the president’s emergency powers, and it turns out we’re in emergencies everything all the time about like half the world.

AMY GOODMAN : English, please, Lisa Graves.

LISA GRAVES : Well, so, this question under IEEPA is whether there is an emergency that’s the basis for regulation or sort of an embargo. And in this instance, there isn’t. The administration has claimed that the fentanyl crisis somehow allows it to impose these wide and arbitrary tariffs. It’s also claimed that the trade deficit, which has been part of our, you know, economy for decades, is some sort of national emergency. It’s not. We’ve seen Trump assert emergencies in Portland, in Los Angeles. Like, he basically just uses the word “emergency” to try to get away with anything.

And it is true, the Supreme Court has traditionally deferred to declarations of emergencies by presidents. But I don’t think it has any obligation to defer to this president’s claims of emergency, which are factless, which are baseless, and which are just another argument, the kind of argument John — that John Sauer tends to make in justification of his client getting to do whatever he wants. So, there is no genuine emergency. There is no war that is the precipitating basis for invoking IEEPA . And even if it were, it would not allow the imposition of tariffs.

AMY GOODMAN : So, Lisa Graves, you’ve written this new book. It’s called Without Precedent: How Chief Justice Roberts and His Accomplices Rewrote the Constitution and Dismantled Our Rights . If you can talk more about the major points in this book, as you specifically look at Chief Justice Roberts? Start with the whole issue of the Voting Rights Act. Talk about Chief Justice John Roberts’ origin story.

LISA GRAVES : Yes. So, John Roberts chose to clerk for Bill Rehnquist, who was one of the most notorious anti-voting rights people on the Supreme Court. He, in his personal capacity, sought to make it harder for Arizonans to vote, targeting Black communities in Arizona with voter suppression, himself personally, in Bethune, in the neighborhood of Bethune. Then, when he was on the court, right before John Roberts joined him, he issued a decision, the first decision trying to cut back Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, to say that effects would not count.

So, then what happened was, Bill Rehnquist called Ken Starr, who was then the chief of staff for the new attorney general for Ronald Reagan, and urged him to hire John Roberts. John Roberts was hired by the Reagan administration and put in charge of voting rights. John Roberts had no experience in voting rights, no experience in litigation. The only experience he had was clerking for — basically, stodging for — the most regressive justice on Supreme Court when it came to voting rights. Rehnquist, by the way, actually urged that his justice he clerked for dissent from the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Rehnquist aided Barry Goldwater, the guy who — one of the, you know, senators who opposed the Civil Rights Act.

So, this is the origin story of John Roberts. He spent hundreds of hours trying to block Congress from repairing that, from overturning that ruling. And then, the Voting Rights Act was extended for more than 20 years, into 2007, and then, when John Roberts became the chief justice of the United States in 2005, as soon as there was a case teed up for him to do so, in the Shelby County case, he ruled against the Voting Rights Act. He struck down other key enforcement provisions of the Voting Rights Act, Section 4 and Section 5, that required preclearance of changes in jurisdictions that had a history of voter suppression or history of targeting Black voters. And that Shelby County decision unleashed this wave of voter suppression and voter restriction we’ve seen over the past decade. And now, right now, this court, the Roberts Court, is considering overruling Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act and allowing white-majority legislatures to dilute the Black vote in Louisiana and other states.

AMY GOODMAN : We’re talking to Lisa Graves. Her new book is just out. It’s called Without Precedent: How Chief Justice Roberts and His Accomplices Rewrote the Constitution and Dismantled Our Rights . As you observe this court right now, what are your biggest concerns? And how do the other justices feel about the chief justice?

LISA GRAVES : Well, I think this court is behaving illegitimately. These emergency orders overturning the well-reasoned, factually founded, legally grounded decisions to impose temporary restraining orders in the face of unilateral, extreme actions by this president, where the plaintiffs have shown irreparable harm, these are illegitimate actions by this court basically to aid Donald Trump. And it’s part two of what it did last year in effectively pardoning Donald Trump, preventing the trial, the trial around January 6th, to go forward, and basically paving the way for his return to power. And now, once in power, John Roberts has helped to empower Donald Trump further with the help of his fellow Republican appointees.

I think the Democratic appointees to the court, in the minority, are very frustrated, as you can see from the dissents in these cases, where the court is not describing why it is overturning these lower court rulings and allowing Trump to put his foot on the gas pedal to go forward with them while people are being harmed every day.

I think that this Roberts Court is out of control. It’s behaving arrogantly. It has aggressively intervened in those cases, just like with the immunity decision. It could have let the lower court rulings, which were based on well-grounded precedent, stand, but instead it has sought to aid Trump at almost every turn and, in doing so, has exposed itself as a hyperpartisan court that isn’t really behaving like a court but is behaving like an arm of the MAGA Trump presidency.

AMY GOODMAN : What most surprised you in doing the research for your book?

LISA GRAVES : Oh my goodness. Well, it was a small thing. But, you know, everyone knows that John Roberts talked about how he was going to be a fair umpire just calling balls and strikes. When I looked into his background, it turned out that he never played baseball in high school or college. He was actually a football player. And his coach told a right-wing dark money group that helped support his confirmation that John Roberts was particularly skilled as a tackler, as someone who studied his opponents and sought to find out ways to tackle them. That’s who we really have at the helm of the Supreme Court, is a player on the field who’s moving that right-wing, regressive, Reagan revolutionary agenda forward, not the fair umpire that he claimed to be and that he sought to put — plant into the American people’s minds as who he is. He’s not that umpire. I’ve actually decided to call him a “Trumpire,” because he’s been so willing to help Trump in almost every way as he expands the presidency far more than any other president has had such power. And in fact, that ruling really took out one of the key pillars of the checks and balances in our democracy, making the oath that John Roberts administered to Donald Trump, that he would faithfully execute the law, almost meaningless.

AMY GOODMAN : Lisa Graves, I want to thank you for being with us, director and founder of the policy research group True North Research. Her new book, Without Precedent: How Chief Justice Roberts and His Accomplices Rewrote the Constitution and Dismantled Our Rights . She was speaking to us from Superior, Wisconsin.

Coming up, as the U.S. blows up another boat in the Caribbean and considers assassinating the Venezuelan president, we’ll speak to Peter Kornbluh of the National Security Archive. Stay with us.

[break]

AMY GOODMAN : “Tiempos de Amor,” “Times of Love” by Las Cafeteras, here at our Democracy Now! studio.

The original content of this program is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License . Please attribute legal copies of this work to democracynow.org. Some of the work(s) that this program incorporates, however, may be separately licensed. For further information or additional permissions, contact us.

"The Fight Is Not Over": LGBTQ Advocates Challenge Supreme Court's Anti-Trans Passport Ruling

Democracy Now!
www.democracynow.org
2025-11-07 13:14:47
In an unsigned order on Thursday, the Supreme Court allowed the Trump administration to require U.S. passports to list travelers’ sex assigned at birth, another blow to the rights of transgender, nonbinary and intersex people, who had been able to select sex markers aligning with their gender ...
Original Article

This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.

AMY GOODMAN : The conservative-majority Supreme Court Thursday allowed the Trump administration to temporarily enforce a discriminatory passport policy against transgender, nonbinary and intersex people, while litigation in the case Trump continues through the lower courts.

After the decision, Attorney General Pam Bondi wrote on X, quote, “Attorneys at @TheJusticeDept just secured our 24th victory at the Supreme Court’s emergency docket. Today’s stay allows the government to require citizens to list their biological sex on their passport. In other words: there are two sexes, and our attorneys will continue fighting for that simple truth,” Bondi said.

Going back to 1992, the State Department has allowed for trans Americans to update their sex designations, and an X marker was added under the Biden administration. LGBTQ+ advocates have argued this policy will expose trans and intersex people to real danger while traveling. The ACLU has successfully won in the lower courts, arguing the policy is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution. The Trump administration has appealed.

Thursday’s order granting a stay on the lower court ruling for a temporary injunction made no mention of potential harm to plaintiffs. In their unsigned decision, the conservative majority wrote, quote, “Displaying passport holders’ sex at birth no more offends equal protection principles than displaying their country of birth — in both cases, the government is merely attesting to historical fact without subjecting anyone to differential treatment,” unquote.

In a scathing dissent, Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson said, quote, “The documented real-world harms to these plaintiffs obviously outweigh the government’s unexplained (and inexplicable) interest in immediate implementation of the passport policy,” she said, and went on to say her colleagues had, quote, “once again paved the way for the immediate infliction of injury without adequate (or, really, any) justification,” unquote.

For more, we’re joined by Arli Christian, senior policy counsel of the ACLU in Washington, D.C.

Welcome to Democracy Now! Talk about the significance of this Supreme Court ruling. And what happens next?

ARLI CHRISTIAN : Thank you, Amy, so much for having us here.

And really, you know, this decision by the Supreme Court, this is an emergency stay, as you mentioned. The Supreme Court has decided that the government can move forward in implementing this harmful, discriminatory policy that requires a sex assigned at birth on your original birth certificate to be printed on passports. And the harm is quite immediate, right? We have had a preliminary injunction in place in this case since April, and that has prevented the federal government from changing their 33-year-old policy, as you mentioned, of allowing people to have a passport that reflects who they are. For now, the Supreme Court has stayed that injunction, so now the federal government will be moving forward with printing passports that do not reflect who an individual is. Really harmful for the moment, but the fight is not over. We are still in the courts. We are still in the 1st Circuit looking at this injunction. We are still with the district court looking at the actual merits of the case, which were not considered in this Supreme Court stay.

AMY GOODMAN : What happens to people, for example, who have X on their passport right now?

ARLI CHRISTIAN : Yeah, so, Amy, you know, this decision and the actions of the federal government are causing chaos, panic, confusion among the trans, intersex, nonbinary communities across the country. The fact of the matter is, if you have a validly issued passport with an M, an F or an X, you are eligible to travel with that passport. That is, the State Department said that even when they reversed the policy back in January, and that continues to be the case.

However, there have been lots of actions that have scared people, and this stay is one of them. We are still working with the government’s lawyers to find out what will happen to the passports that were — that were issued, correctly issued, during the course of this injunction, and people are scared about that. And, you know, generally speaking, the harm and the targeting of this policy towards intersex, nonbinary and trans people is terrifying. It makes it very scary to travel, to trust that you’ll be able to get through security, that you’ll be able to get on your flight — you know, things that every person in the United States should not have to worry about. We all deserve the right to travel freely with dignity, with respect, as exactly who we are, and that is something that the administration is attacking right now.

AMY GOODMAN : Last night, I had a chance to speak with Laverne Cox after a showing of the new documentary called Heightened Scrutiny . Laverne Cox is the actress and trans activist. I asked her to respond to the Supreme Court’s ruling.

LAVERNE COX : What I think is really important for me to remember and for all my trans siblings out there to remember is that the government cannot tell us who we are, and they will never be the arbiter of our identities. No matter what they say about our ID documents, we are still who we are, and we will find a way to be ourselves no matter what. We must, because living a lie, trying to be someone else, is death. It’s an internal death. So, no matter what the government says or decrees, we will continue to be ourselves, our beautiful, anointed selves, because trans is beautiful, because trans rights are human rights, and because trans people are anointed.

AMY GOODMAN : Trans actress Laverne Cox.

The ACLU case stems from an executive order signed by President Trump in January that denies the existence of trans and intersex people and says, quote, “It is the policy of the United States to recognize two sexes, male and female,” unquote. The order requires identity documents, like passports, to provide only male and female sex designations, which must be based on a person’s sex, quote, “at conception.” This is one of the plaintiffs in the case, the content creator and trans activist Zaya Perysian.

ZAYA PERYSIAN : I’m a transgender woman. I applied to renew my passport and have it marked as female, and they refused, and they sent it back to me as male. He does not get to tell me who I am. Only I do. And now I’m at high risk of something bad happening to me if I were to travel abroad. This policy is dangerous, and it is unfair to every single trans, nonbinary or intersex person that there is. I’m an American, and, yes, I’m transgender, but I deserve to be able to travel freely without fear or repercussion. We deserve the freedom to be ourselves. No politician should be able to take that away. This is just a small part of a broad effort by the Trump administration to push trans people out of public life and act like we don’t exist. They want to ban our healthcare, censor our speech, control our lives. And I’m not just going to sit there and let it happen. We’re not going to sit here and let it happen. We deserve better than this, because all people deserve better than this. And, Donald Trump, we’ll see you in court.

AMY GOODMAN : As we wrap up, Arli Christian, what do you expect to happen next?

ARLI CHRISTIAN : Well, we are continuing to fight to stop this harmful policy. And as you’ve heard from so many of our plaintiffs and so many trans, nonbinary, intersex people across the country, this is so harmful. And the ACLU will not stand by and watch as the administration targets and harms a population of our country with no legitimate government reason. So we are continuing to fight. We’ll continue to fight on the merits of the case. And, you know, this is part of the ACLU’s strong belief that the Constitution covers all of us, and it covers the rights and protections and privacy and dignity of every single person. And so, we will — we will continue to fight on this policy.

AMY GOODMAN : Arli Christian, we want to thank you for being with us, senior policy counsel in the ACLU’s National Political Advocacy Department, focused on initiatives to support and protect the LGBTQ community.

Coming up, we look at the Supreme Court battle over Trump’s tariffs policies and more. We’ll speak to Lisa Graves. Her new book, Without Precedent: How Chief Justice Roberts and His Accomplices Rewrote the Constitution and Dismantled Our Rights . Stay with us.

[break]

AMY GOODMAN : “Never Buy the Sun,” by Billy Bragg, performing in our Democracy Now! studio.

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We chose OCaml to write Stategraph

Hacker News
stategraph.dev
2025-11-07 13:10:49
Comments...
Original Article

OCaml Type Systems Functional Programming Infrastructure Stategraph

Josh Pollara November 6th, 2025

TL;DR

$ cat why-ocaml.tldr

• Stategraph manages Terraform state, so correctness isn't optional

• Strongly-typed data structures catch field errors at compile time

• Type-safe SQL queries prevent schema drift before deployment

• Immutability by default eliminates race conditions

• PPX generates correct JSON serialization automatically

We're building infrastructure that manages other people's infrastructure. State corruption can't be "rare." It has to be impossible. That's why we chose OCaml.

OCaml logo OCaml logo

Stategraph stores Terraform state as a dependency graph in PostgreSQL with resource-level locking. The challenge isn't building a database-backed state store. The challenge is ensuring that concurrent operations can never corrupt state, even with concurrent operations/users, that database schema changes break the build instead of production, and that JSON transformations are correct.

We chose OCaml because its type system catches entire categories of bugs at compile time that would require extensive testing and still slip through in other languages.

Type-safe data structures

Here's a scenario every infrastructure engineer has seen. Two Terraform operations run concurrently and both read a resource in an active state. One updates it while the other destroys it. Without proper coordination, you risk marking the resource as destroyed in state while it's still being modified in the cloud.

Most systems handle this defensively with locks and runtime validation, but race conditions are hard to test and the resulting state corruption usually appears in production, not CI.

Stategraph tackles this in two ways. Immutability and database-level locking prevent concurrent writes from corrupting state, while OCaml's type system makes the underlying data structures themselves safer by construction. Resources, outputs, and instances are all defined as strongly-typed records, so you can't access a field that doesn't exist or mix up field types. The compiler enforces correctness before anything runs.

type t = {

lineage : string;

outputs : Outputs.t option;

resources : Resources.t;

serial : int;

terraform_version : string;

version : int;

}

If you try to access state.versions (typo) instead of state.version , you get a compiler error. If you try to assign a string to serial , you get a compiler error. If you forget to handle None in the outputs field, you get a compiler error with exhaustiveness checking.

This extends throughout the codebase. Every Terraform resource type, every state transition, and every database record is strongly typed. The compiler catches entire categories of bugs at compile time, like accessing non-existent fields, missing null checks, or database schema mismatches.

The database schema drift problem

You're iterating on your database schema by renaming a column, changing a type, or adding a constraint. In most languages, you update the schema, deploy the migration, and hope you caught all the queries that reference the old structure. You didn't because a query somewhere references the old column name. It works in dev with the old schema but crashes in staging with the new schema.

Stategraph uses typed SQL where every query declares explicit types for its parameters and return values. When you change a query's type signature, every call site in the codebase must be updated to match, and the compiler enforces this.

let insert_resource_sql () =

Pgsql_io.Typed_sql.(

sql

// Ret.bigint

/^ "INSERT INTO resources (state_id, mode, type, name,

provider_id, module_) VALUES ($state_id, $mode,

$type, $name, $provider_id, $module_) RETURNING id"

/% Var.uuid "state_id"

/% Var.text "mode"

/% Var.text "type"

/% Var.text "name"

/% Var.uuid "provider_id"

/% (Var.option @@ Var.text "module_"))

This query expects specific types. The state_id must be a UUID, mode must be text, and module_ is optional text. The return value is typed as bigint . If you try to pass a string where a UUID is expected, you get a compiler error. If you forget to handle the optional return value, you get a compiler error.

When you update a query to match a new schema, the type system ensures every place that calls that query gets updated too. You can't deploy code where query definitions and their usage are out of sync.

JSON transformations that can't lose data

Stategraph ingests Terraform state as JSON, normalizes it into a graph, stores it in PostgreSQL, and reconstructs it back to JSON when Terraform requests it. Every transformation is a place where data can get lost or corrupted, whether from a field you forgot to serialize, a nested structure you flattened incorrectly, or a type that doesn't round-trip.

Testing can catch some of this, and round-trip tests help, but you're fundamentally relying on test coverage. Missed cases show up when someone's Terraform state comes back missing a field.

OCaml has a feature called PPX (preprocessor extensions) that generates serialization code automatically. You define the type, and the serializer is generated from the type definition.

type aws_instance = {

instance_id : string;

instance_type : string;

ami : string;

availability_zone : string option;

tags : (string * string) list;

} [@@deriving yojson]

When you add a field, the serializer is regenerated. When you change a type, the serializer is regenerated. If you forget to handle a case, the exhaustiveness checker catches it at compile time. You don't write serialization tests because the type system guarantees serialization is correct.

This is how Stategraph handles Terraform's resource types. Every AWS resource, every GCP resource, every Azure resource is an OCaml type with automatic JSON serialization. We don't write serialization code. We don't test round-trips manually. The type system handles it.

Race conditions prevented by default

Terraform operations are inherently concurrent. Multiple users apply changes, CI pipelines run in parallel, and drift detection scans resources continuously. Coordinating all of this without data races requires careful mutex management and defensive programming, and it's easy to get wrong.

OCaml provides immutability by default, so you can't accidentally share mutable state between concurrent operations because there is no mutable state by default. When you want to modify something, you create a new version explicitly. This eliminates entire categories of race conditions.

One operation can't corrupt another operation's view of state because state is immutable by default. When combined with PostgreSQL's row-level locking at the database layer, concurrent operations compose correctly without manual mutex management or defensive copying.

Error handling with discipline

Type safety is only half of what makes Stategraph robust. The other half is discipline in how we use those types.

We encode errors as variants and exhaustively match every case. We never use a catch-all "else" clause that matches everything. When we add a new error to the system, the compiler tells us every place we aren't handling it. This is how robust systems are built. Systems can fail in far more ways than they succeed, and the compiler ensures we handle all of them.

This discipline extends throughout the codebase. Every error case is explicit. Every state transition is enumerated. Every optional value is handled. The type system gives us the tools, but discipline is what turns those tools into reliability.

The difference in practice

Diagram comparing runtime validation where bugs are found in production versus compile-time safety where bugs are prevented by the compiler

The same categories of bugs. Different places to catch them.

Production systems that can't afford bugs

This isn't academic type theory. Production systems use OCaml for exactly this reason.

At Terrateam , we process thousands of concurrent Terraform operations daily, managing infrastructure for hundreds of organizations where a state corruption bug would cascade across every customer. We're built on OCaml, and the type system catches bugs at compile time that would be production incidents in other languages.

Jane Street trades billions daily on OCaml infrastructure. Their trading systems handle concurrent market data and execute trades with zero tolerance for race conditions or undefined behavior. They chose OCaml because correctness isn't optional.

Pattern Recognition

Systems that absolutely cannot fail choose languages where certain failures are impossible, not just unlikely. Testing finds bugs, but types prevent entire categories of bugs from existing.

But who knows OCaml?

This is the most common objection, and OCaml developers are rare. This is true.

But here's what we've found. Engineers who understand distributed systems, type systems, and correctness learn OCaml quickly. The learning curve from Rust, Haskell, or even TypeScript with advanced types is gentler than you'd expect because the concepts transfer even if the syntax is unfamiliar.

More importantly, OCaml codebases are stable. We're not debugging race conditions or chasing down production crashes from schema drift. We're not writing extensive test suites for serialization edge cases. We're building features while the type system handles the category of bugs that would otherwise consume engineering time.

When you encode correctness in types, maintenance gets easier instead of harder. New engineers spend less time understanding implicit invariants and more time writing code the compiler verifies.

Correctness as a feature

We're building Stategraph to manage Terraform state for infrastructure that runs production applications. State corruption has to be impossible instead of unlikely. Invalid state transitions need to be prevented by the compiler instead of caught by tests. Schema drift needs to break the build instead of production.

That's what OCaml gives us. It provides a type system that makes entire categories of bugs impossible instead of just unlikely. The compiler proves properties about our code that testing can only approximate.

OCaml's compile-time guarantees are why we use it to build Stategraph.

Is Software the UFOlogy of Engineering Disciplines?

Hacker News
codemanship.wordpress.com
2025-11-07 13:09:07
Comments...
Original Article

One area where software development lags far behind other technical design disciplines like electronic and mechanical engineering is in standards of evidence .

To illustrate what I mean, I want to talk about the July 2023 congressional hearings on Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (“UAPs”).

Former military and intelligence personnel gave testimony under oath about encounters with UAP, and some sensational claims were made by David Grusch – who had worked with the UAP Task Force at the Department of Defence – about captured “non-human” aircraft, materials and “biologics” being held by private defence contractors.

Some UFO researchers hold the testimonies of the very credible witnesses as proof that we are being visited by at least one civilisation that’s far in advance technologically of ours.

The scientists working in the DoD’s All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), and in NASA’s UAP working group disagree with that interpretation.

Witness testimony – even given under oath – is merely evidence that somebody said something. And maybe they really believe what they say. But that doesn’t make it real.

Since that congressional hearing more than 2 years ago, no hard evidence has entered the public or scientific domain that supports Grusch’s claims.

The NASA working group complained that the military were less than forthcoming with good data that it’s believed they may be holding (they admit as much on the record). But, again, that’s not in itself evidence of “non-human” visitation and alien vehicle reverse-engineering projects. It’s evidence that the military and their contractors are keeping secrets. Who knew, right?

And, yes, there are videos – confirmed by the military to be genuine – showing anomalous objects recorded by Airforce and Navy personnel during routine operations off the coast of the United States and in combat zones around the world.

But those videos, taken by themselves, show nothing particularly sensational. Accounts of “instant acceleration” and other impossible manoeuvres accompany these videos, but are not captured in them.

And that has been the general nature of UFO/UAP evidence going back to the 1940s. When the anecdotal noise is filtered out, there’s very little left in credible, meaningfully testable evidence to support the extraterrestrial (or extra-dimensional, or time-traveller, or hollow-earth-dweller or Atlantean or Lunar Nazi) hypothesis.

What hard evidence does exist points to one or more genuinely unknown physical phenomena. But that doesn’t mean aliens. That just means ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

More than 20 years ago, I corresponded with famous UFO researcher Stanton T. Friedman . His central claim was that “the evidence is overwhelming that some UFOs are extraterrestrial spacecraft”. He was kind enough – at his own expense – to mail me a thick folder of this “overwhelming evidence”, which included reports written after official government studies in the US, France and other countries. (The UK MOD’s 1990s study, Project Condign, was declassified a couple of years later, adding to the corpus of scientific studies.)

All of these studies, if you read beyond the executive summary, come to a similar conclusion: UFOs are real, and we don’t know what they are .

They usually also conclude that further scientific study is warranted. But that’s rarely followed through, because UFOs are the “third rail” of a scientific career – unless you’re safely tenured, like Avi Loeb or Michio Kaku, most scientists daren’t touch the subject.

Anyway, back to Mr Friedman. Stanton Friedman was a scientist – a nuclear physicist (a real one!). He would often wear these credentials as evidence that his approach to the study of UFOs was rigorous in the same sense that his work on, say, nuclear space propulsion was rigorous.

But that was simply not the case. Friedman, like most UFOlogists – not all, mind – approached the subject like an investigative journalist. He didn’t look for physical evidence. He looked for documentation to support his theories, and his “rigour” manifested in attempts to authenticate these documents.

Even if the MAJESTIC documents are from genuine top secret classified government files (and that’s very much disputed still to this day), a document is only evidence that somebody wrote something down.

So I was not overwhelmed by the evidence Stanton sent me. Intrigued? Definitely. Open-and-shut case? Definitely not.

I agree with many of the official government studies: UFOs warrant serious scientific investigation. But, curiously, many UFOlogists – including Stanton Friedman – disagreed.

I had been following the work of an electronic engineer, at the time working in NASA’s Jet Propulsion Labs, called Scot Stride who was proposing multi-modal instrumented searches of the sky to collect more and better data on these phenomena.

He called it “SETV” – the Search for Extraterrestrial Visitation . Not to be confused with SETA – the Search for Extraterrestrial Artefacts. SETV’s null hypothesis – that no UFOs are extraterrestrial technology – was concerned with contemporary visitation.

Now, to me, a not-so-long-ago-at-the-time physics bod, SETV sounded like a good idea . The challenge in understanding the nature of UFOs has always been the amount and the quality of the data – too much noise, very little signal.

An object tracked by multiple sensors, from multiple locations, could provide far clearer data on the reality (as in, is this object real and not, say, a sensor blip?), the size, the distance, and therefore the speed or acceleration of objects in the sky.

But Stanton poured cold water on the idea of instrumented searches. UFOs, he told me, cannot be studied scientifically. Which I thought was a little odd, given his physics credentials – far superior to mine – and that he was kind of using them to shore up the credibility of his work. He was the “flying saucer physicist”.

SETV, as far as I know, never got off the ground – perhaps due to lack of funding. (A similar initiative called UFODATA also appears to have stalled. I hold out some hope Avi Loeb may help to divert some research money into other instrumented sky searches.)

But, as of today, the state of the art in UFO/UAP evidence is lots of noise and very little signal.

I’ve met similar hostility from folks who, in one breath, claim that software engineering is “scientific” – because data – but row back on that when I suggest we might need better data: more signal, less noise .

Most empirical studies into our discipline are small, attempting to extract meaningful trends from statistically insignificant sample sizes. This leaves them wide open to statistical noise.

Many studies are, like the congressional UAP hearings, building on reported – rather than directly observed – data. If a development team tells you that switching from white bread to wholemeal reduced their bug counts, that’s anecdote , not hard evidence.

Some folks say that software engineering is scientific because it’s grounded in scientific principles – many would argue that engineering is the “appliance of science”.

But what are the scientific principles software engineering is founded on? We might argue that discrete mathematics – set theory, logic, graph theory etc – is a science. And so there’s perhaps some merit, when these theories are applied (e.g., in program verification), in saying that we’re applying science.

But we’re not testing the theories. They are take as a given – as logically proven. And by “logically proven”, I mean logically consistent with all the connected theories. A scientist might argue that proofs aren’t science.

To quote Donald Knuth:

“Beware of bugs in the above code; I have only proved it correct, not tried it.”

Or, in the words of the Second Doctor: “Logic, my dear Zoe, merely enables one to be wrong with authority”.

Just because axioms are logically consistent, that doesn’t mean they’re true. To establish truth, we must defer to reality. We must test them in the real world. In this sense, mathematics is not science. It’s applied philosophy.

And that brings me to the third of the ways that I and others part company. In order to meaningfully test a hypothesis, we must be able to know with high confidence when the data contradicts it. If software engineering ‘s to be truly scientific, our hypotheses need to be refutable .

As computer programmers, we know the challenge of expressing ideas in a way that can’t be misinterpreted. It’s a large part of our work, and the main reason why computer programming remains a minority pursuit. It is hard .

But just like the cognitive dissonance of the anti-science “flying saucer physicist”, many of us hold the contradictory belief that hypotheses about our field of work need not be expressed in any refutable form – they need not be meaningfully testable – even though that’s kind of what we do for a living.

When we combine woolly and untestable claims with small, noisy data sets, comprising mostly of anecdotes, software engineering as a discipline falls well within the territory of UFOlogy.

Now, not everybody subscribes to the idea that for a study to be scientific, it requires hypotheses to be refutable. Physics undergraduates have refutability drummed into us from the start (e.g., Wolfgang Pauli’s “not even wrong” jab at ambiguous claims), and it causes friction with other fields of study that describe themselves as “scientific”, but that lack refutability.

But whether we agree on the definition of “scientific” is not really the important thing here. What matters is where low-signal, largely anecdotal, non-refutable experiments have led us in our understanding of not just what works and what doesn’t in specific situations, but why .

A lot of what we think we know about creating and adapting software is built on the equivalent of UFO reports. Let me give you an example of what can happen when research cuts through that noise.

In their study of developer testing in Java IDEs , researchers discovered that, of the participants who claimed they did Test-Driven Development, analysis of their real IDE activity showed that only about 8% actually did.

The implication here is that 92% of what we think we know about TDD and it’s outcomes is, in reality, based on developers doing something else. Many other studies – on much smaller scales, usually – call me to question whether participants were really doing TDD. And, indeed, whether the authors of the studies could even tell if they weren’t.

The upshot of all this is that when skeptics demand “proof” of the benefits of TDD, even someone with 26 years experience doing and teaching it like me, has to resort to “you’ll just have to take my word for it”. Like the UFO witnesses who “know what they saw”, I know there are real benefits. I just don’t have the hard data to back it up. For every study that finds there are, there’s another one that concludes ¯_(ツ)_/¯

I could survey developers who’ve been doing TDD for, say, more than a year, to ask if they believe there are real benefits. I could ask them if they’d ever consider going back to test-after. (I already have a pretty good idea what the response would be.)

But this is shaky ground. The majority of developers using “AI” coding assistants, for example, believe they’re being more productive. But data on delivery lead times and release stability paints the opposite picture in the majority of cases.

As a teacher and a mentor, the lack of genuine signal in the software engineering body of knowledge makes my job a lot harder.

I have to resort to my powers of persuasion, and I have to rely on people’s willingness to at the very least suspend their disbelief. I did not need to be persuaded that force = mass x acceleration, because the evidence is so compelling.

It also leaves our profession vulnerable to spurious claims that aren’t backed up by credible evidence, but can’t easily be disproved. I might argue that a whole bunch of people’s pensions might be about to be wiped out by a spurious claim about the impact of a particular technology on software teams. Our industry’s very much the rabbit that the GenAI folks are banking on other industries chasing. If programmers don’t get much benefit, what chance lawyers or doctors or teachers?

I appreciate that the complex socio-technical nature of software development presents many challenges to a rigorously scientific approach to gaining useful insights – to learning to predict the effects of pulling certain levers so that we can more confidently engineer the outcomes we want. And I accept that there will always be aspects that remain beyond the scientific method.

However, it feels to me like we’re not even really trying. And we’re so good at making excuses for why we can’t do better.

If there’s one thing we’re not short of as a discipline, it’s hard data. Our activities – like the actions we perform in our IDEs, the code itself, the version histories in our repos, the outputs of builds, the results of testing and linting, the telemetry from production systems – are radiating a rich and long tail of hard data; data about things that actually happened , and not just what we believe or claim happened.

If we were comets, you’d want to fly your probe through that tail.

Again, there are many challenges and problems to be solved, not least of which is the ad hoc, proprietary, non-standardised nature of all that data.

In that sense, we are arguably one of the least mature of the engineering disciplines. My Dad’s architectural CAD system can tell you what order a house has to be built in (you have to do that these days to get planning permission) and can even generate orders for building materials with specific suppliers.

Our tooling workflows are still mostly held together with twigs and tape. And that’s chiefly because we so seldom consider the whole picture when we design development tools – a random landscape of point solutions that don’t play nice with each other.

We lack the data interchange standards of more mature disciplines. And that could well be because we also lack the underlying rigour – including rigour around terminology. How do we standardise things that go by many different names?

But that is a solvable problem. If building design and electronic engineering and mechanical engineering can do it, so can we. Heck, we did it for them! (We suffer from a condition I call “builder’s houses”.)

And if this reads like a bit of a manifesto, so be it. I’m well aware that I’m in a minority who feel this way about software engineering. But if you’re out there thinking along similar lines, maybe drop me a line?

Unknown's avatar

Leak confirms Google Gemini 3 Pro and Nano Banana 2 could launch soon

Bleeping Computer
www.bleepingcomputer.com
2025-11-07 13:06:11
Google is planning to ship two new models. One is Gemini 3, which is optimised for coding and regular use, and the second is Nano Banano 2 for generating realistic images. [...]...
Original Article

Google

Google is planning to ship two new models. One is Gemini 3, which is optimised for coding and regular use, and the second is Nano Banano 2 for generating realistic images.

As spotted on X, Gemini-3-pro was first spotted on Vertex AI, which is a Google-hosted cloud platform for using AI agents and building apps or products using AI.

This model is called "gemini-3-pro-preview-11-2025," which aligns with previous reports that Google plans to ship Gemini 3 in November.

Wiz

Gemini 3
Gemini 3 Pro reference on Vertex AI

While there have been some wild reports on X that claim people have access to Gemini 3, we don't think that's the case.

Google typically tests its AI models secretly. While Google may have shared access with certain business partners, they cannot share the results on a public platform due to an NDA (non disclosure agreement).

Early leaks suggest that Gemini 3 will begin rolling out in November with a 1 million context limit.

At the moment, Google's latest AI model is Gemini 2.5 Pro, and it's about 8 months old, but it still remains one of the best models in the market.

For example, on SWE-Bench Verified, the industry standard for agentic code evals, Gemini 2.5 Pro scores 63.8% with a custom agent setup. On the other hand, Claude Sonnet 4.5 scores about 77%.

Nano Banana 2

In addition to Gemini 3, Google is testing Nano Banana 2, codenamed "GEMPIX2," and it was recently spotted on the Gemini website.

Banana 2
Nano Banana 2

This could mean that the model, which could be one of the best for generating AI images, will begin shipping as early as December 2025.

Google is not the only company planning to ship new models before the end of the year.

OpenAI is also working on GPT 5.1 and new models for Codex, which is the company's agentic coding terminal.

Wiz

Secrets Security Cheat Sheet: From Sprawl to Control

Whether you're cleaning up old keys or setting guardrails for AI-generated code, this guide helps your team build securely from the start.

Get the cheat sheet and take the guesswork out of secrets management.

Headlines for November 7, 2025

Democracy Now!
www.democracynow.org
2025-11-07 13:00:00
Sudan’s Rapid Support Forces Agree to Humanitarian Ceasefire, “The World’s Largest Mass Grave”: Palestinians Say 10,000 Bodies Are Buried Under Gaza’s Rubble, Israel Launches Wave of Airstrikes on Southern Lebanon, GOP Senators Block Resolution to Rein In Trump’s ...
Original Article

Headlines November 07, 2025

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Sudan’s Rapid Support Forces Agree to Humanitarian Ceasefire

Nov 07, 2025

In Sudan, the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces said Thursday they’ve agreed to a U.S.-backed ceasefire proposal to end more than two years of a devastating war with the Sudanese military. The truce was brokered by a U.S.-led group of mediators known as the Quad, made up of negotiators from Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Hundreds of thousands of civilians facing famine remain trapped in the city of El Fasher in Sudan’s North Darfur region after it was seized by the RSF . Sudan’s war has triggered what the U.N. describes as the largest humanitarian crisis in the world, with millions of people displaced.

Mujahid Bahr al-Din : “We hope that things would go back to what they used to be and for people to go back to their lands. War is not good. I swear to God, people were destroyed. Youth were lost, and families were lost. We don’t have anything to say. We just want the country to be fixed. We wish the country would be fixed for people to return to their lands and to live in peace and security.”

“The World’s Largest Mass Grave”: Palestinians Say 10,000 Bodies Are Buried Under Gaza’s Rubble

Nov 07, 2025

In Gaza, Israel’s military is continuing to target the southern city of Khan Younis with airstrikes and artillery fire despite the U.S.-brokered truce that took effect nearly a month ago. On Thursday, a civil society group in Gaza appealed for international assistance in finding the bodies of more than 10,000 Palestinians still buried under the rubble of buildings destroyed during Israel’s two-year assault. In its appeal, the National Committee for Missing Persons called Gaza “the world’s largest mass grave.”

Israel Launches Wave of Airstrikes on Southern Lebanon

Nov 07, 2025

Image Credit: Israeli Army

In Lebanon, at least one person was killed and nine others injured after Israel launched a series of airstrikes Thursday. Both Lebanon’s government and Hezbollah condemned the attacks as another flagrant violation of the ceasefire deal agreed to one year ago.

GOP Senators Block Resolution to Rein In Trump’s Military Actions Against Venezuela

Nov 07, 2025

Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth said Thursday the U.S. military struck another boat in the Caribbean, claiming without evidence it had killed three narcotraffickers on board. The latest killings bring the reported toll from U.S. attacks in the Caribbean and eastern Pacific to 70 people aboard 18 boats. Hegseth’s announcement came as Republican senators narrowly blocked a war powers resolution seeking to bar President Trump from taking military action against Venezuela without congressional authorization. Senator Chris Van Hollen spoke ahead of Thursday evening’s vote.

Sen. Chris Van Hollen : “Quit engaging in illegal actions in the Caribbean and international waters, blowing up boats and people in an extrajudicial fashion. And when it comes to Venezuela, stop making these threats and amassing military assets off the shore and claiming you somehow have the authority to do that. The Constitution invests the authority to go to war with the United States Congress.”

On Thursday, the former chief prosecutor at the International Criminal Court, Luis Moreno Ocampo, told the BBC the U.S. attacks on civilian vessels would be treated as crimes against humanity under international law. We’ll have more on the attacks later in the broadcast with Peter Kornbluh of the National Security Archive.

Senate GOP Continues Push to End Health Insurance Subsidies as Government Shutdown Enters 38th Day

Nov 07, 2025

The U.S. federal government shutdown has entered its 38th day. On Thursday, Senate Democrats huddled behind closed doors to discuss ways to end the stalemate, as Republican Senate Majority Leader John Thune prepared a Friday vote on a package of spending bills that once again omits Democrats’ key demand: an extension of federal health insurance tax credits set to expire on December 31. Without an extension, the average enrollee will see premium costs more than double. Millions would lose coverage entirely.

Federal Judge Orders Trump Administration to Fully Fund November SNAP Payments

Nov 07, 2025

A federal judge on Thursday ordered the Trump administration to immediately and fully fund SNAP food assistance benefits, after it refused to draw down contingency funds to pay for the program that helps one out of every eight people in the U.S. afford groceries. The administration promptly appealed the ruling. In response, Washington Senator Patty Murray wrote, “I have never seen an American president so desperate to force children and seniors to go hungry. … This is as ugly and cruel as it gets.”

U.S. Airlines Cancel Thousands of Flights as Shutdown Takes Toll on Air Traffic Controllers

Nov 07, 2025

Millions of U.S. air travelers face travel chaos after the Trump administration began canceling flights at 40 of the nation’s busiest airports. Airlines have already canceled thousands of flights, and that number is expected to grow if the government shutdown continues into next week. This comes amid a shortage of air traffic controllers who’ve been forced to work long hours without pay throughout the shutdown.

Death Toll in Crash of UPS Cargo Plane Rises to 13

Nov 07, 2025

The death toll from Wednesday’s crash of a UPS cargo plane in Louisville, Kentucky, has risen to 13. The National Transportation Safety Board says it has recovered the plane’s cockpit voice and data recorder and is investigating the plane’s maintenance history. NTSB employees are considered essential workers and have been required to work without pay throughout the shutdown.

Federal Judge Blasts Border Patrol Chief for Lying About Violence at Chicago-Area Protests

Nov 07, 2025

A federal judge in Chicago has banned federal agents from using tear gas, pepper spray and other riot weapons amid Trump’s immigration crackdown in the city. The latest ruling by Judge Sara Ellis extends temporary restrictions issued last month in which she ordered federal agents to use body cameras and report on excessive use of force during raids in the Chicago area. There have been mounting reports of immigration agents pointing guns at civilians during the operations, as well as attacking protesters and journalists. Ellis blasted Border Patrol chief Gregory Bovino for admitting that he lied about being hit with a rock during a raid in Chicago’s Little Village before deploying tear gas on a crowd of people. Judge Ellis wrote, “The government would have people believe instead that the Chicagoland area is in a vise hold of violence, ransacked by rioters and attacked by agitators. That simply is untrue, and the government’s own evidence in this case belies that assertion.”

Jury Acquits Man Who Threw Sandwich to Protest Trump’s Militarized Takeover of D.C.

Nov 07, 2025

Image Credit: via Social Media

In Washington, D.C., a jury on Thursday acquitted a man who was charged for throwing a sandwich at a federal agent in protest of President Trump’s crackdown on the capital. Sean Dunn was found not guilty of one count of misdemeanor assault. A grand jury previously rejected a felony charge against Dunn, whose image throwing a submarine-style sandwich at a Customs and Border Protection agent in August became a symbol of resistance.

SCOTUS Allows Trump Administration to Restrict Gender Identity Markers on Passports

Nov 07, 2025

LGBTQ+ advocates have vowed to continue fighting after the conservative-majority Supreme Court allowed the Trump administration to temporarily enforce a discriminatory passport policy against transgender, nonbinary and intersex people. The policy requires U.S. passports to match a person’s sex designation found on their original birth certificate. The measure seeks to end a Biden-era practice of issuing passports with a gender-neutral marker — an X — and for applicants to select a marker that matches their gender identity. In response, the ACLU said, “Forcing transgender people to carry passports that out them against their will increases the risk that they will face harassment and violence and adds to the considerable barriers they already face in securing freedom, safety, and acceptance.” We’ll have more on this story after headlines.

Typhoon Batters Vietnam After Carving Path of Destruction Through Philippines

Nov 07, 2025

In Vietnam, at least five people were killed after Typhoon Kalmaegi battered coastal regions with torrential rain and gushing winds. The storm made landfall in central Vietnam Thursday, destroying homes, uprooting trees and causing widespread power outages for an estimated 1.2 million people. The typhoon left a trail of destruction in the Philippines, where the death toll rose to nearly 200 people on Friday. The typhoon has weakened to a tropical storm as it moved toward Cambodia and Laos.

On Thursday, the U.N. World Meteorological Organization warned 2025 is on track to rank among the three warmest years on record, coming after last year set a record as the hottest year ever observed.

Documents Reveal Exxon Funded Climate Denial Campaign Across Latin America

Nov 07, 2025

Image Credit: Antonia Juhasz

The Texas-based oil giant Exxon financed right-wing think tanks to help spread climate change denial across Latin America. That’s according to newly revealed documents published by The Guardian and DeSmog which uncovered a widespread campaign by Exxon to finance the U.S.-based Atlas Network, a coalition made up of more than 500 so-called free market think tanks and its partners worldwide, in order to spread lies about the role of fossil fuels in causing the climate crisis.

As COP30 Opens, Brazil’s Lula Warns Window of Opportunity to Act on Climate Is Rapidly Closing

Nov 07, 2025

World leaders on Thursday delivered opening remarks in Belém, Brazil, which is preparing to host the COP30 U.N. climate summit starting next week. This is Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.

President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva : “The window of opportunity we have to act is closing rapidly. Climate change is a result of the same dynamics that over the centuries have fractured our society between rich and poor and divided it between developed and developing countries.”

The Trump administration is not sending a U.S. delegation to the upcoming climate talks. Democracy Now! will be broadcasting from COP30 in Belém.

Nancy Pelosi, Who Served as First-Ever Female House Speaker, to Retire from Congress in 2027

Nov 07, 2025

Image Credit: X/@TeamPelosi

California Democratic Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi announced Thursday she will not seek reelection when her term ends in early 2027. Pelosi has represented San Francisco in Congress for nearly four decades. In 2007, she was elected as the first female speaker of the House, where she exerted powerful control over House Democrats as they took up major legislation, including the Affordable Care Act under President Obama. She served a second term as House speaker from 2019 to 2023.

NYC Mayor-Elect Mamdani Outlines Plan to Tax the Rich and Corporations to Fund Affordability

Nov 07, 2025

New York Governor Kathy Hochul and New York City Mayor-elect Zohran Mamdani traveled to Puerto Rico Thursday for the annual Somos conference, which focuses on issues important to Puerto Rican communities. Mamdani proposed raising revenue for his ambitious affordability agenda by raising the personal income tax on New Yorkers who make $1 million or more by 2% and raising the state’s top corporate tax to match that of New Jersey. Governor Hochul has rejected broad tax increases on New Yorkers. Meanwhile, Republican New York Congresswoman Elise Stefanik, a key ally of President Trump, has announced she’ll seek her party’s nomination to challenge Hochul in the 2026 gubernatorial election.

Pioneering Human Rights Attorney Peter Weiss Dies at 99

Nov 07, 2025

Image Credit: Center for Constitutional Rights

The trailblazing human rights attorney Peter Weiss has died at the age of 99. Weiss served on the board of the Center for Constitutional Rights for nearly five decades, where he worked to end South African apartheid and the Vietnam War, fought for nuclear disarmament and sought justice for victims of the U.S.-backed Contras in 1980s Nicaragua. He pioneered using the 1789 Alien Tort Statute in human rights cases. He also represented the family of U.S. journalist and human rights activist Charles Horman in a case against Henry Kissinger and others, after Horman was disappeared and killed in Chile soon after the U.S.-backed 1973 coup. He spoke to Democracy Now! about the case in 2013.

Peter Weiss : “Our case was dismissed because we couldn’t conduct discovery. When you bring any kind of case, civil or criminal, you have to look for the evidence and produce the evidence to the judge or the jury. And everything that we wanted, we were told, was classified and would not be made available to us. So, eventually, the case had to be dismissed.”

Peter Weiss died just five weeks shy of what would have been his 100th birthday.

The original content of this program is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License . Please attribute legal copies of this work to democracynow.org. Some of the work(s) that this program incorporates, however, may be separately licensed. For further information or additional permissions, contact us.

From Memorization to Reasoning in the Spectrum of Loss Curvature

Hacker News
arxiv.org
2025-11-07 12:43:49
Comments...
Original Article

View PDF HTML (experimental)

Abstract: We characterize how memorization is represented in transformer models and show that it can be disentangled in the weights of both language models (LMs) and vision transformers (ViTs) using a decomposition based on the loss landscape curvature. This insight is based on prior theoretical and empirical work showing that the curvature for memorized training points is much sharper than non memorized, meaning ordering weight components from high to low curvature can reveal a distinction without explicit labels. This motivates a weight editing procedure that suppresses far more recitation of untargeted memorized data more effectively than a recent unlearning method (BalancedSubnet), while maintaining lower perplexity. Since the basis of curvature has a natural interpretation for shared structure in model weights, we analyze the editing procedure extensively on its effect on downstream tasks in LMs, and find that fact retrieval and arithmetic are specifically and consistently negatively affected, even though open book fact retrieval and general logical reasoning is conserved. We posit these tasks rely heavily on specialized directions in weight space rather than general purpose mechanisms, regardless of whether those individual datapoints are memorized. We support this by showing a correspondence between task data's activation strength with low curvature components that we edit out, and the drop in task performance after the edit. Our work enhances the understanding of memorization in neural networks with practical applications towards removing it, and provides evidence for idiosyncratic, narrowly-used structures involved in solving tasks like math and fact retrieval.

Submission history

From: Jack Merullo [ view email ]
[v1] Tue, 28 Oct 2025 10:09:35 UTC (2,148 KB)
[v2] Fri, 31 Oct 2025 00:26:33 UTC (2,148 KB)

Meta projected 10% of 2024 revenue came from scams

Hacker News
sherwood.news
2025-11-07 12:39:54
Comments...
Original Article

tech

Meta has been making billions of dollars per year from scam ads and sales of banned goods, according internal Meta documents seen by Reuters.

The new report quantifies the scale of fraud taking place on Meta’s platforms, and how much the company profited from them.

Per the report, Meta internal projections from late last year said that 10% of the company’s total 2024 revenue would come from scammy ads and sales of banned goods — which works out to $16 billion.

Discussions within Meta acknowledged the steep fines likely to be levied against the company for not stopping the fraudulent behavior on its platforms, and the company prioritized enforcement in regions where the penalties would be steepest, the reporting found. The cost of lost revenue from clamping down on the scams was weighed against the cost of fines from regulators.

The documents reportedly show that Meta did aim to significantly reduce the fraudulent behavior, but cuts to its moderation team left the vast majority of user-reported violations to be ignored or rejected.

Meta spokesperson Andy Stone told Reuters the documents were a “selective view” of internal enforcement:

“We aggressively fight fraud and scams because people on our platforms don’t want this content, legitimate advertisers don’t want it, and we don’t want it either.”

Per the report, Meta internal projections from late last year said that 10% of the company’s total 2024 revenue would come from scammy ads and sales of banned goods — which works out to $16 billion.

Discussions within Meta acknowledged the steep fines likely to be levied against the company for not stopping the fraudulent behavior on its platforms, and the company prioritized enforcement in regions where the penalties would be steepest, the reporting found. The cost of lost revenue from clamping down on the scams was weighed against the cost of fines from regulators.

The documents reportedly show that Meta did aim to significantly reduce the fraudulent behavior, but cuts to its moderation team left the vast majority of user-reported violations to be ignored or rejected.

Meta spokesperson Andy Stone told Reuters the documents were a “selective view” of internal enforcement:

“We aggressively fight fraud and scams because people on our platforms don’t want this content, legitimate advertisers don’t want it, and we don’t want it either.”

Sherwood Media, LLC produces fresh and unique perspectives on topical financial news and is a fully owned subsidiary of Robinhood Markets, Inc., and any views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of any other Robinhood affiliate, including Robinhood Markets, Inc., Robinhood Financial LLC, Robinhood Securities, LLC, Robinhood Crypto, LLC, or Robinhood Money, LLC.

'You're just ready:' Parents say ChatGPT encouraged son to kill himself

Hacker News
www.cnn.com
2025-11-07 12:27:49
Comments...
Original Article

Uh-oh!

It could be you, or it could be us, but there's no page here.

Why I don’t test different designs at the same time

Lobsters
adamsilver.io
2025-11-07 12:26:05
Comments...
Original Article

A year ago I posted this on LinkedIn:

I tell my students to avoid select boxes.

Because it’s often better to use radio buttons.

But students often say “But it’ll make the page too long”.

Yep, but that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s bad UX.

See the page I designed to let users select a course. Huge list of radio buttons.

But no issues in user research whatsoever.

Does this mean you should always use radio buttons?

No.

But most designers would balk at a design like this even though it worked perfectly well for users.

Here’s the screenshot I shared with the post:

Long list of radio buttons for users to select a course

It got a lot of comments - one of which was:

“What other options did you test? Just because your design worked, doesn’t mean it’s the best!”

Here’s what I said in response at the time:

I rarely test two solutions at once.

Don’t get me wrong, I consider many options. But only one gets tested - unless it fails - then I try another. That’s because there’s usually a clear winner.

Plus testing two versions is full of pitfalls.

[…]

I’ve worked with quite a few product managers and designers who suggest testing multiple versions.

It sounds sensible, right?

  • Do more work.
  • Test more things.
  • Let users decide.

But more work does not always mean a better result.

Here’s why (according to UX expert, Caroline Jarrett who wrote about it in “Designing comparative evaluations”):

Reason #1: You won’t get a clear answer

You’re hoping for “Version A wins!” but what you’ll actually get is:

Parts of A are better, parts of B are better, and there’s probably a Version C that would beat them both.

Not the clear direction you were looking for.

Reason #2: Your results will get contaminated

If you test both versions with the same participants, they’ll learn from the first one.

So some users may prefer the second version because they already understood the task - even when that version was objectively worse.

Reason #3: You need a lot more participants

Comparative tests need 3x your normal participant numbers.

You need to balance who sees what first, and if you’re testing separate groups, you need even more people for the statistics to be meaningful.

Reason #4: Your big differences look identical to users

What seems different to you looks identical to users.

So the differences you’re testing might not even register.

But most importantly is that testing two versions is almost always totally unnecessary.

Instead:

  • Design one version properly
  • Learn what’s wrong
  • Fix it

Less work = better process

If you’d like to learn how to design forms that users fly through using patterns that are a result of designing one version properly, learning what’s wrong and then fixing it, then:

https://formdesignmastery.com

Build a ClojureScript native desktop app in 5 minutes

Lobsters
www.youtube.com
2025-11-07 12:06:33
Comments...

Kroxylicious

Lobsters
kroxylicious.io
2025-11-07 12:06:14
Comments...
Original Article

This page provides an overview of how Kroxylicious works. For more details, please refer to the documentation .

What is Kroxylicious?

Kroxylicious is an Apache Kafka® protocol-aware proxy. It can be used to layer uniform behaviours onto a Kafka based system in areas such as data-governance, security, policy enforcement and audit without needing to change either the applications or the Kafka Cluster.

Kroxylicious is a stand-alone component which is deployed between the applications that use Kafka and the Kafka Cluster. Instead of applications connecting straight to the Kafka Cluster, the applications connect to Kroxylious which connects to the cluster on the application’s behalf. In all other respects, introducing Kroxylicious into a Kafka system is transparant.

To adopt Kroxylicious, there are zero code changes required to the applications. There are no additional libraries to install. Kroxylicious supports applications written in any language supported by Kafka ecosystem (Java, Golang, Python, Rust…).

On the Kafka Cluster side, there are no changes required either. That is, no additional libraries to deploy or special configurations to apply. Kroxylicious works with any Kafka Cluster from a self-managed Kafka Cluster through to a Kafka Service offered by a cloud provider.

A key concept in Kroxylicious is the Filter. It is these that layer additional behaviours into the Kafka system.

image
Overview

Filters

The Filter is at the heart of Kroxylicious. Filters intercept Kafka RPCs as they travel through the proxy. Filters can observe or transform the RPC, depending on the needs of the use-case. It is in this way that behaviours are introduced into the system. Kroxylicious filters can act on the request RPCs, their response counterparts, or both.

Kroxylicious ships with some pre-built filters of its own (see use-cases ). There is also the Filter API that lets you build custom filters, to fit your own use-case.

image
Request/Response Filtering

Filter Chains

Filters are composable, meaning you can chain filters together to build complex behaviours from simpler units.

For example, you may choose to build a filter chain compromising a policy enforcement filter together with an audit filter to suit the requirements of your use-case.

image
Filter Chains

Performance

Kroxylicious is careful to decode only the Kafka RPCs that the filters actually need to process. If no filter is interested in a particular RPC, its bytes will pass straight through Kroxylicious. This approach helps keep Kroxylicious fast.

The actual performance overhead of using Kroxylicious depends on the particular use-case.

Show HN: OSS implementation of Test Time Diffusion that runs on a 24gb GPU

Hacker News
github.com
2025-11-07 12:02:01
Comments...
Original Article

TTD-RAG: A Test-Time Diffusion Framework for the MMU-RAG Competition

This repository contains our submission for the MMU-RAG Competition , a deep research agent named TTD-RAG. Our system is a faithful implementation of the framework proposed in the paper " Deep Researcher with Test-Time Diffusion (TTD-DR) " . This README is generated by gemini 2.5.

It conceptualizes report generation as an iterative "denoising" process, starting with a preliminary draft and progressively refining it through cycles of targeted search, synthesis, and revision. This approach is designed to excel at complex, multi-hop reasoning tasks that require coherent, long-form answers.

🎯 Key Features

  • Test-Time Diffusion Framework : Models research report generation as an iterative process of refining a "noisy" draft with external information, ensuring coherence and reducing information loss.
  • Report-Level Denoising with Retrieval : Uses an evolving draft to dynamically guide the search process, ensuring each retrieval step is targeted at filling specific knowledge gaps.
  • Component-wise Self-Evolution : Enhances the quality of each step in the workflow (planning, synthesis) by generating diverse variants, critiquing them, and merging them into a superior output.
  • High-Performance Serving : Utilizes vLLM to serve both the generative ( Qwen/Qwen3-4B-Instruct-2507 ) and reranking ( tomaarsen/Qwen3-Reranker-0.6B-seq-cls ) models for high throughput and low latency.
  • Competition Compliant : Fully supports both dynamic (streaming) and static evaluation endpoints as required by the competition rules, validated with the provided local_test.py script.

⚙️ System Architecture & Workflow

The agent operates in a structured, multi-stage process orchestrated by src/pipeline.py :

  1. Stage 1: Planning & Initial Drafting

    • An initial Research Plan is generated to outline the key areas of investigation.
    • A preliminary Noisy Draft is created based on the LLM's internal knowledge, serving as the starting point for the diffusion process.
  2. Stage 2: Iterative Search & Denoising

    • The system enters a loop, where for each iteration:
      1. A new search query is generated, informed by the current draft's deficiencies and the overall plan.
      2. Documents are retrieved from the FineWeb Search API .
      3. The retrieved documents are chunked and reranked using a specialized model to find the most relevant information.
      4. The top-ranked chunks are synthesized into a concise answer for the search query.
      5. The draft is revised ("denoised") by integrating this new information.
  3. Stage 3: Final Report Generation

    • After the iterations complete, the agent synthesizes the final, refined draft, the initial plan, and the full history of questions and answers into a single, comprehensive report.

🛠️ Technology Stack

  • Backend Framework : FastAPI
  • LLM Serving : vLLM
  • Generative LLM : Qwen/Qwen3-4B-Instruct-2507
  • Reranker Model : tomaarsen/Qwen3-Reranker-0.6B-seq-cls
  • Retrieval Source : FineWeb Search API
  • Containerization : Docker

🚀 Getting Started

Prerequisites

  • Docker and Docker Compose
  • An NVIDIA GPU with 24GB+ VRAM
  • NVIDIA Container Toolkit

1. Configure Environment

First, create a local environment file from the example template. This file will store your API keys.

Now, open .env and add your API keys for:

  • FINEWEB_API_KEY
  • OPENROUTER_API_KEY (used as a fallback for the generator)

2. Build and Run the Container

We recommend using Docker Compose, which handles building the image and running the services as defined in compose.yml .

docker compose up --build

This command will:

  1. Build the Docker image from the Dockerfile .
  2. Start the container.
  3. Execute the start.sh script, which first launches the vLLM OpenAI-compatible server in the background to serve the Qwen models.
  4. After a brief pause to allow the models to load, it starts the FastAPI application on port 5053 .

Your API is now running and accessible at http://localhost:5053 .

✅ Testing Your Implementation

You can verify that your service is compliant with the competition requirements using the provided local_test.py script.

uv sync
source venv/bin/activate

# Test both the /run and /evaluate endpoints (full test)
python local_test.py --base-url http://localhost:5053

# Test only the dynamic /run endpoint
python local_test.py --base-url http://localhost:5053 --test-mode run

# Test only the static /evaluate endpoint
python local_test.py --base-url http://localhost:5053 --test-mode evaluate

A successful run will confirm that both endpoints are functioning correctly and that the result.jsonl file is generated as expected for the static evaluation.

📋 API Endpoints

  • Health Check : GET /health

    • A simple endpoint to confirm the service is running. Returns {"status": "ok"} .
  • Dynamic Evaluation : POST /run

    • Input : {"question": "string"}
    • Output : A Server-Sent Events (SSE) stream that provides real-time updates on the agent's progress, including intermediate steps, citations, and the final report.
  • Static Evaluation : POST /evaluate

    • Input : {"query": "string", "iid": "string"}
    • Output : A single JSON response {"query_id": "string", "generated_response": "string"} .

🚢 Competition Submission

The following AWS CLI commands are provided for pushing your final Docker image to the competition's ECR repository.

  1. Sign in to AWS ECR

    aws ecr get-login-password --region us-east-1 | docker login --username AWS --password-stdin <your-aws-account-id>.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
  2. Build the Image (if not already built) Ensure you build for the correct platform.

    docker build --platform linux/amd64 -t ttt-dr:latest .
  3. Tag the Image for ECR

    docker tag ttt-dr:latest <your-aws-account-id>.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/neurips2025text/ttt-dr:latest
  4. Push the Image to ECR

    docker push <your-aws-account-id>.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/neurips2025text/ttt-dr:latest

Faking Receipts with AI

Schneier
www.schneier.com
2025-11-07 12:01:46
Over the past few decades, it’s become easier and easier to create fake receipts. Decades ago, it required special paper and printers—I remember a company in the UK advertising its services to people trying to cover up their affairs. Then, receipts became computerized, and faking them re...
Original Article

Over the past few decades, it’s become easier and easier to create fake receipts. Decades ago, it required special paper and printers—I remember a company in the UK advertising its services to people trying to cover up their affairs. Then, receipts became computerized, and faking them required some artistic skills to make the page look realistic.

Now, AI can do it all :

Several receipts shown to the FT by expense management platforms demonstrated the realistic nature of the images, which included wrinkles in paper, detailed itemization that matched real-life menus, and signatures.

[…]

The rise in these more realistic copies has led companies to turn to AI to help detect fake receipts, as most are too convincing to be found by human reviewers.

The software works by scanning receipts to check the metadata of the image to discover whether an AI platform created it. However, this can be easily removed by users taking a photo or a screenshot of the picture.

To combat this, it also considers other contextual information by examining details such as repetition in server names and times and broader information about the employee’s trip.

Yet another AI-powered security arms race.

Tags: , ,

Posted on November 7, 2025 at 7:01 AM 0 Comments

Sidebar photo of Bruce Schneier by Joe MacInnis.

‘We’re sick of the OnlyFans model’: Stella Barey’s porn site lets gen Z sex workers have a life

Guardian
www.theguardian.com
2025-11-07 12:00:42
The 28-year-old’s platform, Hidden, offers a Tumblr-like sensibility in an industry roiled by slop and lets adult content creators earn without burning out Stella Barey has an hour for lunch. At 1.30pm, she loads her banged-up Tacoma with her three Belgian malinois and drives to a secret Los Angeles...
Original Article

The 28-year-old’s platform, Hidden, offers a Tumblr-like sensibility in an industry roiled by slop and lets adult content creators earn without burning out

women attending a dinner pose in a series of Polaroids
A collection of Polaroids from Hidden’s September event. Illustration: Guardian Design/Photos courtesy of Stella Barey

Stella Barey has an hour for lunch. At 1.30pm, she loads her banged-up Tacoma with her three Belgian malinois and drives to a secret Los Angeles hiking trail. There, she gulps down a tapioca pudding and laces up her sneakers. After checking over her shoulder for foot traffic, she pulls down her brown sweatpants and jiggles her bare ass for the camera. Then come the undies. Her coiffed landing strip hovers above the rocks as a rush of urine floods the trail. Every mile she walks, she films another video: a flash, a moon, a finger up the ass.

When Barey decided in 2020 to pursue porn full-time, she did not imagine that at 28 she would spend more time hunched over a desk – not in the fun way – making flow charts, scheduling Zoom calls, and sending pitch decks. “I’m at my happiest when I’m making a video like putting a strawberry in my butt and pushing it out,” she says. “Now I’m on calls all day and I have tech neck.” Known online as the “Anal Princess”, with large, blinking Shelley Duvall eyes and an American Girl doll pout, she will try anything once – even the title “tech founder”.

Barey is looking to disrupt the porn landscape with Hidden, a site designed to alleviate creator burnout and restore the fun in making and consuming adult content – a place where, unlike OnlyFans, she can post public exposure and piss clips from her daily lunch-break hikes.

Hidden arrives during an uncertain time for porn, especially for gen Z. They are skeptical of it, raised on it and increasingly behind the camera themselves. The platform reflects the DIY sensibility that Barey’s generation grew up with, and its mission speaks to their conflicted relationship with big tech, sex work and making a living online. “At the end of the day, Hidden is more than porn,” Barey says. “It’s a political statement” – and one of the only sex worker-founded sex-tech companies hosting adult content today.

Born in San Juan and raised by a gynaecologist mother, Barey cannot remember a time when she was not insatiably curious about her body. At NYU, she invented her own major – ethical healthcare systems and policy – then finished med school prerequisites for gynaecology at University of California, Los Angeles, where she gravitated to the city’s X-rated underbelly: sex parties, industry mixers, late-night friendships with porn girls. Trapped in her apartment during the first wave of Covid, grinding through schoolwork, she started experimenting with anal sex with her then boyfriend – and sharing her sexploits via dirty story times on TikTok. “This is when TikTok still felt like this hidden little piece of the internet,” she recalls.

Her third video went viral. Men in the comments wanted her OnlyFans. Women wanted more story times. By 2021, Barey had given them both. OnlyFans bikini shots and nude selfies pulled in more than $40,000 a month – enough to make medical school look optional. She dropped out, figuring the white coat would wait for her. On TikTok, she became the horny professor to a cult following of gen Z women, quoting Michel Foucault, Sigmund Freud and Marquis de Sade as she spoke about the color of her vagina, STD checks, treating BV and inserting a menstrual sponge – and the delights of anal sex.

“I was making the sacrifice of potentially ruining my reputation to speak about sexual health and sexual topics, things 99% of the girls my age are also thinking about, in a non-stigmatized way,” Barey says. (Having a gynaecologist mom on speed dial helped.) By 2022, she had hit 750,000 TikTok followers and a $285,000 month on OnlyFans.

It didn’t last. Four years prior, in 2018, federal law made websites legally liable for hosting material linked to sex trafficking. Spooked by the law as well as mounting pressure from banks, advertisers and religious lobbying groups, Instagram and TikTok began issuing “community violations” for even the hint of sexual content . The word obscenity, long the legal standard for what counts as “too sexual”, remained deliberately undefined, giving them carte blanche to remove anything that made them nervous. Adult creators were shadowbanned , deleted and demonetized without warning. But they could not afford to leave the mainstream platforms altogether – that’s where they advertised their content and built fanbases.

A woman poses while putting lip gloss on
Stella Barey. Photograph: Courtesy of Stella Barey

To survive, they developed their own internet survival codes, resorting to “algospeak” to circumvent obscenity guidances (“corn” for porn, “seggs” for sex, “accountant” for sex worker), VPNs and burner accounts to evade detection, and private Discords to swap intel. “We became outlaws,” Barey says. “You have no clue what is allowed or not allowed until you get hit with a violation. It’s all word of mouth.”

By the end of 2022, Barey had gone through 22 TikTok accounts, many with more than 600,000 followers, buying burner phones to start from scratch each time she got booted from the platform.

Severely limited by mainstream sites, sex workers sought out new havens for posting adult content, the most popular of which is OnlyFans. Whereas Pornhub and its peers monetize traffic through ads and streaming, OnlyFans monetizes relationships, letting creators sell directly to fans. By 2024, more than 4.6 million creators were pulling in $7.2bn from subscribers. But OnlyFans comes with its own set of problems. The platform is notorious for lacking creator-friendly tools. Unlike Instagram or TikTok, there is no “explore” page or discovery feed; the burden of finding an audience falls entirely on the performer, which means relentless self-promotion on the very sites that are so hostile to them. “People don’t realize that most of these girls don’t want to be doing social media – they just want to make porn,” Barey says.

Once fans do make it to a creator’s page, monthly subscriptions account for only a fraction of potential earnings. The real money comes from time-consuming manual engagement, such as selling custom videos, sexts and one-to-one messaging. At one point, 70% of Barey’s income came from these direct messages. “You can’t be spending your entire day making content, promoting it on socials, and also be on your account selling to fans 24/7,” she says. “It’s unsustainable.”

The idea for Hidden began in 2023, when a high school friend and Wharton business school grad approached Barey about co-founding a porn site. Barey set the terms: a platform designed by and for sex workers, built to promote passive income in an industry where constant performance is often the price of survival. The platform launched on 12 April with a sleek black interface and artful branding. Focused on amateur content, it recalls the Tumblr-era cam girl aesthetic – a period many creators look back on with fondness. (“Hidden” is a reference to the phone folder in which normies keep their nudes.)

After clicking “18+”, users land on a TikTok-style “For You” page that serves clips tailored to their taste. Scrolling through videos and photos, one can find anything from a girl-next-door-type smiling in her pyjamas to a performer gyrating on a lubed-up dildo. See someone you like? A quick swipe to that creator’s profile is usually where the first paywall appears: a small fee to unlock their feed, view explicit posts or send a message.

Barey is most excited about the ways Hidden, unlike OnlyFans, helps creators keep earning without constantly filming or messaging. The site’s algorithm promotes old videos as much as new ones, and each profile includes a built-in store where fans can buy clips and pay-per-view posts – content creators have already made, now working for them in the background.

None of Hidden’s features are brand new, Barey admits. The scrolling feed is lifted from RedGifs; the store from ManyVids; and the chargeback protections, popular among creators for making it harder for customers to dispute charges and get refunds, from SextPanther. But they are consolidated on Hidden, which also takes the smallest cut in the industry (18% of creators’ earnings, compared with OnlyFans’ 20%).

For Leila Lewis, 28, a Philadelphia-based creator making over $30,000 a month on OnlyFans, the appeal was immediate. “Everyone is getting sick of the OnlyFans model. We’re exhausted and burnt out,” she says. After a consultation with Barey, she said Hidden felt like a return to the golden days – something that finally made her excited about the work again. “You can’t do fisting or pee content on OnlyFans,” which is the content her fans like best but is prohibited on the more skittish platform, Lewis explains. “That’s why I love Hidden, because they just let you do pretty much anything.”

a woman speaking to a table of people
Barey speaks at a Hidden event for creators in September. Photograph: Stella Barey

Barey oversees a 40-person software team, a product designer and six content moderators, and more features are on the way. Barey and her team are building a takedown bot to scan the internet for leaks and stolen content with a single click. She is experimenting with AI tools that would let fans request personalized clips generated from a performer’s likeness (for instance, “me in a red dress on a plane”), while safeguarding ownership of their likeness from sites that are already selling nonconsensual AI versions of them. Barey even wants Hidden to handle its own payments instead of relying on third-party payment processors – an unheard-of move in the adult industry that would cut out the middlemen that drive up fees. (If she could buy a bank outright, she says, creators might one day keep nearly all of what they earn.)

Ultimately, she insists it’s sex workers who will decide what comes next for Hidden. “I have a list of thousands of things, but if I’m hearing from the girls that they really want live streaming, I’m going to put that up at the top.” Meanwhile, her core crew of gen Z assistants – Drew, Chloe and Naomi, who once ran her OnlyFans and now act as her “angels” – weigh in on everything from marketing strategy to her sex tape’s final cut. Years of navigating porn sites and the minefield of social media have given them an instinct for what will resonate.

So far, Hidden has registered over 113,00 users who have spent on average $53 each, and has enrolled more than 2,100 active creators – most of them gen Z women.


At this moment public sentiment toward porn is souring. That’s in part due to the rise of “rage bait” porn, the kind of deliberately provocative content that first launched Barey into viral fame, when her TikTok about sleeping with her father’s fiftysomething best friend broke the internet. Gen Z creators such as Bonnie Blue and Lily Phillips, whose exhibitionist gangbang spectacles were engineered to be detested, thrive in an ecosystem warped by burnout, censorship, algorithmic whiplash, “slop” churn, and audiences with ever-shortening attention spans. For critics, they are proof the industry has lost its grip.

The backlash also mirrors cultural anxieties about sex, gender and power among gen Z. By age 13, most US teens have already encountered pornography, often by accident. Gen Z is the first cohort to grow up with porn not just available but ambient, algorithmically unavoidable.

The American Survey Center’s 2025 report found that nearly two-thirds of men under 25 now support making online pornography harder to access – a sharp increase from previous generations. This shift could be tied to growing discomfort with porn’s ubiquity, as well as a broader conservative turn among young people (as you can see in the “NoFap” and abstinence trends spreading across TikTok). At the same time, feminist critics, gen Z or otherwise, are calling out the damaging effects of some porn, from normalized choking to transactional “porn-script” sex bleeding into dating culture.

Interestingly, survey data shows gen Z reports less sexual activity than earlier generations, suggesting a more cautious cohort. And yet, new Kinsey Institute research finds gen Z to be the most kink-friendly generation on record.

Internet porn historian Noelle Perdue argues that the contradictions themselves are the story. “There is among younger generations this resentment towards the concept of mainstream pornography,” she says, “but they are also genuinely curious about their sexuality.” What gen Z is open to, she adds, is ethically produced porn that matches their sensitivities and desires. Recent Pornhub data also shows a broader cultural shift toward authenticity in porn: searches for “ethical porn” rose 92% in 2024, while “authentic sex” climbed 43%, meaning viewers are increasingly drawn to user-generated and amateur content over scripted, studio productions that can feel unrealistic.

“Ethical porn”, a recent buzzword in the industry, generally refers to erotic content that is transparently and legally produced, fairly paid and filmed with mutual pleasure in mind; feminist porn filmmakers such as Erika Lust are often held up as the gold standard. Hidden is, in that sense, as ethical as a platform can reasonably claim to be: its content is self-filmed by age-verified performers who own their work and keep most of what they earn. However, one can never be entirely sure what is or is not ethical without being in the room where the sex is happening.

Between her time on TikTok and an in-person erotic philosophy reading series she started last February, Barey has drawn in a wide circle of college-aged women. “I know there’s a rise in conservatism amongst gen Z, but I see this generation as the most accepting of porn of any generation yet,” she says. “They’re so supportive of sex work and understanding it as a legitimate job.”

By the time young people have worked out what they want – or do not want – from porn, it might be a moot point. The Heritage Foundation’s Project 2025 went so far as to openly call for pornography to be outlawed and its producers imprisoned, indicating a rightwing thirst for a national ban on the industry. A less existential but more immediate threat are new age-verification laws across the US and UK that require users to upload government IDs or biometric data before accessing porn. Lawmakers frame these bills as child-protection measures, but in practice they penalize the very platforms trying to comply and slash the income of sex workers – especially queer and trans creators already working on razor-thin margins. When Louisiana’s Act 440 went into effect in 2023, Pornhub reported an 80% drop in traffic from the state, while VPN searches spiked. As Perdue notes, minors will always find adult content; what these laws actually do is punish compliant platforms like Hidden, OnlyFans and Pornhub, and funnel users toward sketchier sites rife with pirated or nonconsensual material.

As of now, porn still accounts for more than a third of internet data transfers. Its future could depend on creators finally taking control of the industry they built. “Tech companies have a long history of establishing financial sustainability by hosting explicit content and then suddenly abandoning it,” Perdue says. “It would be amazing to have this pattern disrupted by a company that is truly aligned with sex workers, instead of just seeing adult content as a means to a financial end.”

Three dogs pant out of open windows as Barey’s pickup barrels down the freeway, away from the hiking trail. She will miss the beginning of her 2.30pm call, a meeting with her chief technology officer to review Hidden’s next software update. There is no signal on this stretch, so for a few more minutes she can remain in her favorite role – just another horny girl on the internet with a camera roll filled with nudes.

“Even though porn has been around forever, this version of online sex work is so brand new,” Barey says. In this way, Hidden may be less a product than a provocation – an argument that an industry dismissed as slop can still be reinvented.

Sweep (YC S23) is hiring to build autocomplete for JetBrains

Hacker News
www.ycombinator.com
2025-11-07 12:00:40
Comments...
Original Article

The best AI coding assistant for JetBrains

Founding Engineer/Intern

$150K - $225K 1.00% - 4.97% San Francisco, CA, US

Role

Engineering, Full stack

Experience

Any (new grads ok)

Skills

Python, Kotlin, Machine Learning

Connect directly with founders of the best YC-funded startups.

Apply to role ›

About the role

We’re building an AI coding assistant for JetBrains IDEs.

You'll work with great builders on some of the hardest and most user-facing problems in AI today.

Whether an internship or full-time position, you'll work from our office in Dogpatch five days a week in-person.

About the interview

About Sweep

Sweep is the best enterprise AI coding assistant for JetBrains IDEs. No data ever leaves your VPC.

We have large customers in production. We ship fast.

Sweep

Founded: 2023

Batch: S23

Team Size: 4

Status: Active

Location: San Francisco

Founders

Gaza’s Students Kept Studying Amid the Rubble. Now Universities Hope to Rebuild.

Intercept
theintercept.com
2025-11-07 12:00:00
Palestinian students learned remotely, with flickering internet, through two years of Israel’s genocide. Now universities need funding to rebuild. The post Gaza’s Students Kept Studying Amid the Rubble. Now Universities Hope to Rebuild. appeared first on The Intercept....
Original Article
GAZA CITY, GAZA - OCTOBER 16: A view of the area as many Palestinian families who were forced to migrate south due to Israeli attacks return to the Islamic University, where they previously stayed, as a ceasefire is established, despite many buildings being destroyed or heavily damaged by the attacks, on October 16, 2025. (Photo by Khames Alrefi/Anadolu via Getty Images)
A view through the gate of the Islamic University of Gaza, where bombed buildings have doubled as shelters for families amid the genocide, on Oct. 16, 2025. Photo: Khames Alrefi/Anadolu via Getty Images

Taqwa Ahmed Al-Wawi is a 19-year-old writer and poet from Gaza. She is currently a second-year English literature student at the Islamic University of Gaza.

In Gaza, where universities lie in rubble and classrooms have been replaced by screens, education has refused to die. Amid the constant hum of drones and power outages, students and educators have fought to keep learning — and to restore their campuses for the next generation.

Studying was “an escape,” amid the genocide, said Aseel, a student of English translation at the Islamic University of Gaza, “a small space of hope and achievement that gave me motivation to keep going.”

Students and faculty at the Islamic University of Gaza, where I study English literature, described in interviews how they kept studying throughout two years of genocide by charging their laptops with solar energy, watching recorded lectures, and meeting in improvised study groups. The stopgap measures have allowed education to continue amid the most extreme conditions, but Gaza’s universities now need millions of dollars to rebuild the educational system. The Islamic University recently announced that it had begun initial renovations.

Samah, a 21-year-old translation student at the Islamic University, said studying online felt like “a desperate attempt to keep learning despite everything.”

“It was frustrating,” she said. “The internet was weak, and I’d lose time reconnecting. But after every exam I managed to pass, I felt an achievement — it gave me strength to continue.”

Israel’s destructive campaign often cuts off internet access entirely. “If I had the slides and books printed, I could study temporarily until power and the internet came back,” said Aseel. “We depended mainly on recorded lectures — they were comprehensive, but there was little engagement.”

“If I had the slides and books printed, I could study temporarily until power and the internet came back.”

These measures were necessary in part because Israel has engaged in scholasticide, the intentional destruction of a society’s educational infrastructure. According to figures released by the European Training Foundation, by the spring of this year 95 percent of all school buildings in Gaza had been damaged or destroyed — including every university . The Islamic University announced in November 2024 that extensive genocide damage had destroyed 16 of its buildings, the central library, and over 240,000 books, 8,000 periodicals, and more than 16,000 master’s and doctoral theses — an estimated $141.9 million value.

“We lost equipped labs, classrooms, and office work materials — much of our physical resources vanished,” said Tawfiq, the former dean of the Faculty of Information Technology.

The university has developed a reconstruction plan requiring approximately $15 million for rebuilding campuses, purchasing equipment and furniture, and other student resources. According to a recent university announcement, limited renovations have begun on the Faculty of Medicine and other colleges. But for most of the necessary work, said Ismail, director of the engineering office, there is “no funding yet.”

Besides the destruction, the university waived tuition fees during the first year of the genocide — making it easier for students to continue learning but meaning the institution would miss out on its already limited revenue.

But the human toll was the most devastating. From 2023 to 2024, 56 academic and administrative employees at the Islamic University of Gaza were killed, according to the university’s public figures. Approximately 1,500 employees did not receive salaries in the same period. And 17,000 students dropped out of their studies due to the genocide.

Because the Israeli military has repeatedly targeted Gaza’s educators, the students and faculty interviewed for this story are being identified by their first names only for their safety.

When I graduated from high school in 2023, I was excited to major in English literature at the Islamic University of Gaza. I was less than a month into my first year of university when Israel’s genocide made physical classrooms inaccessible.

Charging my laptop and phone added to the existing challenges of studying amid genocide — especially during winter, when solar energy wasn’t available — and internet outages were constant. When there was bombing or when Israel deliberately cut communications, everything stopped. You could study all day and night, but sometimes your exam gets ruined by an internet cut — all your effort gone in seconds.

“Online learning was just a way to get through the courses. It lacked the soul.”

We learned to adapt. Whenever I had electricity and internet, I downloaded all the lectures and materials in advance, so I could study offline later.

“Online learning was just a way to get through the courses,” said Hala, a student of Islamic law, who said she wants to use her law degree to fight for justice. “It lacked the soul: the early walks to class, the debates, the cafes, the sea road to university … that was real learning.”

For some students, the brutalities of genocide coincided with the typical mundanities of schooling. Mo’min, a web computing student, described his experience as a battle with both genocide and procrastination.

“Because nothing was mandatory, it was easy to delay things,” he admitted. “But I charged my phone early every morning, downloaded lectures, and followed along with the chapters.”

He said some professors “deserve to be saluted,” while others disappeared under the strain of genocide. Despite psychological exhaustion, faith kept him grounded. “I comforted myself with the Qur’an,” he said. “I learned to depend on myself — completely.”

“Education played a vital role in supporting the psychological and social endurance of students, faculty, and families alike,” said Sulaiman, a professor and specialist in educational foundations and administration. He stressed that professors worked hard to keep in touch with students under “extremely difficult circumstances.”

As Gaza rebuilds, professors are hoping to gradually reopen classrooms with essential furniture and equipment. They plan to prioritize laboratories and smart classrooms for hands-on training. And as soon as reconstruction allows, they hope for a full return to face-to-face education.

“The university’s future is tied to the country’s reconstruction,” Sulaiman said. “When Gaza rebuilds, the university will rise architecturally and become a leading institution. Curricula should also evolve to meet contemporary demands and develop students capable of thriving in modern life.”

Typst-Unlit: Write literate Haskell programs in Typst

Lobsters
cdn.oppi.li
2025-11-07 11:20:14
Comments...
Original Article
No preview for link for known binary extension (.pdf), Link: https://cdn.oppi.li/typst-unlit.pdf.

Error Codes for Control Flow

Lobsters
matklad.github.io
2025-11-07 10:59:03
Comments...
Original Article

Two ideas today:

  • Displaying an error message to the user is a different aspect of error handling than branching based on a specific error condition.
  • In Zig, error sets are fancy error codes, not poor man’s sum types.

In other words, it’s worth thinking about diagnostic reporting and error handling (in the literal sense) separately. There are generally two destinations for any error. An error can be bubbled to an isolation boundary and presented to the operator (for example, as an HTTP 500 message, or stderr output). Alternatively, an error can be handled by taking an appropriate recovery action.

For the first case (reporting), often it is sufficient that an error is an interface that knows how to present itself. The catch is that the presentation interface isn’t fixed: HTML output is different from terminal output. If you know the ultimate destination up front, it usually is simpler to render the error immediately. Otherwise, an error can be made a structured product type to allow (require) the user full control over the presentation (localization of error messages is a good intuition pump).

If you need to branch on error to handle it, you generally need a sum type. Curiously though, there’s going to be a finite number of branches up the stack across all call-sites, so, just like a lean reporting type might contain only the final presentation, a lean handling type might be just an enumeration of all different code-paths — an error code.

As usual, Zig’s design is (thought) provocative. The language handles the “handling” part, leaving almost the entirety of reporting to the user. Zig uses type system to fix problems with error codes, mostly keeping runtime semantics as is.

In C, error codes are in-band, and it’s easy to confuse a valid result with an error code (e.g. doing kill(-1) by accident). Zig uses type-checked error unions: ReadError!usize which require explicit unpacking with catch . Error codes are easy to ignore by mistake, but, because the compiler knows which values are errors, Zig requires a special form for ignoring an error: catch {}

As a nice touch, while Zig requires explicit discards for all unused values, discarding non-error value requires a different syntax:

pub fn main() void {
    _ = can_fail();
    // ^ error: error union is discarded

    can_fail() catch {};
    // ^ error: incompatible types: 'u32' and 'void'

    _ = can_fail() catch {};
    // Works.
}

fn can_fail() !u32 {
    return error.Nope;
}

This protects from a common error when initially a result of an infallible function is ignored, but then the function grows a failing path, and the error gets silently ignored. That’s the I power letter !

As an aside, I used to be unsure whether its best to annotate specific APIs with #[must_use] or do the opposite and, Swift-style, require all return values to be used. My worry was that adding a lot of trivial discards will drown load-bearing discards in the noise. After using Zig, I can confidently say that trivial discards happen rarely and are a non-issue (but it certainly helps to separate value- and error-discards syntactically). This doesn’t mean that retrofitting mandatory value usage into existing languages is a good idea! This drastic of a change usually retroactively invalidates a lot of previously reasonable API design choices.

Zig further leverages the type system to track which errors can be returned by the API:

pub fn readSliceAll(
    r: *Reader,
    buffer: []u8,
) error{ReadFailed, EndOfStream}!void {
    const n = try readSliceShort(r, buffer);
    if (n != buffer.len) return error.EndOfStream;
}

pub fn readSliceShort(
    r: *Reader,
    buffer: []u8,
) error{ReadFailed}!usize {
    // ...
}

The tracking works additively (calling two functions unions the error sets) and subtractively (a function can handle a subset of errors and propagate the rest). Zig also leverages its whole-program compilation model to allow fully inferring the error sets. The closed world model is also what allows assigning unambiguous numeric code to symbolic error constants, which in turn allows a catchall anyerror type.

But the symbolic name is all you get out of the error value. The language doesn’t ship anything first-class for reporting, and diagnostic information is communicated out of band using diagnostic sink pattern:

/// Parses the given slice as ZON.
pub fn fromSlice(
    T: type,
    gpa: Allocator,
    source: [:0]const u8,
    diag: ?*Diagnostics,
) error{ OutOfMemory, ParseZon }!T {
    // ...
}

If the caller wants to handle the error, they pass null sink and switch on the error value. If the caller wants to present the error to the user, they pass in Diagnostics and extract formatted output from that.

Video games can alter reality

Hacker News
particle.scitech.org.au
2025-11-07 10:41:22
Comments...
Original Article

Since its release 40 years ago, Tetris has become one of the most prevailing video games ever .

Recently, science has revealed some perplexing elements of this cultural phenomenon.

The combination of total focus, scintillating 8-bit music and intense pattern recognition has led to consequences its inventors never predicted.

Tetris , miraculously, can seep into the real world for some players.

THE TETRIS EFFECT

Hardcore Tetris players often report visual and auditory distortions occurring outside of the game – what’s known as the Tetris effect .

This manifests as a hyperfixation with geometric patterns or how inanimate objects might better connect.

Dr Angelica B Ortiz de Gortari is a research psychologist who spent decades studying game transfer phenomena (GTP), a term she coined in 2011.

It’s a surprisingly common occurrence that can result from any type of gaming, not just Tetris .

GTP AND ME

Angelica became aware of GTP while interviewing 42 gamers for her PhD. That’s where she happened across the case of a football player who reported strange distortions on the field.

“He started seeing health bars above the heads of the opposition players,” she says.

“Another player heard voiceovers while dodging tackles or chasing opponents.”

At home, he was playing excessive amounts of World of Warcraft . Although this isn’t always the case. “It depends on the game and individual susceptibility,” Angelica says.

“There is this transfer between the real world and the video game … but also in many cases a trigger from something associated with the game in the environment.”

Angelica’s research has since revealed that up to 96.6% of hardcore gamers report some variety of GTP. This has been verified by many subsequent studies, some of which have included more than a thousand participants.


Caption: Augmented reality games like Pokémon Go can easily inspire GTP and will continue to long into the future.
Credit: Bengt Oberger, CC BY-SA 4.0 /Wikimedia Commons

ARE WE STILL IN THE GAME?

Angelica says despite some negative consequences – like sleep interrupted by game-related thoughts, images or sounds – GTP is not a disorder.

Many people report the experience as pleasurable and actively lean into the intersection between the real and virtual worlds.

Due to the diverse variety of video games, it’s hard to pin down a direct set of descriptors to identify with GTP.

“There are outright manifestations, music being heard outside of the game,” says Angelica.

“We also have the bodily sensations that involve tactile faculties, such as the controller.”

The technically defined terms are altered sensory perceptions such as visual, auditory or bodily perceptions, including automated mental processes and behaviours.

People who experience these effects may worry it’s evidence of underlying mental health conditions, but that’s not necessarily true.


Caption: A simple puzzle game, Tetris has stood the test of time
Credit: Cezary Tomczak, Maxime Lorant, CC BY-SA 4.0 /Wikimedia Commons

Although people with certain disorders are more likely to experience intense GTP, the prevalence of GTP is detached from the rates of these disorders.

It’s correlation, not causation.

“We do see that those with previous diagnoses are more susceptible to experience game transfer phenomena, and those tend to have it more intensely,” says Angelica.

GTP is more common in people with gaming disorder and has recently emerged as a predictor for the condition.

When people try to quit gaming, sometimes they find the virtual world can follow them everywhere.

“We have a case of a gamer that was under therapy for video game misuse. He started compulsively taking showers,” says Angelica.

“He started to crave the showers because he wanted to induce the music from the game.”

For some reason, the shower triggered his experience of the game’s music in real life.

POST- TETRIS STRESS DISORDER?

While some video games can have negative effects, others – like Tetris – can prevent events from the past intruding upon the present.

A 2017 study found that playing Tetris can function as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Intrusive trauma memories, or flashbacks, are some of the worst symptoms of PTSD. Once someone has witnessed something painful and horrific, it can be almost impossible to unsee.

Another study found that playing Tetris in the 6-hour window directly after the traumatic event can reduce the recurrence of flashbacks.

These results suggest playing a fast-paced game like Tetris can occupy the memory-forming section of a brain so traumatic memories cannot coagulate.


Caption: Does this mean Game Boys should be handed out in emergency rooms?
Credit: William Warby from London, England, CC BY 2.0 /Wikimedia Commons

Some have even labelled Tetris a cognitive vaccine for PTSD.

While not all aspects of these studies have replicated , it’s hard to deny playing Tetris has an impact on PTSD in the short-term.

BLURRED LINES

There are more worrying aspects of the ceaselessly blurring lines between the real and virtual worlds.

While GTP seems to undermine the idea that violent video games do not lead to violent behaviours, the jury is very much still out on that complex issue.

Angelica says, “My research indicates that even seemingly harmless actions such as jumping from a height can pose a risk for some people if they become dissociated and act on impulse.”

She says it’s extremely important for game developers to consider the implications of GTP in their work, giving the example of a theoretical game wherein green lights mean stop and red lights mean go.

It would only take one avid player to hallucinate for a split second at a set of traffic lights to potentially cause a serious or deadly accident.

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Majority of teens hold negative views of news media, says report

Hacker News
www.niemanlab.org
2025-11-07 10:32:50
Comments...
Original Article

Nov. 6, 2025, 12:42 p.m.

About half of the teens surveyed believe that journalists frequently “make up details, such as quotes” and “pay for sources.”

Mary Robb, a social studies teacher at Andover High School in Massachusetts, has been teaching news literacy for 25 years. The longtime educator sees teaching students how to critically read the news and online information swirling around them as an essential civics lesson.

I sat in as Robb taught a group of mostly juniors and seniors one day last year. After a lively in-class exercise comparing two articles about an accident between a car and a cyclist, I got a chance to ask the teens some questions about their media diets and reasons for taking the course.

One thing that stood out? None of the students — even in an elective course about media — confessed any interest in becoming a journalist. A few could name news organizations they trusted but others said the news came to them through social media or what friends shared or what they overheard as their parents were watching television. They had questions for me, too, including several about the pitfalls, challenges, and ethics of being a journalist.

Maybe I shouldn’t have been unprepared, then, to read a new report from News Literacy Project that surveyed American teenagers about their attitudes towards journalists. But “Biased,” “Boring,” and “Bad”: Unpacking perceptions of news media and journalism among U.S. teens still wasn’t a fun read. The online survey asked 756 teenagers (ages 13-18) nationwide about their views and found:

  • An overwhelming majority of teens (84%) described news media with negative words — often characterizing media as intentionally deceptive or invoking negative emotional feelings. The top five words submitted by teens were “Fake, “Crazy, “Boring, “Biased,” and “Sad,” according to a very depressing word cloud published in the report.

  • About half of the teens surveyed believe that journalists frequently “make up details, such as quotes” and “pay for sources.” When the researchers for News Literacy Project grouped responses together, the most mentioned perceived area of improvement for professional journalists was being honest and getting the facts right. More than a third of teens believe journalists could improve by simply “Telling the truth,” “Fact checking,” and “Not lying.”

The survey draws on students who also responded to an earlier survey . From that report:

  • A little less than half (45%) of teens said journalists do more to harm democracy than to protect it. And about two-thirds of teens (67%) said they are “a little” or “not at all” concerned about the sharp decline in news organizations. With more news organizations relying on reader-generated revenue and messaging about their role as democratic watchdogs, this is concerning.
  • The majority of teens (80%) said that professional journalists do not produce information that is “more impartial” than other kinds of content creators online.

Adults, of course, are also distrustful of news media in the United States. The teens’ responses mirror widespread beliefs in older Americans. Just 28% of Americans say they trust the news media “a great deal” or “a fair amount” — and it’s worse if you look at one end of the political spectrum. Only 8% of Americans who identify as Republicans have confidence in the media to report news “fully, accurately and fairly,” according to Gallup numbers released last month.

The results also reflect a media system that is messy, fragmented, and blurry around the edges. Asking Americans how much they trust media has become more complicated as their idea of what a professional journalist or news organization looks like has expanded. Traditional news sources are losing influence in the United States and social media is now the No. 1 way that Americans get news for the first time.

When answering questions about news media, are teens thinking of The New York Times or CNN? Breitbart or Fox News? A local journalist in their community or someone half the world away that appears in their feed? Previous surveys by News Literacy Project have shown that many teenagers struggle to distinguish between news, opinion, and advertising .

The new report also asked about popular representations of journalists. Only 32% of teens could come up with any movies or TV shows that came to mind when they thought of journalism. The most popular were the Spider-Man franchise and Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy . (Not exactly the most flattering portraits of the profession.)

The report has recommendations for improving some of these dismal impressions — aside from forcing a teen in your life to watch Spotlight , All The President’s Men , or She Said .

Naturally, the researchers from News Literacy Project believe that news literacy is key. Too few K-12 schools provide any nonpartisan news literacy education and, as with Mary Robb’s class at Andover High, those that do often offer the course as an elective.

I asked Robb about the report’s findings. In general, she was unsurprised by the cynicism since she has been seeing the same skepticism in her classrooms for years. She said the ability to distinguish between standards-based journalism and other types of information is one of the key lessons she hopes her students take with them.

“Other [takeaways] include the knowledge that they can choose to be active rather than passive consumers of all kinds of media; another is a set of skills that enable them to deconstruct media messages,” Robb said. “These skills are essential if one wants to be an active media consumer. Finally, active media consumers are better informed citizens/voters and they are therefore able to make their own, freely-chosen decisions about who and what they vote for.”

Robb said one survey statistic in particular — that only about half of teens (56%) believed that journalists take standards such as accuracy and fairness seriously in their work — “hurt [her] heart.”

“I have found that this sentiment is most often felt by students who use sensational news sources,” Robb said. “They are not particularly savvy when it comes to deconstructing news stories. However, once they become adept at that, they realize that there are far more journalists and news organizations out there who do take those standards seriously than they originally thought.”

Given the number of teens unfamiliar with the ethics and standards of professional journalism, the report recommends parents and educators encourage students to interact with professional journalists or — better yet, in my opinion — encourage students to join journalism programs so they “experience the rigors of what it takes to produce quality journalism” themselves.

You can read the full report here .

Photo of social studies teacher Mary Robb during class at Andover High School in Andover, Massachusetts courtesy of News Literacy Project

How This Site Is Build

Lobsters
ryan.freumh.org
2025-11-07 10:21:32
Comments...
Original Article

Published 26 Mar. 2025. Last update 16 Jul. 2025.

This site has continuously evolved since I made the first commit while procrastinating my undergrad dissertation,

commit 632cb1f0c97c07fb99b48192444397e56ea5310f
Author: Ryan Gibb <redacted>
Date:   Fri Jan 22 11:27:55 2021 +0000

    Initial commit

diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..557db03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello World

I started off writing plain HTML, then switching to writing in markdown and using pandoc to convert to HTML, and gradually accumulated bash scripts and makefiles to add more functionality, such as generating an Atom feed . This became unmaintainable and at the start of 2025 I overhauled it to use the Hakyll static site generator There’s a few drafts in the git repository which I don’t want to make public yet, so I include the source code used to generate this website below. It’s quite particular to my needs – Hakyll give you a big bag of tools which you can compose in your own way – but it may be useful as a reference.

{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}

import Bib
import BibHakyll

import Control.Applicative ((<|>))
import Control.Monad (filterM, forM, liftM, (>=>), forM_)
import Control.Monad.IO.Class (liftIO)
import Data.Aeson
import Data.Aeson.Types (Parser)
import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as BSL
import Data.Char (isAlphaNum)
import qualified Data.Char as C
import Data.Either (fromRight)
import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HM
import qualified Data.List as L
import qualified Data.Map as M
import Data.Maybe (catMaybes, fromMaybe, isJust, listToMaybe, mapMaybe)
import Data.Monoid (mappend)
import Data.Text (Text, intercalate, isInfixOf, pack, unpack)
import qualified Data.Text as T
import Data.Time (UTCTime (UTCTime))
import Data.Time.Format (formatTime, parseTimeM)
import Data.Time.Locale.Compat (defaultTimeLocale)
import Graphics.HsExif
import Hakyll
import Numeric (showFFloat)
import System.Directory (doesFileExist)
import System.FilePath (takeBaseName, takeFileName)
import Text.Blaze.Html (toHtml, toValue, (!))
import qualified Text.Blaze.Html as ExifTag
import Text.Blaze.Html.Renderer.String (renderHtml)
import qualified Text.Blaze.Html5 as H
import qualified Text.Blaze.Html5.Attributes as A
import Text.Pandoc
import Text.Pandoc.Highlighting (pygments)
import Text.Pandoc.Lua (applyFilter)
import Data.Ord (comparing)
import Data.Time (UTCTime(UTCTime), parseTimeOrError, defaultTimeLocale) --, parseTimeM, parseTime)

indexFiles =
  "static/home.org"
    .||. "static/logs.org"
    .||. "static/news.org"
    .||. "static/index.org"
    .||. "static/photos.org"
    .||. "static/papers.org"

tagFiles =
  "static/projects.org"
    .||. "static/research.org"
    .||. "static/technology.org"
    .||. "static/self-hosting.org"

htmlFiles = "static/**.md" .||. "static/**.org"

postFiles = htmlFiles .&&. complement indexFiles .&&. complement tagFiles

photoFiles = "static/photos/*"

logFiles = fromRegex "static/[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9].*"

articleFiles = postFiles .&&. complement logFiles

dateFormat :: String
dateFormat = "%e %b %Y"

feedConfiguration :: FeedConfiguration
feedConfiguration =
  FeedConfiguration
    { feedTitle = "ryan.freumh.org",
      feedDescription = "ryan.freumh.org",
      feedAuthorName = "Ryan Gibb",
      feedAuthorEmail = "ryan@freumh.org",
      feedRoot = "https://ryan.freumh.org"
    }

main :: IO ()
main = hakyll $ do
  tags <- buildTags postFiles (fromCapture "*.html")

  match tagFiles $ do
    route idRoute
    compile tagCompiler

  tagsRules tags $ \tag pattern -> do
    route idRoute
    compile $ do
      let title = titleCase tag
      let file = "static/" ++ tag ++ ".org"
      posts <- recentFirst =<< filterM isPublished =<< loadAll pattern
      let ctx =
            constField "title" title
              `mappend` listField "posts" (postContext dateFormat dateFormat tags) (return posts)
              `mappend` defaultContext
      exists <- unsafeCompiler $ doesFileExist file
      if exists
        then do
          body <- load $ fromFilePath file
          makeItem (itemBody body)
            >>= applyAsTemplate (indexContext posts (postContext dateFormat dateFormat tags))
            >>= loadAndApplyTemplate "templates/default.html" ctx
            >>= relativizeUrls
        else
          makeItem ""
            >>= loadAndApplyTemplate "templates/tag.html" ctx
            >>= loadAndApplyTemplate "templates/default.html" ctx
            >>= relativizeUrls

  match "static/home.org" $ do
    route $ staticRoute `composeRoutes` setExtension "html"
    compile $ do
      posts <- recentFirst =<< filterM isPublished =<< loadAll articleFiles
      indexCompiler posts (postContext dateFormat dateFormat tags)

  match "static/logs.org" $ do
    route $ staticRoute `composeRoutes` setExtension "html"
    compile $ do
      -- so that we pick up published from the title in postContext
      posts <- reverse <$> loadAllSnapshots logFiles "feed"
      indexCompiler posts (postContext dateFormat dateFormat tags)

  match "static/news.org" $ do
    route $ staticRoute `composeRoutes` setExtension "html"
    compile $ do
      posts <- recentFirst =<< filterM isPublished =<< loadAll postFiles
      indexCompiler posts (postContext dateFormat dateFormat tags)

  match "static/index.org" $ do
    route $ staticRoute `composeRoutes` setExtension "html"
    compile $ do
      posts <- filterM isNotDraft =<< loadAll (htmlFiles .&&. complement "static/index.org")
      indexCompiler posts (postContext dateFormat dateFormat tags)

  match "static/photos.org" $ do
    route $ staticRoute `composeRoutes` setExtension "html"
    compile $ do
      photos <- recentFirst =<< (loadAll (photoFiles .&&. hasNoVersion) :: Compiler [Item CopyFile])
      photosCompiler photos

  match "papers.bib" $ do
    route idRoute
    compile bibFileCompiler

  match "static/papers.org" $ do
    route $ staticRoute `composeRoutes` setExtension "html"
    compile $ do
      (Bibs bibFile) <- loadBody "papers.bib" :: Compiler Bibs
      let sortedBibs = reverse $ fmap fst $ L.sortBy (comparing snd) $ fmap (\b -> (b, bibDate b)) bibFile
      let bibsCtx = listField "papers" (bibContext dateFormat) (mapM makeItem sortedBibs)
      getResourceBody
        >>= renderPandoc
        >>= applyAsTemplate bibsCtx
        >>= loadAndApplyTemplate "templates/default.html" defaultContext
        >>= relativizeUrls

  (Bibs bibs) <- preprocess $ do
    parseBibFile <$> readFile "papers.bib"

  forM_ bibs $ \b ->
    create [fromCapture "papers/*.bib" $ name b] $ do
      route idRoute
      compile $ do
        bibFile <- loadBody "papers.bib" :: Compiler Bibs
        makeItem b
          >>= loadAndApplyTemplate "templates/bib" (bibContext dateFormat)

  matchMetadata articleFiles isNotDraftMeta $ do
    route $ staticRoute `composeRoutes` setExtension "html"
    compile $ postCompiler tags "templates/post.html"

  matchMetadata logFiles isNotDraftMeta $ do
    route $ staticRoute `composeRoutes` setExtension "html"
    compile $ postCompiler tags "templates/log.html"

  create ["atom.xml"] $ do
    route idRoute
    compile $ do
      let feedContext = postContext dateFormat "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%Q%Ez" tags `mappend` bodyField "content"
      posts <- recentFirst =<< filterM isPublished =<< loadAllSnapshots postFiles "feed"
      atomTemplate <- loadBody "templates/atom.xml"
      atomItemTemplate <- loadBody "templates/atom-item.xml"
      renderAtomWithTemplates atomTemplate atomItemTemplate feedConfiguration feedContext posts

  create ["sitemap.xml"] $ do
    route idRoute
    compile $ do
      posts <- loadAll htmlFiles
      let sitemapCtx =
            listField "posts" (urlField "loc" `mappend` postContext dateFormat dateFormat tags) (return posts)
              `mappend` constField "root" "https://ryan.freumh.org"
              `mappend` defaultContext
      makeItem ""
        >>= loadAndApplyTemplate "templates/sitemap.xml" sitemapCtx

  match "404.md" $ do
    route $ setExtension "html"
    compile $ do
      getResourceBody
        >>= loadAndApplyTemplate "templates/default.html" defaultContext

  matchMetadata "static/**" isNotDraftMeta $ do
    route staticRoute
    compile copyFileCompiler

  match "static/*.css" $ do
    route staticRoute
    compile compressCssCompiler

  match "ieee-with-url.csl" $
    compile cslCompiler

  match "references.bib" $
    compile biblioCompiler

  match "templates/*" $
    compile templateBodyCompiler

staticRoute :: Routes
staticRoute = gsubRoute "static/" (const "")

indexCompiler :: [Item a] -> Context a -> Compiler (Item String)
indexCompiler posts context = do
  getResourceBody
    >>= transformRender
    >>= applyAsTemplate (indexContext posts context)
    >>= linkCompiler
    >>= loadAndApplyTemplate "templates/default.html" defaultContext
    >>= relativizeUrls

tagCompiler :: Compiler (Item String)
tagCompiler = do
  getResourceBody
    >>= bibRender "ieee-with-url.csl" "references.bib"
    >>= linkCompiler
    >>= relativizeUrls

postCompiler :: Tags -> Identifier -> Compiler (Item String)
postCompiler tags template = do
  getResourceBody
    >>= saveSnapshot "body"
    >>= bibRenderFeed "ieee-with-url.csl" "references.bib"
    >>= loadAndApplyTemplate template (postContext dateFormat dateFormat tags)
    >>= linkCompiler
    >>= saveSnapshot "feed"
  getResourceBody
    >>= saveSnapshot "body"
    >>= bibRender "ieee-with-url.csl" "references.bib"
    >>= loadAndApplyTemplate template (postContext dateFormat dateFormat tags)
    >>= linkCompiler
    >>= loadAndApplyTemplate "templates/default.html" (postContext dateFormat dateFormat tags)
    >>= relativizeUrls

linkCompiler :: Item String -> Compiler (Item String)
linkCompiler = pure . fmap (withUrls rewriteLinks)

photosCompiler :: [Item a] -> Compiler (Item String)
photosCompiler photos = do
  getResourceBody
    >>= renderPandoc
    >>= applyAsTemplate (photosContext photos)
    >>= loadAndApplyTemplate "templates/default.html" defaultContext
    >>= relativizeUrls

readerOptions :: ReaderOptions
readerOptions =
  def
    { readerExtensions = foldr enableExtension pandocExtensions [Ext_citations, Ext_smart]
    }

writerOptions :: WriterOptions
writerOptions =
  def
    { writerExtensions = enableExtension Ext_smart pandocExtensions,
      writerHighlightStyle = Just pygments,
      writerCiteMethod = Citeproc
    }

transformRender :: Item String -> Compiler (Item String)
transformRender =
  renderPandocWithTransformM defaultHakyllReaderOptions defaultHakyllWriterOptions pandocTransform

bibRender :: String -> String -> Item String -> Compiler (Item String)
bibRender cslFileName bibFileName pandoc = do
  csl <- load $ fromFilePath cslFileName
  bib <- load $ fromFilePath bibFileName
  let transform =
        withItemBody
          ( \(Pandoc (Meta meta) bs) ->
              pure $
                Pandoc
                  (Meta $ M.insert "link-citations" (MetaBool True) meta)
                  bs
          )
          >=> processPandocBiblios csl [bib]
          >=> withItemBody pandocTransform
  renderPandocItemWithTransformM readerOptions writerOptions transform pandoc

bibRenderFeed :: String -> String -> Item String -> Compiler (Item String)
bibRenderFeed cslFileName bibFileName pandoc = do
  csl <- load $ fromFilePath cslFileName
  bib <- load $ fromFilePath bibFileName
  let transform =
        withItemBody
          ( \(Pandoc (Meta meta) bs) ->
              pure $
                Pandoc
                  (Meta $ M.insert "link-citations" (MetaBool True) meta)
                  bs
          )
          >=> processPandocBiblios csl [bib]
          >=> withItemBody pandocTransformFeed
  renderPandocItemWithTransformM readerOptions writerOptions transform pandoc

pandocTransform :: Pandoc -> Compiler Pandoc
pandocTransform =
  unsafeCompiler
    . runIOorExplode
    . ( applyFilter def [] "scripts/org-keywords.lua"
          >=> applyFilter def [] "scripts/elem-ids.lua"
          >=> applyFilter def [] "scripts/footnote-commas.lua"
          >=> applyFilter def [] "scripts/anchor-links.lua"
      )

pandocTransformFeed :: Pandoc -> Compiler Pandoc
pandocTransformFeed =
  unsafeCompiler
    . runIOorExplode
    . ( applyFilter def [] "scripts/org-keywords.lua"
          >=> applyFilter def [] "scripts/elem-ids.lua"
          >=> applyFilter def [] "scripts/footnote-commas.lua"
      )

indexContext :: [Item a] -> Context a -> Context String
indexContext posts itemContext =
  listField "posts" itemContext (return posts)
    `mappend` defaultContext

photosContext :: [Item a] -> Context String
photosContext photos =
  listField "photos" photoContext (return photos)
    `mappend` defaultContext

postContext :: String -> String -> Tags -> Context String
postContext titleDateFormat dateFormat tags =
  field "prev" (adjacentLogField (-1) dateFormat)
    `mappend` field "next" (adjacentLogField 1 dateFormat)
    `mappend` dateFieldFromTitle "title" titleDateFormat
    `mappend` dateField "published" dateFormat
    `mappend` myDateField "updated" dateFormat
    `mappend` myTagsField "tags" tags
    `mappend` defaultContext

-- https://github.com/emmanueltouzery/hsexif/issues/23#issuecomment-2835135828
formatNumeric f (ExifRational num den) = f num den ""
formatNumeric f (ExifRationalList values) = go values ""
  where
    go [] = id
    go [(n, d)] = f n d
    go ((n, d) : ns) = f n d . showString ", " . go ns
formatNumeric _ value = show value

formatAsNumber :: Int -> ExifValue -> String
formatAsNumber n = formatNumeric fmt
  where
    fmt num den s = trim0 (fltString num den) ++ s
    trim0 = reverse . dropWhile ('.' ==) . dropWhile ('0' ==) . reverse
    fltString num den = showFFloat (Just n) (fromIntegral num / fromIntegral den :: Double) ""

ppExposureTime :: ExifValue -> String
ppExposureTime v@(ExifRational num den) =
  let seconds = fromIntegral num / (fromIntegral den :: Double)
      value
        | seconds <= 0.25 && seconds > 0 = "1/" ++ show (round (1 / seconds) :: Int)
        | otherwise = formatAsNumber 1 v
   in T.unpack $ T.append (T.pack value) " sec."
ppExposureTime v = show v

photoContext :: Context a
photoContext =
  dateField "published" dateFormat
    `mappend` urlField "url"
    `mappend` pathField "path"
    `mappend` titleField "title"
    `mappend` thumbnailField "thumb"
    `mappend` videoField "video"
    `mappend` exifDateField "published" dateFormat
    `mappend` exifLatField "lat"
    `mappend` exifLongField "lon"
    `mappend` exifField "make" make show
    `mappend` exifField "model" model show
    `mappend` exifField "focallength" focalLength (formatAsFloatingPoint 2)
    `mappend` exifField "aperture" apertureValue (formatAsFloatingPoint 2)
    `mappend` exifField "exposure" exposureTime ppExposureTime
    `mappend` exifField "iso" isoSpeedRatings show
    `mappend` locationField "loc"

exifField :: String -> ExifTag -> (ExifValue -> String) -> Context a
exifField key tag print =
  field key $ \item -> do
    metadata <- exifMetadata item
    case M.lookup tag metadata of
      Nothing -> noResult ""
      Just value -> return $ print value

exifLatField :: String -> Context a
exifLatField key =
  field key $ \item -> do
    metadata <- exifMetadata item
    case getGpsLatitudeLongitude metadata of
      Nothing -> noResult ""
      Just (lat, _) -> return $ show lat

exifLongField :: String -> Context a
exifLongField key =
  field key $ \item -> do
    metadata <- exifMetadata item
    case getGpsLatitudeLongitude metadata of
      Nothing -> noResult ""
      Just (_, lon) -> return $ show lon

exifDateField :: String -> String -> Context a
exifDateField key format =
  field key $ \item -> do
    metadata <- exifMetadata item
    case getDateTimeOriginal metadata of
      Nothing -> noResult ""
      Just date -> return $ formatTime defaultTimeLocale format date

-- TODO don't load metadata individually for each field
exifMetadata :: Item a -> Compiler (M.Map ExifTag ExifValue)
exifMetadata item = do
  let identifier = itemIdentifier item
  exifData <- unsafeCompiler (parseFileExif (toFilePath identifier))
  return $ fromRight M.empty exifData

data PhotoLocation = PhotoLocation
  { displayName :: T.Text,
    addressMap :: HM.HashMap T.Text T.Text
  }
  deriving (Show)

instance FromJSON PhotoLocation where
  parseJSON = withObject "PhotoLocation" $ \v ->
    PhotoLocation
      <$> v .: "display_name"
      <*> v .: "address"

readCachedLocation :: FilePath -> IO (Either String PhotoLocation)
readCachedLocation photoPath = do
  let cacheFile = "reverse-geocoding/" ++ takeFileName photoPath ++ ".json"
  exists <- doesFileExist cacheFile
  if not exists
    then return $ Left "Cache file not found"
    else eitherDecode <$> BSL.readFile cacheFile

formatLocation :: HM.HashMap T.Text T.Text -> T.Text
formatLocation m =
  let country = HM.lookup "country" m
      city = HM.lookup "city" m
      state_district = HM.lookup "state_district" m
      heirarchy
        | country == Just "United States" && city == Just "New York" =
            [ ["borough"],
              ["state"],
              ["country"]
            ]
        | country == Just "United States" =
            [ ["city", "town", "village", "road"],
              ["state"],
              ["country"]
            ]
        | country == Just "United Kingdom" && city == Just "London" =
            [ ["suburb"],
              ["city"],
              ["country"]
            ]
        | country == Just "United Kingdom" && state_district == Just "Greater London" =
            [ ["city"],
              ["state_district"],
              ["country"]
            ]
        | country == Just "United Kingdom" =
            [ ["city", "town", "village"],
              ["country"]
            ]
        | country == Just "France" && city == Just "Paris" =
            [ ["suburb"],
              ["city"],
              ["country"]
            ]
        | country == Just "Italy" =
            [ ["quarter"],
              ["city", "town", "village"],
              ["state"],
              ["country"]
            ]
        | otherwise =
            [ ["historic"],
              ["city", "state", "region", "town"],
              ["country"]
            ]
      lookupFirst ks = listToMaybe $ mapMaybe (`HM.lookup` m) ks
      fields = map lookupFirst heirarchy
   in T.intercalate ", " (catMaybes fields)

locationField :: String -> Context a
locationField key = field key $ \item -> do
  let fp = toFilePath (itemIdentifier item)
  eLoc <- unsafeCompiler $ readCachedLocation fp
  case eLoc of
    Left _ -> noResult ""
    Right loc ->
      let txt = formatLocation (addressMap loc)
       in if T.null txt then noResult "" else return (T.unpack txt)

myDateField :: String -> String -> Context String
myDateField name format =
  field name $ \item -> do
    metadata <- getMetadata (itemIdentifier item)
    let date :: Maybe UTCTime
        date = lookupString name metadata >>= parseTimeM True defaultTimeLocale "%Y-%m-%d"
    case date of
      Nothing -> noResult ""
      Just date -> return $ formatTime defaultTimeLocale format date

dateFieldFromTitle :: String -> String -> Context String
dateFieldFromTitle key format =
  field key $ \item ->
    case dateFromTitle item of
      Nothing -> noResult ""
      Just date ->
        return $ formatTime defaultTimeLocale format date

thumbnailField :: String -> Context a
thumbnailField key = field key $ \item -> do
  mRoute <- getRoute (itemIdentifier item)
  case mRoute of
    Nothing -> noResult ""
    Just url ->
      if ".mp4" `L.isSuffixOf` url
        then noResult ""
        else
          return $
            T.unpack $
              T.replace "photos/" "photos/thumb/" (T.pack url)

videoField :: String -> Context a
videoField key = field key $ \item -> do
  mRoute <- getRoute (itemIdentifier item)
  case mRoute of
    Nothing -> noResult ""
    Just url ->
      if ".mp4" `L.isSuffixOf` url
        then
          return $
            T.unpack $
              T.replace "static/photos/" "photos/" (T.pack url)
        else noResult ""

myTagsField :: String -> Tags -> Context String
myTagsField key tags = field key $ \item -> do
  tags' <- getTags $ itemIdentifier item
  if null tags'
    then noResult ""
    else do
      links <- forM tags' $ \tag -> do
        route' <- getRoute $ tagsMakeId tags tag
        return $ simpleRenderLink tag route'
      return $ renderHtml $ mconcat . L.intersperse ", " $ catMaybes links

renderTag :: String -> Maybe FilePath -> Maybe H.Html
renderTag _ Nothing = Nothing
renderTag tag (Just filePath) =
  Just $
    H.a ! A.href (toValue $ toUrl filePath) $
      toHtml tag

isPublished :: Item a -> Compiler Bool
isPublished item = do
  metadata <- getMetadata (itemIdentifier item)
  case lookupString "published" metadata of
    Just value -> return (value /= "false")
    Nothing -> return (isJust (dateFromTitle item))

isNotDraft :: Item a -> Compiler Bool
isNotDraft item = do
  metadata <- getMetadata (itemIdentifier item)
  return $ isNotDraftMeta metadata

isNotDraftMeta :: Metadata -> Bool
isNotDraftMeta metadata = do
  case lookupString "published" metadata of
    Just value -> value /= "false"
    Nothing -> True

dateFromTitle :: Item a -> Maybe UTCTime
dateFromTitle item =
  let filePath = toFilePath (itemIdentifier item)
      title = takeBaseName filePath
   in parseTimeM True defaultTimeLocale "%Y-%m-%d" title

rewriteLinks :: String -> String
rewriteLinks url
  | "://" `T.isInfixOf` turl = url
  -- workaround https://github.com/jgm/pandoc/issues/6916
  | "::" `T.isInfixOf` turl =
      let (basePart, rest) = T.breakOn "::" turl
          cleanedBase = replaceExts basePart
          headingPart = T.drop 2 rest -- Remove the "::"
          generatedId = generateId headingPart
       in T.unpack $ cleanedBase <> "#" <> generatedId
  | otherwise =
      let (base, fragment) = T.breakOn "#" turl
          processedBase = replaceExts base
       in T.unpack $ processedBase <> fragment
  where
    turl = T.pack url
    replaceExts = replaceExt ".md" ".html" . replaceExt ".org" ".html"

replaceExt :: T.Text -> T.Text -> T.Text -> T.Text
replaceExt oldExt newExt url =
  let (base, fragment) = T.breakOn "#" url
      cleanedBase = if "::" `T.isSuffixOf` base then T.dropEnd 2 base else base
      processedBase =
        if oldExt `T.isSuffixOf` cleanedBase
          then T.replace oldExt newExt cleanedBase
          else cleanedBase
   in processedBase <> fragment

generateId :: T.Text -> T.Text
generateId heading =
  let lower = T.toLower heading
      spaced = T.replace (T.pack " ") (T.pack "-") lower
      filtered = T.filter (\c -> isAlphaNum c || c == '-' || c == '_' || c == '.') spaced
      parts = T.split (== '-') filtered
      nonEmptyParts = filter (not . T.null) parts
      cleaned = if null nonEmptyParts then T.pack "section" else T.intercalate (T.pack "-") nonEmptyParts
   in cleaned

adjacentLogField :: Int -> String -> Item String -> Compiler String
adjacentLogField offset format item = do
  posts <- loadAllSnapshots logFiles "body" :: Compiler [Item String]
  let adjacent = getAdjacentLog posts item offset
  case adjacent of
    Nothing -> noResult ""
    Just a -> do
      mroute <- getRoute (itemIdentifier a)
      let filePath = toFilePath (itemIdentifier item)
          title = takeBaseName filePath
          date = fmap (formatTime defaultTimeLocale format) (dateFromTitle a)
          label = fromMaybe title date
      return $ maybe "" (\r -> "<a href=\"" ++ r ++ "\">" ++ label ++ "</a>") mroute

getAdjacentLog :: [Item a] -> Item b -> Int -> Maybe (Item a)
getAdjacentLog posts current offset =
  case L.elemIndex (itemIdentifier current) (map itemIdentifier posts) of
    Nothing -> Nothing
    Just idx ->
      let newIndex = idx + offset
       in if newIndex >= 0 && newIndex < length posts
            then Just (posts !! newIndex)
            else Nothing

titleCase :: String -> String
titleCase (x : xs) = C.toUpper x : map C.toLower xs

bibDate :: Bib -> UTCTime
bibDate b = let
        latexifyPlain' = fromRight (error $ "bibDate for entry " <> Bib.name b) . latexifyPlain
        date = latexifyPlain' $ fromMaybe (error $ "bibDate: no date in entry " <> Bib.name b) $ bibIndex b "date"
        parsed = parseTimeOrError True defaultTimeLocale "%Y-%m-%d" date :: UTCTime
        in parsed

Linking and shrinking Rust static libraries: a tale of fire

Lobsters
centricular.com
2025-11-07 09:57:04
Comments...
Original Article

At the GStreamer project, we produce SDKs for lots of platforms: Linux, Android, macOS, iOS, and Windows. However, as we port more and more plugins to Rust 🦀, we are finding ourselves backed into a corner.

Rust static libraries are simply too big.

To give you an example, the AWS folks changed their SDK back in March to switch their cryptographic toolkit over to their aws-lc-rs crate [1] . However, that causes a 2-10x increase in code size (bug reports here and here ), which gets duplicated on every plugin that makes use of their ecosystem!

What are Rust staticlibs made of?

To summarise, each Rust plugin packs a copy of its dependencies, plus a copy of the Rust standard library. This is not a problem on shared libraries and executables by their very nature, but on static libraries it causes several issues:

First approach: Single-Object Prelinking

I won't bore you with the details as I've written another blog post on the subject; the gist is that you can unpack the library, and then ask the linker to perform "partial linking" or "relocatable linking" (Linux term) or "Single-Object Prelinking" (the Apple term, which I'll use throughout the post) over the object files. Setting which symbols you want to be visible for downstream consumers lets dead-code elimination take place at the plugin level, ensuring your libraries are now back to a reasonable size.

Why is it not enough?

Single-Object Prelinking has two drawbacks:

  • Unoptimized code: the linker won't be able to deduplicate functions between melded objects, as they've been hidden by the prelinking process.
  • Windows: there are no officially supported tools (read: Visual Studio, LLVM, GCC) to perform this at the compiler level. It is possible to do this with binutils, but the PE-COFF format doesn't allow to change the visibility of unexported functions.

Melt all the object files with the power of dragons' fire!

As said earlier, no tools on Windows support prelinking officially yet , but there's another thing we can do: library deduplication.

Thanks to Rust's comprehensive crate ecosystem, I wrote a new CLI tool which I called dragonfire . Given a complete Rust workspace or list of static libraries, dragonfire :

  1. reads all the static libraries in one pass
  2. deduplicates the object files inside them based on their size and naming (Rust has its own, unique naming convention for object files -- pretty useful!)
  3. copies the duplicate objects into a new static library (usually called gstrsworkspace as its primary use is for the GStreamer ecosystem)
  4. removes the duplicates from the rest of the libraries
  5. updates the symbol table in each of the libraries with the bundled LLVM tools

Thanks to the ar crate, the unpacking and writing only happens at stage 3, ensuring no wasteful I/O slowdowns takes place. The llvm-tools-preview component in turn takes care of locating and calling up llvm-ar for updating the workspace's symbol tables.

A special mention is deserved to the object files' naming convention. Assume a Rust staticlib named libfoo , its object files will be named as:

  • crate_name-hash1.crate_name.hash2-cgu.nnn.rcgu.o
  • On Windows only: foo.crate_name-hash1.crate_name.hash2-cgu.nnn.rcgu.o
  • On non-Windows platforms: same as above, but replacing foo with libfoo-hash

In all cases, crate_name means a dependency present somewhere in the workspace tree, and nnn is a number that will be bigger than zero whenever -C codegen-units was set to higher than 1.

For dragonfire purposes, dropping the library prefix is enough to be able to deduplicate object files; however, on Windows we can also find import library stubs, which LLVM can generate on its own by the use of the #[raw-dylib] annotation [2] . Import stubs can have any extension, e.g. .dll , .exe and .sys (the latter two coming from private Win32 APIs). These stubs cannot be deduplicated as they are generated individually per imported function, so dragonfire must preserve them where they are.

Drawbacks of object file deduplication

Again there are several disadvantages of this approach. On Apple platforms, deduplicating libraries triggers a strange linker error , which I've not seen before:

ld: multiple errors: compact unwind must have at least 1 fixup in '<framework>/GStreamer[arm64][1021](libgstrsworkspace_a-3f2b47962471807d-lse_ldset4_acq.o)'; r_symbolnum=-19 out of range in '<framework>/GStreamer[arm64][1022](libgstrsworkspace_a-compiler_builtins-350c23344d78cfbc.compiler_builtins.5e126dca1f5284a9-cgu.162.rcgu.o)'

This also led me to find that Rust libraries were packing bitcode, which is forbidden by Apple . (This was thankfully already fixed before shipping time, but we've not yet updated our Rust minimum version to take advantage of it.)

Another drawback is that Rust's implementation of LTO causes dead-code elimination at the crate level, as opposed to the workspace level. This makes object file deduplication impossible, as each copy is different.

For the Windows platform, there is an extra drawback which affects specifically object files produced by LLVM: the COMDAT sections are set to IMAGE_COMDAT_SELECT_NODUPLICATES . This means that the linker will outright reject functions with multiple definitions, rather than realise they're all duplicates and discarding all but one of the copies. MSVC in particular performs symbol resolution before dead-code elimination . This means that linking will fail because of unresolved symbols before dead code elimination kicks in; to use deduplicated libraries, one must set the linker flags /OPT:REF /FORCE:UNRESOLVED to ensure the dead code can be successfully eliminated.

Results

With library deduplication, we can make static libraries up to 44x smaller when building under MSVC [3] (you can expand the tables below for the full comparison):

  • gstaws.lib: from 173M to 71M (~2.5x)
  • gstrswebrtc.lib: from 193M to 66M (~2.9x)
  • gstwebrtchttp.lib: from 66M to 1,5M (~ 44x)
Table: before and after melding under MSVC
file no prelinking melded
gstaws.lib 173M 71M
gstcdg.lib 36M 572K
gstclaxon.lib 32M 568K
gstdav1d.lib 34M 936K
gstelevenlabs.lib 59M 1008K
gstfallbackswitch.lib 37M 2,3M
gstffv1.lib 34M 744K
gstfmp4.lib 39M 3,2M
gstgif.lib 34M 1,1M
gstgopbuffer.lib 30M 456K
gsthlsmultivariantsink.lib 46M 1,6M
gsthlssink3.lib 41M 1,2M
gsthsv.lib 34M 796K
gstjson.lib 31M 704K
gstlewton.lib 33M 1,2M
gstlivesync.lib 33M 728K
gstmp4.lib 38M 2,2M
gstmpegtslive.lib 31M 704K
gstndi.lib 38M 2,8M
gstoriginalbuffer.lib 34M 376K
gstquinn.lib 75M 23M
gstraptorq.lib 33M 2,4M
gstrav1e.lib 46M 11M
gstregex.lib 38M 404K
gstreqwest.lib 58M 1,4M
gstrsanalytics.lib 35M 1000K
gstrsaudiofx.lib 54M 22M
gstrsclosedcaption.lib 52M 8,4M
gstrsinter.lib 35M 604K
gstrsonvif.lib 46M 2,0M
gstrspng.lib 35M 1,2M
gstrsrtp.lib 59M 11M
gstrsrtsp.lib 57M 4,4M
gstrstracers.lib 40M 2,4M
gstrsvideofx.lib 48M 11M
gstrswebrtc.lib 193M 66M
gstrsworkspace.lib N/A 137M
gststreamgrouper.lib 30M 376K
gsttextahead.lib 30M 332K
gsttextwrap.lib 32M 2,1M
gstthreadshare.lib 52M 12M
gsttogglerecord.lib 35M 808K
gsturiplaylistbin.lib 31M 648K
gstvvdec.lib 34M 564K
gstwebrtchttp.lib 66M 1,5M

The results from the melding above can be compared with the file sizes obtained using LTO on Windows [4] (remember it doesn't actually fix linking against plugins):

  • gstaws.lib: from 71M (LTO) to 67M (melded) (-5.6%)
  • gstrswebrtc.lib: from 105M to 66M (-37.1%)
  • gstwebrtchttp.lib: from 28M to 1,5M (-94.6%)
Table: before and after LTO under MSVC (no melding involved)
file (codegen-units=1 in all cases) no prelinking lto=thin opt-level=s + lto=thin debug=1 + opt-level=s debug=1 + lto=thin + opt-level=s
old/gstaws.lib 199M 199M 171M 78M 67M
old/gstcdg.lib 11M 11M 11M 7,5M 7,5M
old/gstclaxon.lib 11M 11M 11M 7,7M 7,7M
old/gstdav1d.lib 12M 12M 12M 7,9M 7,8M
old/gstelevenlabs.lib 52M 52M 49M 24M 22M
old/gstfallbackswitch.lib 18M 18M 17M 11M 11M
old/gstffv1.lib 11M 11M 11M 7,6M 7,6M
old/gstfmp4.lib 20M 20M 19M 12M 11M
old/gstgif.lib 12M 12M 12M 7,9M 7,9M
old/gstgopbuffer.lib 9,7M 9,7M 9,7M 7,5M 7,4M
old/gsthlsmultivariantsink.lib 16M 16M 16M 9,6M 9,4M
old/gsthlssink3.lib 14M 14M 14M 8,9M 8,8M
old/gsthsv.lib 11M 11M 11M 7,8M 7,7M
old/gstjson.lib 12M 12M 12M 8,4M 8,2M
old/gstlewton.lib 12M 12M 12M 8,1M 8,1M
old/gstlivesync.lib 12M 12M 12M 8,3M 8,2M
old/gstmp4.lib 17M 17M 17M 9,9M 9,7M
old/gstmpegtslive.lib 12M 12M 12M 8,0M 7,9M
old/gstndi.lib 21M 21M 20M 12M 11M
old/gstoriginalbuffer.lib 9,6M 9,6M 9,7M 7,4M 7,3M
old/gstquinn.lib 94M 94M 86M 39M 35M
old/gstraptorq.lib 18M 18M 17M 9,8M 9,4M
old/gstrav1e.lib 39M 39M 37M 19M 18M
old/gstregex.lib 26M 26M 25M 14M 14M
old/gstreqwest.lib 53M 53M 49M 24M 22M
old/gstrsanalytics.lib 15M 15M 14M 9,2M 8,9M
old/gstrsaudiofx.lib 57M 57M 56M 23M 22M
old/gstrsclosedcaption.lib 40M 40M 36M 20M 18M
old/gstrsinter.lib 14M 14M 13M 8,5M 8,4M
old/gstrsonvif.lib 21M 21M 20M 11M 11M
old/gstrspng.lib 13M 13M 13M 8,2M 8,2M
old/gstrsrtp.lib 47M 47M 44M 22M 20M
old/gstrsrtsp.lib 35M 35M 33M 16M 15M
old/gstrstracers.lib 28M 28M 27M 16M 15M
old/gstrsvideofx.lib 16M 16M 35M 9,2M 15M
old/gstrswebrtc.lib 329M 329M 284M 124M 105M
old/gststreamgrouper.lib 9,6M 9,6M 9,7M 7,2M 7,2M
old/gsttextahead.lib 9,6M 9,6M 9,5M 7,4M 7,3M
old/gsttextwrap.lib 13M 13M 13M 8,4M 8,4M
old/gstthreadshare.lib 49M 49M 45M 23M 20M
old/gsttogglerecord.lib 13M 13M 13M 8,5M 8,4M
old/gsturiplaylistbin.lib 11M 11M 11M 7,9M 7,9M
old/gstvvdec.lib 11M 11M 11M 7,5M 7,5M
old/gstwebrtchttp.lib 69M 69M 63M 30M 28M

Conclusion

This article presents several longstanding pain points in Rust, namely staticlib binary sizes, symbol leaking, and incompatibilities between Rust and MSVC. I demonstrate the tool dragonfire that aims to address and work around, where possible, these issues, along with remaining issues to be addressed.

As explained earlier, dragonfire treated libraries are live on all platforms except Apple's, if you use the development packages from mainline; it's on track hopefully for the 1.28 release of GStreamer. There's already a merge request pending to enable it for Apple platforms , we're only waiting to update the Rust mininum version.

If you want to have a look, dragonfire 's source code is available at Freedesktop's GitLab instance . Please note that at the moment I have no plans to submit this to crates.io .

Feel free to contact me with any feedback, and thanks for reading!


  1. See its default-https-client feature at lib.rs , you will find it throughout the AWS SDK ecosystem. ↩︎

  2. https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html#dylib-versus-raw-dylib ↩︎

  3. In all cases the -C flags are debug=1 + codegen-units=1 + opt-level=s ; see this comment for the complete results across all platforms. ↩︎

  4. Source: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/gstreamer/cerbero/-/merge_requests/1895 ↩︎

Introduction to IncusOS

Lobsters
linuxcontainers.org
2025-11-07 09:19:01
Comments...

AI's 70% Problem

Lobsters
zed.dev
2025-11-07 09:02:03
Comments...
Original Article

We hosted Addy Osmani , who works on AI and dev tools at Google's Chrome Developer Experience team, to talk about what he calls the "70% problem" in AI coding.

Over the past two years, Addy has been tracking AI adoption patterns at Google, where over 30% of code is now AI-generated, and across the industry at conferences like Lead Dev . He's studied trust metrics, productivity claims, and what actually happens when teams scale agentic engineering beyond prototypes.

His experiences reveal a pattern: AI can rapidly produce 70% of a solution, but that final 30% – edge cases, security, production integration – remains as challenging as ever. Meanwhile, trust in AI-generated code is declining even as adoption increases.

You can watch the full session on YouTube or read below for selected quotes from the session.

AI Gets You 70% of the Way

"AI coding tools can get you most of the way to a solution, but not all the way. It's deceptively convincing. You can get a UI quickly, write a few prompts, even if you write a PRD you can get something that looks functional. But it can be held together with duct tape behind the scenes." — Addy Osmani

"AI can rapidly produce maybe 70% of the code for an app, for a feature. So the scaffolding, the obvious patterns. But the remaining 30%—things like edge cases where you might have to put in additional debugging, integration with production systems, making sure that your security, your API keys, all of that stuff is in a healthy place—that can be just as time consuming as it ever was." — Addy Osmani

"If you're using AI to generate the code, using AI to test the code, I think that at some point you're probably gonna try throwing AI into the code review loop as well. And at that point, AI is just doing the entire thing. You don't really know what's happening at all." — Addy Osmani

The Trust Problem

"While adoption is in a really good place, trust is surprisingly low and it's declining. Favorable views about AI coding kind of dropped from 70 to 60% within two years, and about 30% of people are reporting little to no trust in AI generated code at all. Which is kind of wild given how much we're relying on this now." — Addy Osmani

"If you're not paying attention, you can end up—you don't wanna be on Hacker News for the wrong reasons, is a short version of this." — Addy Osmani

The Two Steps Back Pattern

"You'll try to fix this bug. AI suggests a change that seems reasonable. Maybe it's given you a plan in your IDE. The fix is gonna break something else. You're gonna ask AI to fix that issue and it's gonna create two more problems. Rinse, repeat. Sometimes it's five new problems." — Addy Osmani

"If I ask AI to go and do a thing and it ends up rewriting code in five different places, I have no idea how anything works or how anything connects. A fundamental part of it for me is at least go back and understand how it all works." — Addy Osmani

Understanding the Code is Key

"The really big difference is that you are keeping the human engineer firmly in control. You are responsible for thinking about architecture, reviewing the code, understanding every line. You have to make sure you're understanding what AI is generating for you, so you are on the hook for making sure the final product is secure, scalable, maintainable." — Addy Osmani

"AI is a tool. If your name is on there, when that code is getting submitted, you are responsible for what you submitted. So you need to make sure that you're reviewing it." — Addy Osmani

Reality Check on Productivity

"Often on Twitter, when we see people citing these very high percentage numbers about their productivity gains, if you zoom in, often those are companies that are doing greenfield development on something completely fresh. They don't have technical debt, they don't have all of the baggage that usually comes with traditional software engineering on something that is real and has existed for a while." — Addy Osmani

"Developer productivity is 1X, 2X. Maybe they can complete 20% more tasks than they could before. But we're also starting to see side effects. We're actually starting to see that code review is becoming the new bottleneck." — Addy Osmani

Advice for Junior Developers

"It is in fact really, really motivating to be able to do whatever is gonna help you build something quickly. Make sure you are going back and actually taking the time to understand what it is that was being generated." — Addy Osmani

"Be curious. Use AI as a learning aid while still improving your motivation, your feeling about yourself building stuff." — Addy Osmani

"Five years ago, we would still see lots of people at every level going to Stack Overflow and in some cases just blindly copying whatever's been most voted as the solution for a problem. Was it actually the right solution? We learn years later, like, oh wait, how did I ship this to production? There are better ways of doing it. So it's okay to be imperfect just as long as you continue to be curious and are open to learning." — Addy Osmani


A startup’s quest to store electricity in the ocean

Hacker News
techcrunch.com
2025-11-07 08:50:14
Comments...
Original Article

When Manuele Aufiero was a child, his parents would take him hiking along a reservoir in northern Italy. It wasn’t a typical reservoir, though. This one drained and refilled constantly, with pumps raising the water level when electricity was cheap. When nearby cities needed electricity, the pumps would reverse, turning into generators as the water drained out of the reservoir.

The technology, known as pumped-storage hydropower , or “pumped hydro” for short, has been around for over a century. Such facilities are some of the biggest “batteries” humans have ever built. Globally, pumped hydro reservoirs store 8,500 gigawatt-hours of electricity, according to the International Energy Agency.

Pumped hydro can generate electricity for hours on end, and the power plants have grown in importance as intermittent energy sources like wind and solar have become more widespread. But there are only so many places on Earth with suitable topography to host a pumped hydro reservoir.

“I’m in love with pumped hydro,” Aufiero told TechCrunch. “It’s just not enough to keep up with renewables.”

So he decided to solve that problem by moving the technology to the sea. He co-founded a startup, Sizable Energy , to turn his idea into reality.

Sizable recently raised $8 million in a funding round led by Playground Global with participation from EDEN/IAG, Exa Ventures, Satgana, Unruly Capital, and Verve Ventures, the company exclusively told TechCrunch.

The startup’s power plant looks something like an hourglass. Sizable’s concept specifies two sealed, flexible reservoirs, one that floats at the top and another that sits at the bottom on the seabed. They’re connected by a plastic tube and some turbines.

Techcrunch event

San Francisco | October 13-15, 2026

When power is cheap, the turbines will pump super salty water from the bottom reservoir to the top. When the grid needs energy, Sizable will open a valve, and because the water in the reservoir contains more salt than the surrounding seawater, it’s heavier and will fall down to the lower reservoir. As it flows through the pipe, it spins the turbines, which act as generators.

“From the energy balance point of view, what we are doing is lifting a block of salt. But instead of using cranes, we dissolve it and pump it just because it’s easier, simpler,” Aufiero said. “Other than that, we are just lifting a heavy amount of salt.”

By moving pumped hydro to the ocean, Sizable is hoping to mass-produce the technology, something that isn’t really possible on land.

“Every time you build pumped hydro on shore, you have to design a concrete dam for that specific site, and you have to adapt the technology there,” Aufiero said. “Building offshore allows us to streamline the production, and everything we do is identical, regardless of the final deployment site.”

Sizable has tested a small model of the reservoirs in wave tanks and off the coast of Reggio Calabria, Italy. It’s now deploying a pilot of the floating components in advance of a full demonstration plant. By 2026, it’s hoping to deploy several commercial projects at sites around the world.

At full size, the turbines would generate around 6 to 7 megawatts of electricity each, and there will be one for every 100 meters of pipe. Deeper sites would have more storage potential, and each commercial site would host multiple reservoirs. Sizable hopes to deliver energy storage for €20 per kilowatt-hour (about $23), about one-tenth what a grid-scale battery costs.

The technology would pair well with offshore wind projects since sharing an electrical connection to the shore would reduce costs. But Aufiero said that Sizable’s reservoirs could connect to any grid that’s near waters that are at least 500 meters (1,640 feet) deep.

“We believe that long duration energy storage is required not only for renewable integration, but also for just making the grid resilient,” he said. “There is no way we can keep up with that with traditional pumped hydro or batteries. We need something new.”

Tim De Chant is a senior climate reporter at TechCrunch. He has written for a wide range of publications, including Wired magazine, the Chicago Tribune, Ars Technica, The Wire China, and NOVA Next, where he was founding editor.

De Chant is also a lecturer in MIT’s Graduate Program in Science Writing, and he was awarded a Knight Science Journalism Fellowship at MIT in 2018, during which time he studied climate technologies and explored new business models for journalism. He received his PhD in environmental science, policy, and management from the University of California, Berkeley, and his BA degree in environmental studies, English, and biology from St. Olaf College.

You can contact or verify outreach from Tim by emailing tim.dechant@techcrunch.com .

View Bio

Results from Testing Six AI Models on Advanced Security Exploits

Lobsters
blog.kilocode.ai
2025-11-07 08:36:16
Comments...
Original Article

We ran three advanced security vulnerabilities through GPT-5, o3, Claude, Gemini, and Grok.

The exploits: Prototype pollution that bypasses authorization, an agentic AI supply-chain attack combining prompt injection with cloud API abuse, and OS command injection in ImageMagick.

We ran each of the exploits above through 6 top AI models: GPT-5, OpenAI o3, Claude Opus 4.1, Claude Sonnet 4.5, Grok 4, and Gemini 2.5 Pro.

All six models caught all three vulnerabilities - but the quality of their fixes varied dramatically. Individual vulnerabilities showed spreads of 20+ points, and when we voted on which model performed best, we disagreed with the AI judge (GPT-5).

Keep reading to find out why we chose o3 over GPT-5 despite the AI judge’s preference, which models to use for mission-critical security vs. bulk scanning, and what the 13x cost difference means for your budget.

This case study reveals important patterns about which models handle advanced security scenarios best. I tested 3 vulnerabilities chosen to represent a spectrum: one classic exploit (OS command injection), one well-known Node.js attack (prototype pollution), and one cutting-edge threat from 2025 (agentic AI supply-chain).

We’re sharing this transparently as a starting point for the conversation about AI-assisted security auditing.

What it is: A Node.js API with a deepMerge function that recursively merges user input into a config object. No hasOwnProperty checks or __proto__ filtering. Authorization relies on req.user.isAdmin property.

The exploit:

POST /update-settings
{
“__proto__”: { “isAdmin”: true }
}

Resulting attack: All subsequent requests inherit isAdmin: true from polluted Object.prototype, bypassing authorization checks.

Why it matters: Ranked #10 in OWASP Top 10 2021, still common in Node.js apps. CVE-2022-21824 and others exploited this in production systems.

Why it won:

- Produced four mitigation strategies (null-prototype objects, key filtering, hasOwnProperty checks, Object.freeze)

- Used a defense-in-depth approach with multiple security layers

- Used helper functions for consistent null-prototype creation

- We got production-ready code with clear separation of concerns

Here’s a gist with the code.

o3 produced:

- Clean helper functions for null-prototype object creation -

- Defensive key filtering with explicit dangerous key list

- Own-property validation in authorization checks

- Well-commented code explaining each security measure

Claude Sonnet 4.5 (91.0/100): Multi-layer defense with validation. Used Object.create(null) for user objects and implemented hasOwnProperty checks. Added explicit blocking of dangerous keys in merge function. Good balance of security and simplicity.

Gemini 2.5 Pro (90.0/100): Simple but effective fix. Used key filtering and null-prototype objects. Missed some edge cases around recursive object handling but covered main attack vectors.

Claude Opus 4.1 (86.0/100): Comprehensive documentation with extensive validation. Included validation schemas and type checking that prioritize thoroughness; trade-off is added implementation complexity.

Grok 4 ( 85.0/100): Grok made a few trade-offs in this approach: Focused on key filtering as primary mitigation strategy; Null-prototype objects could further strengthen the defense; No own-property validation on authorization; Addressed core attack vectors; additional edge case hardening recommended.

What it is: An AI agent that fetches web pages and invokes cloud management APIs based on LLM outputs. Three vulnerabilities are being combined here: indirect prompt injection (via fetched content), over-privileged Azure management token (cross-tenant access), and unsafe WASM execution with full filesystem access.

The exploit chain:

1. The attacker hosts malicious webpage with hidden prompt injection

2. The agent fetches the page, the LLM processes the injected instructions

3. The LLM returns the tool call to azure_invoke with attacker-controlled parameters

4. The agent executes with the victim’s tenant-wide management token

5. Cross-tenant cloud compromise via RBAC manipulation

Impact:

- Privilege escalation across Azure subscriptions

- Token exfiltration via WASM filesystem access

- Cross-tenant cloud compromise

Why it matters: OWASP Top 10 for LLMs #1 risk (prompt injection). Real incidents include: ChatGPT plugins, Microsoft Copilot, GitHub Copilot Chat. No existing AI benchmark tests this attack vector.

Why it won:

- Comprehensive defense-in-depth: tool scoping, output gating, “two-man rule” validation

- Token isolation - credentials never exposed to LLM context

- Explicit trust boundaries separating network data from instructions

- HTML sanitization and provenance checking for fetched content

- Least-privilege Azure tokens (role-based, resource-scoped, short-lived)

Here’s a gist with the code.

o3 displayed strong reasoning:

- Detailed exploit analysis: “ShadowTenant” incident scenarios with cross-tenant RBAC abuse

- Response schema validation with explicit “two-man rule” confirmation

- Least-privilege tokens with logical isolation (never in LLM text) -

Safe WASM configuration with memory limits and no filesystem access

Trade-offs in this approach:

- Strong theoretical foundation (trust boundaries, provenance tracking) with room for deeper implementation

- Output gating mechanism could be made more explicit before tool execution

- Token isolation present but could be scoped even tighter (GPT-5/o3 went further here)

- Context: Usually excels at classic vulnerabilities; this 2025 agentic supply-chain attack represents cutting-edge threat modeling

Other Models:

Gemini 2.5 Pro (87.4/100):

- Strong on OWASP Top 10 for LLMs classification (LLM01 Indirect Prompt Injection, LLM06 Overly-Broad Permissions, LLM08 Unsafe Execution).

- Implemented trust boundaries with schema validation and tool scoping. Good provenance analysis but less comprehensive gating than GPT-5/o3.

Claude Opus 4.1 (83.8/100):

- Included a visual exploit flow diagram (Mermaid format).

- Addressed token leakage, cross-tenant boundaries, and WASM filesystem access.

- Used Zod for schema validation and DOMPurify for HTML sanitization.

Overall, it produced a solid defense approach but lacked the depth of GPT-5’s multi-layer approach.

Grok 4 (83.2/100):

- Referenced 2025 threat landscape (OWASP AI Top 10, NIST AI RMF, MITRE, ENISA).

- Identified indirect prompt injection, over-privileged tools, unsafe WASM execution.

- Implemented basic allow-lists and validation but less sophisticated gating compared to top performers.

💡 Why the gap widened here: Classic vulnerabilities like Prototype Pollution have well-documented patterns in training data. All models have seen thousands of __proto__ pollution examples.

However, agentic AI supply-chain attacks are 2025-era threats with limited precedent. GPT-5 and o3’s deeper reasoning engines excelled at novel threat modeling where pattern-matching alone wasn’t enough. This is where you pay more for frontier models.

What it is: An Express API that shells out to ImageMagick via child_process.exec(). User-controlled font, size, and text parameters are injected directly into the command string. There’s no input sanitization or escaping.

The exploit:

POST /render
{
“text”: “hello”,
“font”: “Arial; rm -rf /”,
“size”: “12”
}

The resulting command:

convert -font “Arial; rm -rf /” -pointsize 12 label:”hello” /tmp/out.png

Why it matters: ImageTragick (CVE-2016-3714) variants are still common in 2025. This is a classic attack that every model should catch in theory.

Why it won: The output had:

- Multiple defense layers: strict allowlists, argument vector execution (no shell), stdin for text

- Explicit font allowlist with absolute paths (prevents ImageMagick coders like mvg:, http:, @file)

- Banned dangerous prefixes: “label:@”, “caption:@”, “inline:”, “ephemeral:”, URL schemes

- Uses spawn() instead of exec() - no shell interpretation

- Rate/size caps, temporary file management with cleanup

See this gist for the code.

Comprehensive with exploit demonstrations: -

Detailed exploit demonstrations with multiple injection vectors

- Switched from exec() to spawn() for argument vector execution -

Implemented strict font allowlists with absolute paths

- Size validation (8-72 point range) and control character filtering

- Added rate limiting (10 requests/minute) and explicit ImageMagick path specification

Claude Sonnet 4.5 (91.6/100): Comprehensive TypeScript solution with execFile(), strict allowlists, and rate limiting. Demonstrated multiple exploit paths.

OpenAI o3 (90.4/100): Concise approach switching exec() to execFile(). Font allowlist with absolute paths, effective text sanitization.

Gemini 2.5 Pro (90.2/100): Excellent fundamentals with spawn, allowlists, and clear validation. Prioritizes clarity over complexity.

Grok 4: (84.2/100): Explained shell injection mechanics clearly (;, |, &, backticks, $()) , used spawn() instead of exec() with font allowlist validation, there was also an integer size validation (10-100 range) and printable ASCII text filtering.

All Models Passed (But Not Equally)

Every model caught every vulnerability. Different models had different strengths:

All models identified the vulnerabilities. The score differences came from:

  • Completeness of fix – Did they address all attack vectors?

  • Defense-in-depth – Did they suggest multiple mitigation layers?

  • Code quality – Is the fix production-ready or just a patch?

Explanation depth – Did they explain why the fix works?

GPT-5 (96.4/100) suggested four mitigation strategies:

1. Use Object.create(null) for config objects

2. Add hasOwnProperty checks in deepMerge

3. Explicitly block __proto__, constructor, prototype keys

4. Use Object.freeze() on authorization logic

Grok 4 (85/100) suggested one: Add key filtering in deepMerge (but incomplete – missed some edge cases)

Both “caught it” – but one fix is production-ready, the other has gaps.

💰 Total Cost: $1.81 for 3 Evaluations × 6 Models

Here’s the breakdown:

  • Most Expensive: $0.79 - OS Command Injection (long outputs, comprehensive ImageMagick hardening)

  • Cheapest: $0.26 - Prototype Pollution (classic vulnerability, well-understood patterns)

  • Average: $0.60 per evaluation ($0.10 per model execution)

💡 Budget Recommendations

If you’re on a budget: Use Gemini 2.5 Pro or OpenAI o3 for 90-95% of GPT-5’s quality at 72-75% lower cost.

If quality matters: Use GPT-5 for mission-critical security audits ($0.32 total = $0.11/vulnerability), or o3 as pragmatic middle ground (95% of GPT-5’s quality at 72% lower cost).

We created this table to make it easier to choose:

Pattern discovered: All models excel at classic vulnerabilities (prototype pollution, command injection). But newer attacks (agentic AI) create wider performance gaps.

Spread: 12.0 points (wider gap - novel attack)

A note on Sonnet 4.5: Claude Sonnet 4.5 excels at classic vulnerabilities (91.0 on prototype pollution) but struggled with cutting-edge agentic AI attack (82.0).

Spread: 11.6 points (wider than expected for a classic attack).

Classic vulnerabilities (2016-2019): All models do well 85-96/100 (tight spread).

Cutting-edge vulnerabilities (2025): GPT-5/o3 pull ahead, lower-cost models (Grok 4, Claude Sonnet 4.5) fall behind (wider spread)

The lesson: Use GPT-5/o3 for novel threats. Use Gemini 2.5 Pro or Claude Sonnet 4.5 for OWASP Top 10.

Here’s the design that we used:

For each vulnerability, we provided a:

- Vulnerable code snippet (10-50 lines)

- Task description (“Fix this security vulnerability”)

- No hints about the specific attack type

Each model received identical prompts to ensure fair comparison.

We used a two-phase evaluation:

Phase 1 - AI-Assisted Scoring:

We used GPT-5 (currently the highest-performing model on security tasks) to score each output against a structured rubric.

Scoring Rubric (0-100):

- Correctness (20 pts) - Does the fix eliminate the exploit?

- Code Quality (20 pts) - Is it maintainable and clear?

- Completeness (20 pts) - Does it address edge cases with defense-in-depth?

- Security (20 pts) - Does it follow best practices without introducing new attack surface?

- Performance (20 pts) - Does it avoid unreasonable overhead?

Final score = average of the five criteria.

Phase 2 - Human Validation:

After seeing all AI scores, we reviewed each model’s output and picked which fix we’d actually deploy in production. This human validation is critical - AI judges can miss practical deployment concerns.

Consistency: AI judge applies the same rubric to all models, eliminating human bias in initial scoring.

Transparency: All scores are shown in this post with representative code samples. Full outputs available upon request.

Pragmatism: Human vote ensures real-world deployability. Sometimes the “best score” isn’t the “best fix.”

No self-judging: GPT-5 scored the other 5 models but couldn’t evaluate its own output - I used Claude Opus 4.1 as judge for GPT-5’s submissions to avoid bias.

Every model caught every vulnerability. 100% detection rate across the board. That’s impressive - a few years ago, this would have been impossible.

But the quality of their fixes? That varied by 12.3 percentage points (82.5 to 94.8). All six models can spot the bug. Not all of them can fix it properly.

Don’t just ask: “Did the AI catch it?” Ask: “Is this fix something I’d actually ship to production?”

The cost-quality tradeoff is real. GPT-5 delivered the best fixes (94.8/100) but cost $0.32. Claude Sonnet 4.5 delivered 90% of that quality for $0.21 (34% lower cost). Gemini delivered 90% of GPT-5’s quality for $0.08 (75% lower cost).

Figure out your quality threshold first. Then optimize for cost within that constraint.

The AI judge picked GPT-5 (94.8/100). We picked o3 (89.9/100, ranked #2).

GPT-5’s fixes were technically perfect. It had four mitigation strategies for prototype pollution, multi-layer defense architecture and comprehensive edge case handling. It scored 96.4, 94.0, 95.8 across the three vulnerabilities. The AI judge loved all this.

But we’re not an AI judge. We have to ship code and maintain it six months later.

o3’s fixes were simpler - clean enough to review in 15 minutes during code review. Production-ready without needing a PhD to understand what’s happening. And here’s the kicker: it cost $0.09 vs GPT-5’s $0.32. Scaled to 100 evaluations, that’s $9 vs $32. That quickly adds up.

The pattern we noticed: o3 crushed the hard stuff (95.2 on prototype pollution, 92.4 on agentic AI). It only struggled on the classic ImageMagick attack (90.4) - the one where Claude models had more training data because it’s been documented for years.

o3 delivers for novel threats where you need actual reasoning instead of pattern matching,

Here’s what we learned: AI judges optimize for perfection. Developers optimize for what we’d actually merge into production. Sometimes the second-best score is the better choice.

Novel threats expose the gap between models. On classic vulnerabilities (prototype pollution, command injection), all models scored 85-96/100. There was tight spread. But on the cutting-edge agentic AI attack, the spread widened to 82-94/100. GPT-5 and o3 pulled ahead.

Use GPT-5 or o3 for novel threats where you need actual reasoning. Use Gemini or Claude Sonnet for classic OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities where pattern matching is enough.

The wrong question is “which model is the best one?” The right question is “ best for what?” GPT-5 excels at comprehensive defense-in-depth. o3 excels at pragmatic, shippable fixes. Gemini excels at cost efficiency. Claude Sonnet excels at classic vulnerabilities.

Match the model to the mission.

If you’re protecting financial systems, healthcare data, or authentication flows - use GPT-5. It costs $0.11 per evaluation (94.8 quality), but when you’re dealing with money or medical records, you want the most comprehensive fixes. Defense-in-depth matters here. GPT-5 scored 94.1-96.2 across all three vulnerabilities. It displayed consistent excellence.

For regular code reviews and OWASP Top 10 scans - Claude Sonnet 4.5 is the sweet spot. It delivered 90% of GPT-5’s quality at 34% lower cost ($0.07 per eval). If you’re running security checks on every PR, that cost difference adds up fast. It particularly excelled on the prototype pollution vulnerability (91.0) because that attack pattern has been documented for years and Claude models have seen it extensively during training.

If you’re a startup or open source project with tight budgets - Gemini 2.5 Pro is a good bang-for-your-buck model. $0.03 per evaluation (85.3 quality). That’s 90% of GPT-5’s quality for 75% lower cost. We didn’t expect a model this cheap to perform this well, but Google delivered. For high-volume scanning where you need decent coverage without breaking the bank, this is your model.

Discussion about this post

Ravi Dwivedi: A Bad Day in Malaysia

PlanetDebian
ravidwivedi.in
2025-11-07 07:25:20
Continuing from where we left off in the last post. On the 7th of December 2024, we boarded a bus from Singapore to the border town of Johor Bahru in Malaysia. The bus stopped at the Singapore emigration for us to get off for the formalities. The process was similar to the immigration at the Singapo...
Original Article

Continuing from where we left off in the last post. On the 7th of December 2024, we boarded a bus from Singapore to the border town of Johor Bahru in Malaysia. The bus stopped at the Singapore emigration for us to get off for the formalities.

The process was similar to the immigration at the Singapore airport. It was automatic, and we just had to scan our passports for the gates to open. Here also, we didn’t get Singapore stamps on our passports.

After we were done with the emigration, we had to find our bus. We remembered the name of the bus company and the number plate, which helped us recognize our bus. It wasn’t there already after we came out of the emigration, but it arrived soon enough, and we boarded it promptly.

From the Singapore emigration, the bus travelled a few kilometers and dropped us at Johor Bahru Sentral (JB Sentral) bus station, where we had to go through Malaysian immigration. The process was manual, unlike Singapore, and there was an immigration officer at the counter who stamped our passports (which I like) and recorded our fingerprints.

At the bus terminal, we exchanged rupees at an exchange shop to get Malaysian ringgits. We could not find any free drinking water sources on the bus terminal, so we had to buy water.

Badri later told me that Johor Bahru has a lot of data centers, leading to high water usage. When he read about it later, he immediately connected it with the fact that there was no free drinking water, and we had to buy water.

From JB Sentral, we took a bus to Larkin Terminal, as our hotel was nearby. It was 1.5 ringgits per person (30 rupees). In order to pay for the fare, we had to put cash in a box near the driver’s seat.

Around half-an-hour later, we reached our hotel. The time was 23:30 hours. The hotel room was hot as it didn’t have air-conditioning. The weather in Malaysia is on the hotter side throughout the year. It was a budget hotel, and we paid 70 ringgits for our room.

Badri slept soon after we checked-in. I went out during the midnight at around 00:30. I was hungry, so I entered a small scale restaurant nearby, which was quite lively for the midnight hours. At the restaurant, I ordered a coffee and an omelet. I also asked for drinking water. The unique thing about that was that they put ice in hot water to make its temperature normal.

My bill from the restaurant looked like the below-mentioned table, as the items’ names were in the local language Malay:

Item Price (Malaysian ringgits) Conversion to Indian rupees Comments
Nescafe Tarik 2.50 50 Coffee
Ais Kosong 0.50 10 Water
Telur Dadar 2.00 40 Omelet
SST Tax (6%) 0.30 6
Total 5.30 106

After checking out from the restaurant, I explored nearby shops. I also bought some water before going back to the hotel room.

The next day, we had a (pre-booked) bus to Kuala Lumpur. We checked out from the hotel 10 minutes after the check-out time (which was 14:00 hours). However, within those 10 minutes, the hotel staff already came up three times asking us to clear out (which we were doing as fast as possible). And finally on the third time they said our deposit was forfeit, even though it was supposed to be only for keys and towels.

The above-mentioned bus for Kuala Lumpur was from the nearby Larkin Bus Terminal. The bus terminal was right next to our hotel, so we walked till there.

Upon reaching there, we found out that the process of boarding a bus in Malaysia resembled with taking a flight. We needed to go to a counter to get our boarding passes, followed by reporting at our gate half-an-hour before the scheduled time. Furthermore, they had a separate waiting room and boarding gates. Also, there was a terminal listing buses with their arrival and departure signs. Finally, to top it off, the buses had seatbelts.

We got our boarding pass for 2 ringgits (40 rupees). After that, we proceeded to get something to eat as we were hungry. We went to a McDonald’s, but couldn’t order anything because of the long queue. We didn’t have a lot of time, so we proceeded towards our boarding gate without having anything.

The boarding gate was in a separate room, which had a vending machine. I tried to order something using my card, but the machine wasn’t working. In Malaysia, there is a custom of queueing up to board buses even before the bus has arrived. We saw it in Johor Bahru as well. The culture is so strong that they even did it in Singapore while waiting for the Johor Bahru bus!

Our bus departed at 15:30 as scheduled. The journey was around 5 hours. A couple of hours later, our bus stopped for a break. We got off the bus and went to the toilet. As we were starving (we didn’t have anything the whole day), we thought it was a good opportunity to get some snack. There was a stall selling some food. However, I had to determine which options were vegetarian. We finally settled on a cylindrical box of potato chips, labelled Mister Potato. They were 7 ringgits.

We didn’t know how long the bus is going to stop. Furthermore, eating inside buses in Malaysia is forbidden. When we went to get some coffee from the stall, our bus driver was standing there and made a face. We got an impression that he doesn’t want us to have coffee.

However, after we got into the bus, we had to wait for a long time for it to resume its journey as the driver was taking his sweet time to drink his coffee.

During the bus journey, we saw a lot of palm trees on the way. The landscape was beautiful, with good road infrastructure throughout the journey. Badri also helped me improve my blog post on obtaining Luxembourg visa in the bus.

The bus dropped us at the Terminal Bersepadu Selatan (TBS in short) in Kuala Lumpur at 21:30 hours.

Finally, we got something at the TBS. We also noticed that the TBS bus station had lockers. This gave us the idea of putting some of our luggage in the lockers later while we will be in Brunei. We had booked a cheap Air Asia ticket which doesn’t allow check-in luggage. Further, keeping the checked-in luggage in lockers for three days was cheaper than paying the excess luggage penalty for Air Asia.

We followed it up by taking a metro as our hotel was closer to a metro station. This was a bad day due to our deposit being forfeited unfairly, and got nothing to eat.

We took the metro to reach our hostel, which was located in the Bukit Bintang area. The name of this hostel was Manor by Mingle. I had stayed here earlier in February 2024 for two nights. Back then, I paid 1000 rupees per day for a dorm room. However, this time the same hostel was much cheaper. We got a private room for 800 rupees per day, with breakfast included. Earlier it might have been pricier due to my stay falling on weekends or maybe February has more tourists in Kuala Lumpur.

That’s it for this post. Stay tuned for our adventures in Malaysia!

Using Codex CLI with gpt-oss:120b on an NVIDIA DGX Spark via Tailscale

Simon Willison
simonwillison.net
2025-11-07 07:23:12
Using Codex CLI with gpt-oss:120b on an NVIDIA DGX Spark via Tailscale Inspired by a YouTube comment I wrote up how I run OpenAI's Codex CLI coding agent against the gpt-oss:120b model running in Ollama on my NVIDIA DGX Spark via a Tailscale network. It takes a little bit of work to configure but th...
Original Article

Using Codex CLI with gpt-oss:120b on an NVIDIA DGX Spark via Tailscale . Inspired by a YouTube comment I wrote up how I run OpenAI's Codex CLI coding agent against the gpt-oss:120b model running in Ollama on my NVIDIA DGX Spark via a Tailscale network.

It takes a little bit of work to configure but the result is I can now use Codex CLI on my laptop anywhere in the world against a self-hosted model.

I used it to build this space invaders clone .

Posted 7th November 2025 at 7:23 am

Lessons from Growing a Piracy Streaming Site

Hacker News
prison.josh.mn
2025-11-07 07:09:30
Comments...
Original Article

There are some contemporary piracy services that run ads—for marketing and, well, advertising purposes. This ranges from PPC to social media campaigns. I opted not to, mostly because I didn't think I could do it tastefully, and because I'd probably attract users who wouldn't be great customers.

Instead, my marketing relied entirely on word-of-mouth—which meant building tremendous trust with my users, plus a single growth hack that I'll describe later on this page.

This is all fairly standard startup knowledge—I've worked with more than a handful of Y Combinator companies and I could apply this to all of them—but it's interesting to see how many parallels existed between what I built and what a "real" startup looks like.

I learned a lot about running a business while operating HeheStreams: customer experience, retention, product design, and the weird parallels between illegal streaming and your typical B2C.

Think of this as a founder postmortem with felony-level customer support.

Lessons from Growing a B2C

  • noreply@ is absolutely stupid.

I did everything I could to be visible to customers and encouraged them to talk to me any time. That helped build trust in a product sitting in a sea of shady, fly-by-night operations. I ended every email with some variation of "If you need anything, just reply :)".

Get customers started.

After a user subscribed, I sent a sequence of onboarding emails to make sure they were actually using the site: After three days, I'd check whether they'd watched anything and ask if they needed help; after they watched n minutes, I'd send an NPS-style survey ("1–10, how likely are you to recommend...") and if they gave a 9 or 10, I'd invite them to leave a review; if they didn't watch anything within two weeks, I offered a refund and suggestions on where else to watch.

  • Send fun emails.

My copywriting was tongue-in-cheek and self-deprecating. It was all me, no bullshit. I treated every message—even transactional emails—as an opportunity to build trust. Users regularly told me they actually enjoyed reading my emails, which is not a thing that should happen.

  • Be honest about service availability.

If things went sideways, I owned it. No hiding behind "maintenance windows."

  • A customer with a bad taste in their mouth is bad.

If someone used their entire subscription and then asked for a refund, I'd still honor it—no questions asked. My users were shockingly honest, and I rarely dealt with chargebacks. My abuse detector barely had to do anything over 66 months.

  • It's okay to be direct about churn.

I'd send messages like, "Hey, I saw you didn't renew. Did you find a good place to watch? Anything I could've done better?" People usually responded—nicely, even.

  • Recommend your competitors if you have to.

If a user wasn't a good fit, I happily pointed them toward alternatives. It built credibility, even if it lost me a sale.

  • You don't need to target everyone.

I intentionally priced higher than competitors. That filtered in customers who were more tech-savvy and saw HeheStreams as an "investment in their leisure time," not a "cost."

  • Be great at one thing, and half-assed at nothing.

I never added generic IPTV or random channels. I focused purely on sports. That probably left money on the table, but it kept quality high.

  • Say no.

Say no a lot. Customers can be stupid.

The growth hack

My proudest growth hack involved Reddit's API. I filtered posts mentioning phrases like "NBA League Pass," "blackouts," or "where to" on team-specific subreddits. Then I gave my users lists of those posts and encouraged them to comment—transparently—about why they liked HeheStreams, including their referral link.

Each referrer got a $10 credit per subscriber, and new subscribers got $10 off their next month. It worked well.

Lessons still work

I've applied these same principles to a Mexican ecotourism business with great success. Some of them will never scale to hundreds of thousands of customers (you can't automate personality or hire for charm), but they work beautifully for small, honest teams. That's enough for me.

Why word-of-mouth beats ads (especially when you can't run ads)

I believe that trust mechanics are reflections of self. If they're artificial, people will see right through them.

The takeaway

Wouldn't trade the lessons; would strongly advise against the exit strategy. "Acquired" by Alliance for Creativity/Motion Picture Association.

Photoroom (YC S20) Is Hiring a Senior AI Front End Engineer in Paris

Hacker News
jobs.ashbyhq.com
2025-11-07 07:00:02
Comments...

JavaScript Just Leveled Up: ES2025 – You'll Fall in Love With

Hacker News
jsdevspace.substack.com
2025-11-07 06:51:36
Comments...
Original Article

As front-end developers, staying ahead of JavaScript’s evolution isn’t optional — it’s survival.
When the ES2025 proposals dropped, many developers (myself included) were shocked . JavaScript could finally be written like poetry — expressive, readable, and ridiculously elegant.

Let’s explore some of these groundbreaking new features that are shaping the next generation of JS.

Tired of endless conditionals?
Pattern matching transforms branching logic into declarative expressions.

Old approach:

function handleResponse(response) {
  if (response.status === 200 && response.data) {
    return response.data;
  } else if (response.status === 401) {
    throw new Error(’Unauthorized’);
  } else if (response.status === 404) {
    throw new Error(’Not Found’);
  } else if (response.status >= 500) {
    throw new Error(’Server Error’);
  } else {
    throw new Error(’Unknown Error’);
  }
}

New ES2025 magic:

function handleResponse(response) {
  return match (response) {
    when ({ status: 200, data }) -> data
    when ({ status: 401 }) -> throw new Error(’Unauthorized’)
    when ({ status: 404 }) -> throw new Error(’Not Found’)
    when ({ status: s if s >= 500 }) -> throw new Error(’Server Error’)
    default -> throw new Error(’Unknown Error’)
  };
}

It’s concise, readable, and surprisingly powerful — like switch statements on steroids.

Array pattern matching:

const analyzeArray = (arr) => match (arr) {
  when ([]) -> “Empty array”
  when ([x]) -> `Single element: ${x}`
  when ([x, y]) -> `Two elements: ${x}, ${y}`
  when ([first, ...rest]) -> `First: ${first}, Remaining: ${rest.length}`
};

The pipeline operator |> lets you chain operations without deep nesting.

Old way (callback spaghetti):

const result = encodeURIComponent(
  JSON.stringify(
    Object.values(
      Object.fromEntries(
        Object.entries(data).filter(([k, v]) => v != null)
      )
    )
  )
);

ES2025 way:

const result = data
  |> Object.entries(%)
  |> (%.filter(([k, v]) => v != null))
  |> Object.fromEntries(%)
  |> Object.values(%)
  |> JSON.stringify(%)
  |> encodeURIComponent(%);

Readable. Linear. Beautiful.
And yes — it supports async pipelines too!

Finally, native immutability without libraries like Immutable.js.

// Record — immutable object
const user = #{
  id: 1,
  name: “Alice”,
  profile: #{
    age: 25,
    email: “alice@example.com”
  }
};

// Tuple — immutable array
const settings = #[”dark”, “en-US”, true];

Records and Tuples compare by value , not by reference:

#{ x: 1, y: 2 } === #{ x: 1, y: 2 } // true!

In React:

const UserCard = React.memo(({ user }) => {
  const processed = #{
    ...user,
    displayName: `${user.firstName} ${user.lastName}`
  };
  return <div>{processed.displayName}</div>;
});

No useMemo , no shallow comparison headaches.

No more 0.1 + 0.2 !== 0.3 memes.

const total = 0.1m + 0.2m; // 0.3m
const tax = 19.99m * 0.08m; // 1.5992m

function calculateOrder(price, qty, taxRate) {
  const subtotal = price * qty;
  const tax = subtotal * taxRate;
  return (subtotal + tax).round(2);
}

The new Decimal type ( m suffix) gives exact arithmetic — crucial for finance, billing, and scientific calculations.

function* fibonacci() {
  let [a, b] = [0, 1];
  while (true) { yield a; [a, b] = [b, a + b]; }
}

const evenSquares = fibonacci()
  .take(20)
  .filter(n => n % 2 === 0)
  .map(n => n ** 2)
  .toArray();

Readable streaming, chainable processing, and lazy evaluation — finally built-in .

import config from ‘./config.json’ with { type: ‘json’ };
import styles from ‘./styles.css’ with { type: ‘css’ };
import wasmModule from ‘./algo.wasm’ with { type: ‘wasm’ };

Supports conditional and environment-based imports:

const config = await import(
  `./config-${process.env.NODE_ENV}.json`,
  { with: { type: ‘json’ } }
);
const data = try fetchUserData(userId) catch (err) {
  console.warn(’Failed to fetch user:’, err);
  return getDefaultUser();
};

Functional, concise, and expressive — no need for nested try/catch .

Finally, JavaScript dates that make sense.

const now = Temporal.Now.instant();
const birthday = Temporal.PlainDate.from(’2024-01-15’);
const meeting = Temporal.ZonedDateTime.from(’2024-12-25T10:30:00[Asia/Shanghai]’);
const nextWeek = now.add({ days: 7 });

It’s like Luxon and Day.js, but native .

const renderHTML = (title, content) => html`
  <div class=”container”>
    <h1>${title}</h1>
    <div>${content}</div>
  </div>
`.dedent();

They now support auto indentation removal , safe variable insertion , and context-specific escaping for HTML, SQL, and CSS templates.

  • Start small: Try pipeline operators and pattern matching first.

  • Use Babel plugins: Many features can be used today via transformations.

  • Train your team: Modern syntax means modern mental models.

  • Use TypeScript: Combine these features with static typing for the ultimate developer experience.

ES2025 is more than a syntax upgrade — it’s a mindset shift.
Cleaner, safer, and more expressive code will change how we reason about logic and structure.

JavaScript just became beautifully powerful .
Now it’s your turn to write it that way.

Windows "SUCKS": How I'd Fix it by a retired Microsoft Windows engineer[video]

Hacker News
www.youtube.com
2025-11-07 06:21:20
Comments...

Leaving Meta and PyTorch

Hacker News
soumith.ch
2025-11-07 06:14:50
Comments...
Original Article
**Leaving Meta and PyTorch** It's finally time... November 6th, 2025 [https://soumith.ch/blog.html](https://soumith.ch/blog.html) Badge image Eleven years at Meta. Nearly all my professional life. Making many friends for life. Almost eight years leading PyTorch, taking it from nothing to 90%+ adoption in AI. Walking away from this was one of the hardest things I've ever done. But I'm leaving with a full heart. PyTorch handles exascale training now. It powers foundation models that are redefining intelligence. It's in production at virtually every major AI company. It's taught in classrooms from MIT to rural India. The tools I dreamed about making accessible? They are. The barrier to entry I wanted to lower? It's almost gone. To be clear, there’s so much more to do. As long as AI evolves at a breakneck pace, PyTorch will continue to play catch up. Obsessing over the yet-to-come sometimes makes us forget how much we’ve already done. To everyone who built this with me—who believed research should be joyful, that tools should be elegant, that open source changes everything—thank you. This wasn't my journey. It was ours. What's next for me? Something small. Something new. Something I don't fully understand yet. Something uncomfortable. I could have moved to something else inside Meta. But I needed to know what's out there. I needed to do something small again. I couldn't live with the counterfactual regret of never trying something outside Meta. It's very hard to leave. I probably have one of the AI industry’s most leveraged seats, I lead the software layer that powers the entire AI industry. Every major AI company and hardware vendor are on a speed dial. This kind of power is really hard to give up. But curiosity ultimately won out in my head. Keep making AI delicious and accessible. I'll be watching. Probably filing issues. Definitely staying involved. # Is PyTorch going to be okay? I don't want to be doing PyTorch forever. I don't want to be like Guido or Linus— bound to a single thing for decades. Last November, coinciding with the birth of my daughter, I started planning my exit with Aparna. My goal was to leave PyTorch in a good and stable place. By this August, during the second half of my parental leave, I knew: Edward, Suo, Alban, Greg, John, Joe and Jana were ready. The team faced hard people, product, technical and organizational problems and didn’t feel the need to lean back on me to solve these for them (unlike in the past). The product story they crafted for the PyTorch Conference was coherent—really coherent. The things I'd flagged red were turning healthy. The project didn't need me anymore. Unlike 2020-2022 (when I stepped down to go do robotics and came back when Lin, Dima and Dwarak left), I have strong confidence that this time PyTorch is truly resilient. The most aligned culture carriers of PyTorch – Greg, Alban, Ed, Jason and Joe are at the decision table now, and people with strong value alignment – Suo, John and Jana have joined them at the table. And there’s a long list of equally value-aligned people willing to sit at the table should any of these people leave. There are many little things that make up my confidence on the people – John worked on Julia and open-source for a very long time (in fact we hacked a Torch.jl in 2015), Suo has been the strongest systems builder and strategic partner I’ve had for the past two years, and Jana worked on resilient core systems for a very long time, I’ve had long technical and organizational discussions with her over the past few months that give me confidence. And the product lineup and execution in 2025 should be sufficient evidence for any remaining doubt. I’m confident that this band of PyTorchers are going to do exceptionally well. PyTorch might change in flavor because I no longer impose my own taste from the top, but I’m confident that the values are going to stay intact and the product is going to be awesome. --- # My time at Meta The early years of FAIR were absolutely magical. I was part of a small family of absolutely brilliant people building state-of-the-art AI out in the open. From working on GANs with Emily Denton, Rob Fergus, Leon Bottou, Martin Arjovsky and the (now legendary) Alec Radford to building Starcraft bots with Gabriel Synnaeve, to building the first FAIR Cluster with Howard Mansell, to working on object detection with Adam Lerer and Piotr Dollar, to building PyTorch. It was more fun than I can describe in words. 2015 and 2016 were probably the most productive and professionally enjoyable years of my life. I’ll probably romanticize this period of my life forever. When I joined FAIR, I had massive impostor syndrome, and the first 3 months were very very difficult. I can’t credit Andrew Tulloch enough for being the most thoughtful, kind and welcoming mentor, without whom I wouldn’t have made it. I’m so damn bullish for Meta just from the fact that he’s back. --- My time on PyTorch was special. I loved every part of building it—designing it, managing it, being the PM, TL, comms lead, doc engineer, release engineer, squashing bugs, growth hacking, turning it into a coherent product with hundreds of people, transitioning it to industry stakeholdership – the whole nine yards. To the core PyTorch team at Meta: the engineers, researchers, open-source maintainers, docs writers, CI infrastructure folks, hardware partners, the community builders. To the hundreds more inside and outside Meta—thank you. You turned a library into a movement. There are too many people to credit and thank, but I can't not mention Adam Paszke, Sam Gross, Greg Chanan, Joe Spisak, Alban Desmaison, Edward Yang, Richard Zou, Tongzhou Wang, Francisco Massa, Luca Antiga, Andreas Köpf, Zach DeVito, Zeming Lin, Adam Lerer, Howard Mansell and Natalia Gimelshein. And Schrep. They made the launch happen. And so many more people became centrally important later: Lu Fang, Xiaodong Wang, Junjie Bai, Nikita Shulga, Horace He, Mark Saroufim, Jason Ansel, Dmytro Dzhulgakov, Yangqing Jia, Geeta Chauhan, Will Constable, Briah Hirsh, Jane Xu, Mario Lezcano, Piotr Balecki, Yinghai Lu, Less Wright, Andrew Tulloch, Bruce Lin, Woo Kim, Helen Suk, Chris Gottbrath, Peng Wu, Joe Isaacson, Eli Uriegas, Tristan Rice, Yanan Cao, Elias Ellison, Animesh Jain, Peter Noordhuis, Tianyu Liu, Yifu Wang, Lin Qiao and hundreds more. It’s criminal of me to not take the space to list out everyone else I should be mentioning here. PyTorch is nothing without its people ❤️. The most joyful moments of building PyTorch was meeting users eager to share their happiness, love and feedback. I remember a grad student coming to me at Neurips 2017, in a slurring emotional voice he said he’d been trying to make progress on his research for 3 years but within 3 months of using PyTorch he made so much progress that he was ready to graduate. That moment made it tangible that what we do matters, a lot, to a lot of people, even if you don't constantly hear from them. I do miss the intimacy of the PyTorch community, with a 300 person conference that felt like an extended family gathering, but I feel that’s a small price to pay considering the scale of impact PyTorch is truly having today – yes the Conference is now 3,000 people where market-moving deals get brokered, but it’s helping orders of magnitude more people to do their best AI work. I miss the intimacy, but I'm proud of that growth. --- To Mark Zuckerberg and Mike Schroepfer, who believed that open-sourcing is fundamentally important and is a sound business strategy. This is so hard to understand for most people within the course of business, but we’ve run lock-step on this strategy without ever having to discuss it. Without you two, neither FAIR nor PyTorch would’ve happened. And those mean so much to me. To Yann LeCun and Rob Fergus, for building the magical early FAIR that I so revere. To Aparna Ramani, a leader that I find so rare at Meta in her ability to hold a really high bar for the org, technically brilliant with the span to discuss deep infra systems and industry-strategy within the same conversation and for being an absolute execution-machine! I’ve learned so much from you. To Santosh, Kaushik, Delia, Oldham and Ben for being so welcoming to Infra. For someone coming over from FAIR with a wildly different culture, you all made me feel at home and made me part of the family, and thank you for that. To all my managers who've championed me through the PSC video game – Serkan, Howard, Jerome, Abhijit, Yoram, Joelle, Aparna and Damien – I owe you a lifetime of drinks. --- Signing off for now. —Soumith

Meet gen X: middle-aged, enraged and radicalised by internet bile | Gaby Hinsliff

Guardian
www.theguardian.com
2025-11-07 06:00:20
Who is driving the populist insurgency? It’s not grumpy pensioners or vulnerable teenagers – it’s my generation If in doubt, we used to talk about the weather. Or if not that, then why the trains were late again, or how sweet someone’s baby was: the kind of routine bland nothings you exchange with s...
Original Article

I f in doubt, we used to talk about the weather. Or if not that, then why the trains were late again, or how sweet someone’s baby was: the kind of routine bland nothings you exchange with strangers on the street. But something about the way we speak in public is changing.

A few days ago I was in Aldi, making the usual small talk at the checkout. When the cashier said she was exhausted from working extra shifts to make some money for Christmas, the man behind me chipped in that it would be worse once “she takes all our money” (in case Rachel Reeves was wondering, her budget pitch-rolling is definitely cutting through). Routine enough, if he hadn’t gone on to add that she and the rest of the government needed taking out, and that there were plenty of ex-military men around who should know what to do, before continuing in more graphic fashion until the queue fell quiet and feet began shuffling. But the strangest thing was that he said it all quite calmly, as if political assassination was just another acceptable subject for casual conversation with strangers, such as football or how long the roadworks have gone on. It wasn’t until later that it clicked: this was a Facebook conversation come to life. He was saying out loud, and in public, the kind of thing people say casually all the time on the internet, apparently without recognising that in the real world it’s still shocking – at least for now.

I thought about him when the health secretary, Wes Streeting, voiced alarm this week that it was becoming “socially acceptable to be racist” again, with ethnic minority NHS staff fighting a demoralising tide of things people now apparently feel emboldened to say to them. What Streeting was describing – not just unabashed racism, but a sense of inhibitions disappearing out of the window more generally – goes well beyond hospital waiting rooms. You can feel it at bus stops, where polite inquiries about why the 44 doesn’t stop here any more end up wheeling off at sudden wild tangents about chemtrails or the government spying on you; or in casual school-gate chats, where otherwise perfectly ordinary-seeming parents turn out to have some very odd ideas about vaccines.

A friend calls it “sauna politics”, after the surreally conspiracy-laden conversations she overhears in her local leisure centre sauna. But whatever you want to call it, it’s as if people are suddenly voicing their interior monologues – things that until recently they’d have been embarrassed to say in public, or sometimes even to admit to themselves that they thought – out loud. After all, they can say this stuff online and nobody bats an eyelid. Why not in a hospital waiting room? It’s the conversational equivalent of young men trying out things they’ve seen in online porn on real-life girlfriends and being surprised when it goes badly – except this time the main culprits are less likely to be confused teenagers than their parents, unmoored by the dizzyingly fast collapse of social norms online and the return of slurs they haven’t heard voiced out loud since childhood.

Middle-aged radicalisation sounds almost like a contradiction in terms, a reaction to all the stereotypes about settling comfortably into your rut. Besides, in our own heads, if nowhere else, gen X were always the mild-mannered peacekeepers of the culture wars: not old enough to be deemed reactionary or young enough to be woke, and instead occupying a kind of cheerfully moderate Goldilocks zone in-between. But something seems to have happened to us as we hit the midlife crisis years. Gen Xers are now old enough to start worrying that the world is changing and leaving us behind: that if we get made redundant we might not get hired again, that our marriages may not survive the shock of the kids leaving home, that our views are out of date and someone is out to get us for them, that people are laughing at us behind our backs. Though most of us get through it without a political meltdown, this time of life certainly has its casualties, seeking an outlet for bottled-up rage and disappointment that life hasn’t turned out as planned.

It’s gen Xers, not grumpy pensioners or teenage boys beguiled by rightwing influencers, who are powering the populist insurgency now. Only 19% of British fiftysomethings voted Reform UK at the last general election but a third of those aged between 50 and 64 would do so now, according to YouGov, which is a staggeringly fast turnaround for the “Cool Britannia” generation that put Tony Blair in Downing Street – and key to the party’s move from fringe to mainstream. In the US, gen Xers have been dubbed the “Trumpiest generation”, because they’re more likely than any other to identify as Republican.

Yet with rare exceptions such as the Smidge project – a three-year ongoing international study of how conspiracy theories and disinformation spread among 45- to 65-year-olds, and how deradicalisation could work for this age group – we show amazingly little curiosity about how middle-aged minds have been shaped by living through the great unregulated free-speech experiment.

My generation likes to think we’re above being influenced by what we see online: that we’re more tech-savvy than our parents, less TikTok-addled than our kids, and mature enough to separate it all from real life. But the evidence suggests we’re not nearly as capable of compartmentalising as we think. Perhaps the only surprise, given how thin the fourth wall separating online and offline discourse always was, is that it’s taken this long to break.

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  • Gaby Hinsliff is a Guardian columnist

Driving competition: China’s carmakers in race to dominate Europe’s roads

Guardian
www.theguardian.com
2025-11-07 06:00:19
Chinese manufacturers are using the electric transition to seize market share, with the UK as their gateway When Tesla wanted to catch the eye of British buyers, it put its cars and bright signage at a dealership in west London’s prominent Hogarth roundabout. Exposure to half a million drivers every...
Original Article

W hen Tesla wanted to catch the eye of British buyers, it put its cars and bright signage at a dealership in west London’s prominent Hogarth roundabout. Exposure to half a million drivers every day helped the US carmaker to become the dominant electric vehicle seller in the UK. Yet drivers passing by that site now see something different: twin Chinese brands Omoda and Jaecoo, both owned by the state-controlled manufacturer Chery.

Chinese cars are on a roll across Europe – they outsold Korean rivals in western Europe for the first time in September. That success is highly reliant on the UK. Of the half a million Chinese cars sold in western Europe between January and September, 30% were bought by Britons, according to Matthias Schmidt, a Berlin-based automotive analyst.

“Their success has been remarkable,” says Steve Young, the managing director of the Hogarth dealership, which is owned by Turkish group Çetaş Otomotiv. “The site that we have here makes a statement. It’s a flag waver for us. Every minute or so the traffic lights change, and drivers are stuck outside our window.”

Steve Young in front of a Jaecoo vehicle
Steve Young, standing by a Jaecoo vehicle at his west London dealership, says Chinese carmakers have ‘upped their game’. Photograph: Graeme Robertson/The Guardian

China’s carmakers – backed heavily by its national and regional governments – have used the transition to electric cars as an opportunity to dominate the global automotive market.

Global exports chart

Trade barriers have been raised in the EU and US and the industry is struggling globally with supply chain issues. The decision by the Netherlands to take control of Nexperia , a Chinese-owned chipmaker, has prompted tit-for-tat export controls on vital semiconductors. And Beijing’s restrictions on rare earth metals used in everything from motors to magnets have also sent shivers down car executives’ spines, as Brussels scrambles to negotiate a similar pause to last month’s US-China trade agreement .

Despite such hurdles, the UK remains resolutely open, making it a key battleground.

The sales push in Britain has been led by China’s BYD , which is expected to overtake Tesla as the world’s largest maker of battery electric vehicles this year. The UK has become BYD’s biggest market outside China, after sales in September surged tenfold compared with a year earlier.

Yet others have joined the party: state-owned Chery was actually the top-selling Chinese manufacturer in the UK in October. Its Jaecoo, Omoda and Chery brands have also targeted the UK with electric cars and hybrids, which combine a smaller battery with a petrol engine. MG has the name of a venerable UK brand , but monthly sales of its products, made by the state-owned SAIC, have overtaken those of Vauxhall, a resolutely British nameplate (albeit mostly made in Germany).

Meanwhile, Sweden-based brands Volvo and Polestar are both controlled by China’s Geely, while Great Wall Motor, Volkswagen-backed Xpeng and Stellantis-backed Leapmotor have each sold more than 1,000 cars in the UK this year, ahead of an expected barrage of product launches.

China sales chart

In the US, Chinese electric and hybrid cars face 100% tariffs. EU electric car tariffs range from 17% to 38% , depending on the manufacturer. Those are not prohibitive, and hybrids are not included (giving a perverse incentive for Chinese carmakers to sell vehicles that emit more pollution ). Italy and Spain have also emerged as targets for Chinese sellers.

But the UK – a big importer of cars – has refrained from new tariffs, and the government has been keen to import electric models in order to hit carbon dioxide reduction targets.

Mike Hawes, the chief executive of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, a lobby group, says the UK wants both a vibrant domestic market and a strong manufacturing base – all underpinned by “free and fair trade”.

“UK car buyers benefit from a choice of more than 50 global brands and the market has always been open to new entrants,” he says. Chinese brands are “driving competition as more established market players demonstrate their agility, accelerating model development and reducing costs”.

Diplomatic concerns may also have played a role, although the recent tensions over alleged spying by China highlight Britain’s changeable stance towards the world’s second biggest economy.

“The biggest influence [in the UK not imposing tariffs] is there isn’t a domestic automotive manufacturer to protect,” says Tu Le, an ex-automotive worker in Detroit and Shanghai who founded Sino Auto Insights, a consultancy.

UK market share chart

Schmidt says British consumers have been more open to previous waves of foreign brands as well. In the 1980s, Margaret Thatcher as prime minister tempted the Japanese carmakers Nissan, Honda and Toyota to produce in the UK, selling it as the gateway to Europe . (That advantage was complicated 40 years later by rules of origin brought in as a consequence of Brexit .) The next wave was Korean cars, this time imported.

“History is repeating itself,” says Schmidt. Britain has become Chinese brands’ first port of call in Europe – albeit without any manufacturing footprint as yet.

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Poor quality Chinese cars used to be treated as a punchline by western executives. The joke has long worn thin. China overtook Japan as the world’s largest exporter in 2023. As well as Europe, Chinese carmakers have continued to sell in Russia, while European manufacturers have been blocked since the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Latin America is also of increasing interest.

“There have been two waves to the Chinese entrants coming to Europe,” says Young. “Some of the initial product was not fit for the UK market. The brands generally have upped their game.”

Yet the push for scale – often backed by city regions competing with each other – has resulted in massive overcapacity in the Chinese automotive factories. The industry could theoretically make 55.5m vehicles annually, but actually used just under half that potential, according to data cited by Bloomberg from the Shanghai-based Gasgoo Automotive Research Institute.

That has led to a brutal price war in the Chinese market. The Chinese Communist party has told manufacturers to stop trying to undercut each other, fearing “involution” , or competition so intense that it could stop progress as companies enter a self-defeating spiral.

Price wars at home mean exports make even more sense. Yet Andrew Bergbaum, the global leader of the automotive and industrial practice at AlixPartners, a consultancy, says the Chinese companies that have managed to break into the European market are often selling their cars at much higher prices than at home – hardly an indicator of desperation to offload products.

“If you look at the brands that are actually exporting, they’re typically the strong brands,” Bergbaum says. “It’s more of a strategy than a dumping of capacity. The fact that they can sell at a higher price point is very attractive.”

China’s market assault comes at a time when Europe is also struggling with excess factory capacity. AlixPartners estimated that European carmakers may have eight factories too many, as they may lose as many as 2 million sales to Chinese brands in the coming years.

That excess space, coupled with a tariff incentive to build in Europe, could mean Chinese carmakers snap up sites from older rivals. That has already happened in Barcelona, where Japan’s Nissan closed its factory, only for Chery to take it over.

European politicians and carmakers have argued forcefully that Chinese carmakers have benefited from heavy subsidies that have allowed them to undercut (although western carmakers have hardly been starved of assistance from their own governments). But a key reason for the Chinese sales surge is simple. Consumers like them.

Tanya Sinclair, chief executive of Electric Vehicles UK, an industry-funded group pushing to increase battery sales, says that “UK drivers are benefiting”.

“Some names may be new, but the appeal is clear: high standards, competitive pricing, and innovation that raises the bar for everyone,” she says. “There will always be a strong place for British-built vehicles, provided they’re part of our battery-electric future. But competition and choice are what keep the market strong.”

Look inside the cars, and the draw for consumers becomes clear. Bells and whistles available in some Chinese brands range from the perhaps limited appeal of in-built karaoke apps , to more advanced technology such as driver assistance. Crucially, the manufacturers are offering many of those features at much lower prices than European premium brands.

“At the end of the day, it’s value,” says Le. “These cars are good. If I build better products that provide more value to my customer, I win.”

Game design is simple, actually

Simon Willison
simonwillison.net
2025-11-07 05:47:03
Game design is simple, actually Game design legend Raph Koster (Ultima Online, Star Wars Galaxies and many more) provides a deeply informative and delightfully illustrated "twelve-step program for understanding game design." You know it's going to be good when the first section starts by defining "f...
Original Article

Game design is simple, actually ( via ) Game design legend Raph Koster (Ultima Online, Star Wars Galaxies and many more) provides a deeply informative and delightfully illustrated "twelve-step program for understanding game design."

You know it's going to be good when the first section starts by defining "fun".

Posted 7th November 2025 at 5:47 am

You should write an agent

Simon Willison
simonwillison.net
2025-11-07 04:40:12
You should write an agent Thomas Ptacek on the Fly blog: Agents are the most surprising programming experience I’ve had in my career. Not because I’m awed by the magnitude of their powers — I like them, but I don’t like-like them. It’s because of how easy it was to get one up on its legs, and how m...
Original Article

You should write an agent ( via ) Thomas Ptacek on the Fly blog:

Agents are the most surprising programming experience I’ve had in my career. Not because I’m awed by the magnitude of their powers — I like them, but I don’t like-like them. It’s because of how easy it was to get one up on its legs, and how much I learned doing that.

I think he's right: hooking up a simple agentic loop that prompts an LLM and runs a tool for it any time it request one really is the new "hello world" of AI engineering.

JermCAD: Browser-Based CAD Software

Hacker News
github.com
2025-11-07 04:38:40
Comments...
Original Article

JermCAD

A browser-based 3D CAD model renderer that lets you design 3D models using YAML syntax. Define geometric shapes, apply boolean operations, and visualize your designs in real-time with export capabilities. Screenshot of JermCAD

Important Note: This project is almost entirely vibe-coded and likely contains loads of bugs. Use at your own risk!

Why was JermCAD built?

I found learning traditional CAD software incredibly frustrating. Despite having experience with Blender, those skills didn't translate well to modern CAD solutions like Fusion 360, SolidWorks, or FreeCAD. I knew exactly what primitive solids I needed to create my complex models (spheres, cylinders, cuboids), and how to combine them with boolean operations, but I couldn't figure out the UIs.

Every tool seemed to have its own way of doing things, and terminologies and tools that felt completely alien. So I decided to build something different: a code-based CAD solution where I could express my design intent directly in YAML, using simple geometric primitives and operations I already understood.

JermCAD is the result: a tool vibe-coded by someone who needed CAD but didn't want to learn it.

Features

  • YAML-Based Modeling : Define 3D models using simple YAML syntax
  • Multiple Shape Types : Cuboid, cylinder, cone, sphere, toroid, and extrusion shapes
  • Boolean Operations : Union, difference, and intersection operations
  • Stamps : Reusable parametric shape templates for complex assemblies
  • Property References : Reference properties from other solids to maintain alignment and consistency
  • 3D Visualization : Interactive 3D viewer with camera controls
  • STL Export : Export your models for 3D printing
  • Coordinate System Support : Z-up (CAD convention) or Y-up (traditional 3D)
  • Wireframe Mode : Toggle wireframe view for better visualization
  • Real-time Rendering : See changes instantly as you edit
  • Quality Settings : Adjustable render quality for optimal performance (Low/Med/High/Ultra)

Getting Started

Prerequisites

  • Node.js (v14 or higher)
  • npm (Node Package Manager)

Installation

  1. Clone or download this repository
  2. Install dependencies:

Running the Application

Start the development server:

This will start a local server at http://localhost:3001 and automatically open it in your browser.

Alternatively, you can use:

This starts the server without automatically opening the browser.

Usage

Basic Workflow

  1. Edit the YAML in the left panel editor
  2. Click "Render Model" or press Ctrl+Enter to render your changes
  3. View your model in the 3D viewer on the right
  4. Export as STL when ready using the "Export STL" button

Camera Controls

  • Left Mouse Drag : Rotate the camera around the model
  • Right Mouse Drag : Pan the view
  • Middle Mouse Drag : Pan the view (alternative)
  • Scroll Wheel : Zoom in/out
  • Reset Camera Button : Return to default view

YAML Model Structure

A basic model consists of:

settings:
    units: mm
    tolerance: 1e-3
    up: [0, 0, 1]  # Z-up (CAD convention) or [0, 1, 0] for Y-up
    debug: false   # Enable verbose console logging (default: false)

params:
    - $od: 10      # Outer diameter parameter
    - $id: 1       # Inner diameter parameter
    - $l: 20       # Length parameter
    - $cp: [5,5,5] # Center point parameter

materials:
    my_material:
        color: 0xff0000  # Hex color code
        opacity: 1.0     # 0.0 (transparent) to 1.0 (opaque)

solids:
    my_shape:
        shape: cuboid
        center: [0, 0, 0]
        size: [10, 8, 3]
        material: my_material  # Reference to material defined above

final:
    material: my_material  # Apply material to the final merged mesh
    # OR use direct properties:
    # color: 0x4287f5
    # opacity: 1.0

Root-Level Parameters

Root-level parameters allow you to define reusable variables that can be referenced throughout your model. This makes it easy to maintain consistent dimensions and update values in one place.

Syntax:

params:
    - $od: 10      # Parameter with $ prefix
    - $id: 1
    - $l: 20
    - $cp: [5,5,5] # Arrays are also supported

Usage in Solids: Parameters can be referenced in any property within any solid or stamp:

params:
    - $od: 10
    - $l: 20
    - $cp: [5,5,5]

solids:
    my_cylinder:
        shape: cylinder
        diameter: $od    # Uses $od = 10
        length: $l       # Uses $l = 20
        center: $cp      # Uses $cp = [5,5,5]
    
    another_shape:
        shape: cuboid
        size: [$od, $od, $l]  # Can be used in arrays too
        center: $cp

How it works:

  • Parameters defined in the params section are available globally
  • Use $paramName syntax to reference parameters (the $ prefix is removed when defining)
  • Parameters are substituted before any other processing (stamps, references, etc.)
  • Arrays and nested values are fully supported

Benefits:

  • Centralized Values : Change a dimension once, update everywhere
  • Parametric Models : Create families of designs with different parameter values
  • Consistency : Ensure related shapes use the same dimensions
  • Easy Iteration : Adjust parameters quickly without hunting through code

Materials

Materials allow you to define reusable color and opacity settings that can be referenced by multiple solids.

materials:
    blue_plastic:
        color: 0x4287f5
        opacity: 1.0
    red_metal:
        color: 0xff0000
        opacity: 0.9
    transparent_glass:
        color: 0xffffff
        opacity: 0.5

solids:
    base:
        shape: cuboid
        center: [0, 0, 0]
        size: [10, 10, 5]
        material: blue_plastic  # Use the material defined above
    
    handle:
        shape: cylinder
        center: [0, 0, 5]
        diameter: 2
        length: 10
        material: red_metal  # Different material

Material Properties:

  • color : Hex color code (e.g., 0xff0000 for red, 0x4287f5 for blue)
  • opacity : Number between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0 (fully opaque)

Using Materials vs Direct Properties:

  • You can reference a material using material: material_name
  • OR you can use direct color and opacity properties on the solid (backward compatible)
  • If both are specified, the material takes precedence

Final Mesh

The final section allows you to merge all visible meshes into a single final mesh and apply a material to it. This is useful when you want to show only the final result with a unified appearance.

final:
    material: blue_plastic  # Reference to a material
    # OR use direct properties:
    # color: 0x4287f5
    # opacity: 1.0

How it works:

  • After all solids are created and boolean operations are applied, all visible meshes are merged into one
  • The material from the final section is applied to this merged mesh
  • All individual meshes are hidden, showing only the final merged result
  • If no final section is provided, individual meshes are shown as before

Properties:

  • material : Name of a material defined in the materials section
  • color : Hex color code (alternative to material)
  • opacity : Number between 0.0 and 1.0 (alternative to material)

Shape Types

Cuboid

my_box:
    shape: cuboid
    center: [0, 0, 0]
    size: [width, depth, height]
    material: my_material  # Reference to material, OR use direct properties:
    # color: 0xff0000  # Optional hex color (if no material specified)
    # opacity: 0.8     # Optional (0-1) (if no material specified)

Cylinder

my_cylinder:
    shape: cylinder
    center: [0, 0, 0]
    diameter: 5
    length: 10
    rotation: [90, 0, 0]  # Optional rotation in degrees [x, y, z]

Orientation: Cylinders are created with their bases perpendicular to the Z-axis by default (cylindrical axis along Z). This matches CAD conventions where Z is typically the vertical axis.

Sphere

my_sphere:
    shape: sphere
    center: [0, 0, 0]
    diameter: 5

Cone

my_cone:
    shape: cone
    center: [0, 0, 0]
    diameter: 5        # Base diameter
    height: 10         # Height of the cone
    rotation: [90, 0, 0]  # Optional rotation in degrees [x, y, z]

Orientation: Cones are created with their base perpendicular to the Z-axis by default (cone axis along Z). This matches CAD conventions where Z is typically the vertical axis.

Extrusion

my_extrusion:
    shape: extrusion
    center: [0, 0, 0]
    profile:
        type: circle    # or rect, poly
        diameter: 3     # for circle
        # OR
        size: [2, 2]    # for rect [width, height]
        # OR
        points: [[0,0], [1,0], [1,1], [0,1]]  # for poly
    length: 5
    rotation: [90, 0, 0]

Boolean Operations

Boolean operations allow you to combine shapes using union, difference, and intersection. Operations are applied in the order listed.

Difference (Subtract)

base:
    shape: cuboid
    center: [0, 0, 0]
    size: [10, 10, 5]
    modifiers:
        boolean:
            - difference: cutout_shape

cutout_shape:
    shape: cuboid
    center: [0, 0, -1]
    size: [5, 5, 3]
    visible: false  # Hidden objects used only for boolean ops

Union (Add)

base:
    shape: cuboid
    center: [0, 0, 0]
    size: [10, 10, 5]
    modifiers:
        boolean:
            - union: addon_shape

addon_shape:
    shape: cylinder
    center: [0, 0, 5]
    diameter: 3
    length: 2

Multiple Operations

You can chain multiple boolean operations:

base:
    shape: cuboid
    center: [0, 0, 0]
    size: [10, 10, 5]
    modifiers:
        boolean:
            - difference: cutout1
            - difference: cutout2
            - union: addon1
            - intersection: intersection_shape

Transformations

All shapes support:

  • center : [x, y, z] - Position of the shape
  • anchor : [x, y, z] - Anchor point (values 0-1) that determines which point on the bounding box the center refers to. Default is [0.5, 0.5, 0.5] (geometric center)
  • rotation : [x, y, z] - Rotation in degrees around each axis
  • color : Hex color code (e.g., 0xff0000 for red)
  • opacity : Number between 0 and 1
  • visible : true or false - Hide shapes used only for boolean operations

Anchor Point

The anchor property allows you to control which point on the shape's bounding box the center position refers to:

  • [0, 0, 0] - Bottom-left-back corner (minimum corner)
  • [0.5, 0.5, 0.5] - Geometric center (default)
  • [1, 1, 1] - Top-right-front corner (maximum corner)
  • [0, 0.5, 0.5] - Bottom edge center
  • [1, 0, 0] - Top-left-back corner

Example:

box_at_corner:
    shape: cuboid
    size: [10, 10, 10]
    center: [0, 0, 0]
    anchor: [0, 0, 0]  # Position the bottom-left-back corner at [0, 0, 0]

box_at_top:
    shape: cuboid
    size: [10, 10, 10]
    center: [0, 0, 20]
    anchor: [0.5, 0.5, 1]  # Position the top face center at [0, 0, 20]

Property References

You can reference properties from other solids by using the solid name as a value. This allows you to keep related shapes aligned and maintain consistency across your model.

How it works:

  • When a solid name appears as a value, it automatically resolves to the corresponding property from that solid
  • In arrays, the reference resolves to the element at the same index position
  • References are resolved recursively, so you can chain references (A references B, B references C)

Array Element References

When a solid name appears in an array, it resolves to the corresponding array element from that solid's property:

cable_holder:
    center: [0, 0, 3]
    diameter: 5

cable_cutout:
    center: [0, 0, cable_holder]  # Gets cable_holder.center[2] = 3
    diameter: 3

In this example, cable_cutout.center becomes [0, 0, 3] because cable_holder in the third position resolves to cable_holder.center[2] .

Direct Property References

When a solid name is used as a direct property value, it resolves to the same property from that solid:

base_shape:
    center: [0, 0, 0]
    diameter: 10

aligned_shape:
    center: base_shape        # Gets base_shape.center = [0, 0, 0]
    diameter: base_shape      # Gets base_shape.diameter = 10

Common Use Cases

Aligning shapes:

base:
    center: [0, 0, 0]
    size: [10, 10, 5]

cover:
    center: [0, 0, base]  # Aligns cover's Z position with base's top (base.center[2] + base.size[2]/2)
    size: [10, 10, 1]

Reusing dimensions:

main_body:
    diameter: 20
    length: 50

inner_core:
    diameter: main_body      # Same diameter as main_body
    length: main_body        # Same length as main_body

Chained references:

base:
    center: [0, 0, 0]

middle:
    center: [0, 0, base]    # References base.center[2]

top:
    center: [0, 0, middle]  # References middle.center[2], which resolves through base

Note: References must point to existing solids. Circular references are detected and prevented to avoid infinite loops.

Stamps

Stamps are reusable parametric shape templates that allow you to define complex assemblies once and instantiate them multiple times with different parameters, positions, and rotations. This reduces code duplication and makes models easier to maintain and modify.

What are Stamps?

Stamps are like "blueprints" for complex shapes or assemblies. Instead of defining the same combination of shapes multiple times, you define it once as a stamp and then instantiate it wherever needed. Stamps support:

  • Parameters : Define variables like $diameter and $length that can be set per instance
  • Multiple Solids : A stamp can contain multiple solids that work together
  • Boolean Operations : Stamps can include internal boolean operations between their solids
  • Parent Modifiers : Apply boolean operations to the parent solid when the stamp is instantiated
  • Positioning : Each instance can be placed at different locations using at
  • Rotation : Each instance can be rotated independently using rotate

Why Use Stamps?

  • DRY Principle : Define once, use many times - reduces code duplication
  • Consistency : Ensure all instances of a shape are identical
  • Easy Updates : Change the stamp definition once, all instances update
  • Parametric Design : Create families of similar shapes with different sizes
  • Complex Assemblies : Build reusable components like joints, connectors, or mechanical parts

How Stamps Work

Stamps follow a three-step process:

  1. Define the stamp template with parameters and shapes
  2. Instantiate the stamp on a solid with specific parameter values
  3. Expand - the system automatically converts stamp instances into actual solids

Defining Stamps

Stamps are defined in a stamps section at the root level of your YAML:

stamps:
    my_stamp:
        params: [$param1, $param2]  # Optional: define parameters
        solids:
            shape1:
                shape: sphere
                center: [0, 0, 0]
                diameter: $param1
            shape2:
                shape: cylinder
                center: [0, $param1 / 2, 0]
                diameter: $param2
                length: $param1
        parent:
            modifiers:
                boolean:
                    - union: shape1
                    - union: shape2

Stamp Structure:

  • params : (Optional) Array of parameter names with $ prefix (e.g., [$diameter, $length] )
  • solids : Dictionary of solids that make up the stamp (can reference parameters)
  • parent : (Optional) Modifiers to apply to the parent solid when instantiated

Parameter Expressions: Parameters can be used in mathematical expressions:

  • $diameter - Simple parameter reference
  • $diameter * 0.75 - Multiplication
  • $diameter * 0.333 + $length / 2 - Complex expressions with multiple operations
  • Expressions support + , - , * , / , and parentheses

Shape Centers in Stamps:

  • Shapes within stamps are defined relative to [0, 0, 0] (the stamp origin)
  • When instantiated, all shapes are translated to the at position
  • If rotation is specified, shapes rotate around the stamp origin before translation

Instantiating Stamps

Use the stamps property on any solid to instantiate stamp templates:

solids:
    my_part:
        shape: cuboid
        size: [10, 10, 10]
        stamps:
            instance1:
                stamp: my_stamp
                param1: 5
                param2: 3
                at: [0, 0, 5]
            instance2:
                stamp: my_stamp
                param1: 8
                param2: 4
                at: [10, 0, 5]
                rotate: [0, 0, 90]

Stamp Instance Properties:

  • stamp : Name of the stamp to instantiate (required)
  • at : Position [x, y, z] where the stamp should be placed (default: [0, 0, 0] )
  • rotate : Rotation [x, y, z] in degrees around each axis (default: [0, 0, 0] )
  • Any other properties: Parameter values (e.g., diameter: 10 , length: 5 )

Parameter Passing:

  • Parameters can be passed by name: diameter: 10 matches $diameter
  • Parameters can be passed by position: If params: [$diameter, $length] , first property becomes $diameter , second becomes $length
  • All properties except stamp , at , and rotate are treated as parameters

Complete Stamp Example

Here's a complete example showing a parametric ball joint stamp:

solids:
    chest:
        shape: cuboid
        center: [0, 0, 0]
        size: [10, 20, 35]
        stamps:
            shoulder_joint_left:
                stamp: balljoint
                diameter: 10
                length: 5
                at: [0, 6, 13]
            shoulder_joint_right:
                stamp: balljoint
                diameter: 10
                length: 5
                at: [0, -6, 13]
                rotate: [0, 0, 180]  # Rotate 180° around Z axis

stamps:
    balljoint:
        params: [$diameter, $length]
        solids:
            outer:
                shape: sphere
                center: [0, 0, 0]
                diameter: $diameter
                modifiers:
                    boolean:
                        - difference: inner_cutout
                        - difference: inner_cutout2
            inner_cutout:
                shape: sphere
                center: [0, 0, 0]
                diameter: $diameter * 0.75
            inner_cutout2:
                shape: sphere
                center: [0, $diameter * 0.5, 0]
                diameter: $diameter * 0.75
            inner:
                shape: sphere
                center: [0, 0, 0]
                diameter: $diameter * 0.667
                modifiers:
                    boolean:
                        - union: inner_arm
            inner_arm:
                shape: cylinder
                center: [0, $diameter * 0.333 + $length / 2, 0]
                diameter: $diameter * 0.2
                length: $length
        parent:
            modifiers:
                boolean:
                    - union: outer
                    - difference: inner_cutout
                    - difference: inner_cutout2

What Happens:

  1. The balljoint stamp defines a parametric joint with 5 shapes
  2. shoulder_joint_left instantiates it at [0, 6, 13] with diameter=10 , length=5
  3. shoulder_joint_right instantiates the same stamp at [0, -6, 13] with 180° rotation
  4. The system expands each instance into actual solids with unique names like chest_shoulder_joint_left_outer , chest_shoulder_joint_right_outer , etc.
  5. Parent modifiers are applied to the chest solid, performing boolean operations with the stamp shapes

Important Notes:

  • Stamp shapes are expanded into the solids section with unique names based on the parent solid and instance name
  • All shapes in a stamp rotate together around the stamp's origin before translation
  • Boolean operations within stamps are resolved before parent modifiers
  • Stamps can reference other stamps (nested stamps)
  • Parameter values can be numbers or mathematical expressions

Complete Example

settings:
    units: mm
    tolerance: 1e-3
    up: [0, 0, 1]  # Z-up

solids:
    base:
        shape: cuboid
        center: [0, 0, 0]
        size: [10, 8, 3]
        modifiers:
            boolean:
                - difference: base_cutout
                - union: cable_holder
    
    base_cutout:
        shape: cuboid
        center: [0, 0, -1]
        size: [9, 7, 1.5]
        visible: false
    
    cable_holder:
        shape: cylinder
        center: [0, 0, 3]
        diameter: 5
        length: 3
        modifiers:
            boolean:
                - difference: cable_cutout
    
    cable_cutout:
        shape: cylinder
        center: [0, 0, cable_holder]  # References cable_holder.center[2] = 3
        diameter: 3
        length: 5.5
        visible: false

Tips

  • Dependency Resolution : The system automatically resolves dependencies for boolean operations. Solids referenced in boolean operations are created first.
  • Property References : Use property references to keep related shapes aligned. For example, center: [0, 0, cable_holder] automatically aligns the Z position with cable_holder.center[2] .
  • Invisible Solids : Set visible: false on shapes used only for boolean operations to keep them hidden in the viewer.
  • Performance : Complex models with many boolean operations may take longer to render. Be patient! Use the quality dropdown to adjust render quality for better performance during editing.
  • Keyboard Shortcut : Use Ctrl+Enter in the editor to quickly render your model.
  • Debug Mode : Set debug: true in settings to enable verbose console logging. This will show detailed information about each solid being created, its dependencies, boolean operations, and processing steps. Useful for troubleshooting complex models.
  • STL Export Quality : STL exports always use ultra quality (256 segments) for maximum detail, regardless of your current viewport quality setting.

Export

Click the "Export STL" button to download your model as an STL file, ready for 3D printing or use in other CAD software.

Known Issues

  • Fillet Modifier : Not yet implemented
  • STL Export : May create non-manifold edges. Most slicers can repair these automatically, but manual fixes may be needed for complex models.

Roadmap

Modifiers

  • Fillet : Round edges and corners of shapes
  • Chamfer : Bevel edges at specific angles
  • Array : Create multiple copies of solids in patterns (linear, circular, etc.)

Cloud Features

  • User Accounts : Save your models to your account for easy access across devices
  • Global Models Library : Community-driven library where users can submit and use shared models
  • Model Import : Reference models from your account or the global library

Example of future import syntax:

solids:
    snake:
        import: snake_straight.stl
        stamps:
            articulation_array:
                import: stamps_articulations.yaml
                stamp: balljoint
                diameter: 10
                length: 4
                at: [0, -100, 0]
                modifiers:
                    - array: 
                        - count: 10  # how many copies
                        - gap: 30    # how many units between
                        - direction: [0, 1, 0]

Contributing

Found a bug or have a feature request? Please submit an issue! Your feedback helps improve JermCAD for everyone.

Troubleshooting

  • Model not rendering? Check your YAML syntax for errors. The error panel will display specific issues.
  • Boolean operations not working? Ensure all referenced solids are defined in the solids section. Enable debug: true in settings to see detailed console output about dependency resolution and boolean operations.
  • Camera stuck? Use the "Reset Camera" button to return to default view.
  • Performance issues? Try simplifying your model or reducing the number of boolean operations.
  • Need more information? Enable debug mode ( debug: true in settings) and check the browser console (F12) for detailed logging about solid creation, dependencies, and processing steps.

Technologies

  • Three.js : 3D graphics library
  • three-bvh-csg : Constructive Solid Geometry operations
  • js-yaml : YAML parsing
  • Cursor : Vibe-coding IDE

License

ISC License

Copyright 2025 Jeremy A Boyd

Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Dead Framework Theory

Hacker News
aifoc.us
2025-11-07 03:17:19
Comments...
Original Article

These are my opinions and are ruminations on what might be happening as more and more developers use LLMs and Frameworks to build on the web.

In October last year I wrote “ will developers care about frameworks in the future? ” predicting that LLMs would abstract away framework choice. I was wrong—or at least, wrong about the timeline.

The reality is more interesting and more permanent: React isn’t competing with other frameworks anymore. React has become the platform. And if you’re building a new framework, library or browser feature today, you need to understand that you’re not just competing with React—you’re competing against a self-reinforcing feedback loop between LLM training data, system prompts, and developer output that makes displacing React functionally impossible.

If you look at what Replit, Bolt, and similar tools are doing, they’re not trying to abstract away frameworks—they’re explicitly hardcoding React into their system prompts . They have to. If you’re building a tool today to attract developers, you need to give them code they can maintain. And “code developers can maintain” now means “React” for the vast majority of web developers.

According to builtwith.com, there were +13m sites outside of the top 1m deployed with React in the last 12 months . Look at these curves:

React usage over time

React usage over time

React usage over the last 12 months

React usage over the last 12 months

However, looking at HTTP Archive , it tells a different story. React usage has stalled at 1.2 million mobile origins on mobile vs 55 million origins as reported by Builtwith.

HTTP Archive. React usage over the last 6 months

HTTP Archive. React usage over the last 6 months

The dataset sizes are vastly different. HTTP Archive looks over some 12-16 million origins , while Builtwith is reportedly looking at some 414 million root domains . Sites also don’t get into HTTP Archive unless there is some amount of usage and many sites in Builtwith might be parked domains or sites that are not actively being used.

Looking at the top 1m, the detection rate is more aligned: 140k vs 160k.

HTTP Archive. React usage in the top 1m

HTTP Archive. React usage in the top 1m

Builtwith React usage in the top 1m

Builtwith React usage in the top 1m

We’re looking at about 12-18% of sites in the top 1m. Take all these numbers with a pinch of salt. The detection can be broken, the datasets are different sizes and the definitions of what is being measured are different. But the trends feel undeniable: React’s growth continues while competitors like Angular, sadly stagnate .

So what has driven the uptick in React sites? My read of the data suggests LLM tools over the last 12-18 months are preferring to output React code.

Look at token growth on OpenRouter. Programming tools are burning through billions of tokens a day via just one gateway. The curves look similar:

OpenRouter token usage over time

OpenRouter token usage over time

Correlation is not causation, and only the tool creators see the full picture as tokens flow through their systems. But the timing is striking: massive token growth coinciding with massive React deployment growth.

The models and the tools are preferring the tools that developers are already using, and it’s driving a self-reinforcing cycle of adoption. If you are launching a new API or tool today, you need to consider how it will be adopted by the ecosystem and how to get it into the training corpus of the LLMs.

We have two loops of feedback in play here:

  1. React dominates the existing web (~13M+ new sites in 12 months)
  2. LLMs train on the existing web
  3. LLMs output React by default
  4. New sites built with LLMs use React
  5. More React sites exist for future training
  6. Go to step 2

And…

  1. React dominates the developer ecosystem
  2. IDEs and tools that developers preferntially output React
  3. Tools ask LLMs to output React by default
  4. New sites built are using React
  5. More React sites exist to increase demand for tools to output React
  6. Go to step 1

I don’t actually know if this is bad or good. We’re getting more sites on the web and they’re all pretty high quality. But it does create barriers for new frameworks, tools and web platform features that we need to understand. Specifically when:

  1. Your framework isn’t in the training data because it’s new
  2. Tool creators hardcode React because that’s what developers know today
  3. Developers expect React output because that’s what works
  4. Companies won’t use your framework if their developers can’t maintain it
  5. React has thousands of libraries; you have dozens

If you launch a new framework, library or browser feature today, even if it’s technically superior, you need to:

  • Get into LLM training data (12-18 month lag minimum)
  • Convince tool creators to modify system prompts (requires existing adoption)
  • Build a comprehensive library ecosystem (years of development)
  • Overcome developer inertia and get developers to ask for it

By the time you’ve done step 1, the ecosystem using React has generated another 10M+ sites. You might flip that order, and do a massive campaign to get developer mind share, and supplement it with paid integrations in to the library ecosystem. We might even see new business models where framework and library authors pay tooling providers to include their framework in system prompts. But even then, you’re fighting against entrenched patterns in both React libraries AND LLM training data.

This isn’t about React being the best tool or that it’s Model is good for LLMs (I don’t see any evidence there at all). It’s about React being past the point where network effects make alternatives viable.

Here’s what brought this home for me: Last week I used Claude to build a Chrome Extension using Chrome’s built-in prompt API. Claude dutifully wrote the entire extension, but used self.ai.languageModel —the API from 6 months ago. The current API is LanguageModel.create() , but that wasn’t in the training corpus.

Add in the fact that it can take years of Interop work to get a feature to the point it becomes “ Baseline newly-available ” and then another 30 months for it to reach a point where it’s “ Baseline widely-available ”. By that time, the ecosystem has moved on, and the feature is competing against entrenched patterns in both React libraries AND LLM training data.

This is the new reality: If it’s not in the LLM training data, it doesn’t exist. Not for 12-18 months, at least not until the next model training cycle and not until enough examples exist in the wild to statistically matter.

Now apply this to frameworks:

  • Web platform APIs : 0-6 months of real-world usage before training cutoff
  • New frameworks : 0-6 months of real-world usage before training cutoff
  • React patterns : 10+ years of accumulated examples

Today, if your framework or documentation isn’t in the training corpus of the LLM, then it won’t be output. If the system prompt of the tool a developer uses doesn’t have your API, library or framework, then it’s not in the output. And if the user of a tool doesn’t ask for a specific API, library or framework, then it won’t be output. Model providers are skewing it so the model prefers a certain style, or framework or library.

The same dynamic applies to new web platform APIs designed to replace framework features. Consider the typical pattern:

  1. Browser teams identify a common pattern in frameworks (e.g., CSS Nesting instead of Sass)
  2. Multi-year standardization process begins
  3. Feature ships in browsers
  4. Developers… keep using the framework pattern

Why? Because:

  • The LLM learned the old pattern : Sass has 15 years of examples; CSS Nesting has 1 or 2 years
  • The framework already works : React developers use styled-components, Tailwind, CSS modules
  • The ecosystem is built : Thousands of React component libraries use existing CSS patterns
  • There’s no incentive to switch : The new platform feature doesn’t make the site better for users

For example:

  • People loved Sass , but you need a build-step, so we have CSS Nesting . However its rarely output because preprocessor patterns are more common in the corpus and also React developers already have CSS-in-JS solutions that LLMs know how to output.
  • Carousels are hard to build, so maybe we should have them as an intrinsic part of the platform. But there are tons of libraries that create great carousels that are already in LLM training data.

As an author of many sites, I love these features. CSS Nesting alone lets me structure my CSS in a way that I personally find easier to read and maintain. But it doesn’t really change the quality of the experience of the site for the person using my site. It doesn’t change the performance of the site. It doesn’t change how accessible my site is. It just makes it easier for me to write and maintain.

The only new platform features that matter are ones that can’t be built in user-space , like:

  • Multi-page view transitions (new navigation capabilities)
  • WebGPU (fundamentally new compute access)
  • WebAuthN and PassKeys (security primitives)

Everything else is competing against entrenched patterns in both React libraries AND LLM training data.

There’s at least 3 constituencies to consider here:

  1. The “head” businesses building on the web - The top 1000 sites take the lion’s share of traffic and revenue on the web, and we don’t see massive technology shifts in the top 1000 through to top 1 million because these are established sites with established teams and shifting technology is hard with often unclear benefit outside of potential improvements to product velocity. They are likely to be using LLM based tooling to help increase velocity, but they are not going to be switching frameworks or libraries lightly.

  2. The “middle” businesses building on the web - The next 10 million sites are being built by small teams and individuals and will likely be using LLMs to build new sites completely and unless they prompt will use the defaults the tools output

  3. The “long tail” - These are people who are not formal web developers who will use tools like Loveable, Replit, or even directly in a chat app. They may never need to look at the code, so what do any of these new APIs do to help them build better sites? and they represent the growth in the platform and we have an opportunity for millions more people to deploy on to the web

The people in groups 2 and 3 are the ones driving the growth in sites on the web and are unlikely to be building with these tools don’t know about Passkeys, WebAuthn, Web Components, CSS Nesting, View Transitions, or any of the other new features being added to the platform. They just want a site created that does what they need it to do.

The thing is, the normal people using the web don’t care about the tools, frameworks and libraries are not something that concerns a normal person using the web. What concerns people is the experience of using the page. Does it load quickly enough? Are the interactions smooth? Does the site actually do what I need it to do?

Today, if you are a company targeting developers in any of those categories (LLM or a tool that outputs code from an LLM), to not output React by default is to limit your potential audience as your competitors are serving the current demand.

Now consider the current working model for code-generating LLM tools which reflect the ecosystem that they are trained on. This means that any new API, framework or library has a large hurdle to get over in terms of being something that will be output by the tool. The fact that any new feature might not be in the training corpus and will not be prevalent enough to have its usage patterns and idioms ingrained in the training and by extension the output of an LLM should be a concern to the people building new platform features.

Looking at today’s trend of tools primarily outputting React code, the comprehensive ecosystem of user-space libraries can do almost everything from custom select boxes, specialized date components and everything else. I can’t see a world where a new platform feature is going to displace the libraries in use nor can I see a world where a new framework is going to displace React in the short to medium term—I really love what the Remix folks are doing with Remix 3 and I will keenly watch how it is adopted and how LLMs might pick this up to see how this post plays out in the real world. I’d love to see how long it takes for LLMs to start outputting Remix code without specific prompting or including docs in the context.

For framework authors: Building a new framework is building a product that LLMs won’t output for 12-18 months minimum, that has no library ecosystem, that developers don’t know, and that companies won’t adopt. You’re not competing with React’s technical merits—you’re competing with React’s statistical dominance in every LLM training corpus and every tools providers preference for their customer.

For platform developers: Developer experience features (syntactic sugar, convenience APIs) are competing against established React patterns in LLM training data. They will not be adopted at scale. Focus on fundamental capabilities that can’t be built in user-space. For features that browser developers are creating today, we need to take a long hard look at the benefits that they will bring to the user and not the developer. To that extent, many of the platform features ranging from Web Components through to syntactical changes are just not needed by the vast majority of people building sites in the coming years.

For tool creators (e.g, IDEs): If you’re not outputting React by default, you’re limiting your addressable market. Your competitors are serving current demand. You can’t afford to be principled about framework diversity.

Dead framework theory isn’t about frameworks dying. It’s about new frameworks being dead on arrival in a world where React has become the platform (at least as long as people need to maintain code.)

As an industry we should absolutely innovate and build new frameworks, libraries and platform features. We need innovation to push the web forward and create competition. But we need to be aware of the dynamics at play and have clear strategies to get our work into LLM training corpus, system prompts, and developer minds.

If the industry continues its current focus on maintainability and developer experience, we’ll end up in a world where the web is built by LLMs using React and a handful of libraries entrenched in the training data. Framework innovation stagnates. Platform innovation focuses elsewhere. React becomes infrastructure—invisible and unchangeable.

But here’s the optimistic take: If LLM usage continues to grow, tooling vendors will have to compete with each other on this homogenized ecosystem. When everyone outputs React by default, you can’t differentiate on framework choice. You have to compete on output quality. Market forces shift the focus from developer experience to user experience.

For either scenario, we need to start competing on user outcomes. I really want to see Evals and Benchmarks that focus on quality outcomes like Core Web Vitals did for performance. When tools compete to attract users, the ones that output meaningfully better experiences will win. This competitive pressure will incentivize the entire ecosystem to optimize for users, not developers.

And if we succeed? Then in the long run, the framework will become irrelevant as the models improve to the point people manipulate sites by words alone and the LLM providers believe they can create better outcomes with their own frameworks or tuning (hat tip to Ade). The delivery technology becomes an optimized compiled output that meets user needs—whether it’s “React” or something else stops mattering.

As for the raw, naked, web platform? Focus on fundamentally new capabilities—the things that can’t be built in user-space, or where there’s clear user-experience benefit that can’t be achieved with libraries.